Ukwakhiwa Rogun

Rogun project umbane izityalo e Tajikistan waqala ukuba waqonda ngowe-1976, xa eSoviet Ministry of Construction yamkele amaxwebhu afanelekileyo. Kuba kuphuhliso kwesicwangciso iposelwe Tashkent "Hydroproject". Zisuka nje kwacaca ukuba ukwakhiwa kwale amandla kagesi, kuya kuba nzima kakhulu. Esi sikhululo elimiswe phantsi kweemeko ezinzima zendalo of Central Asia.

iingxaki project

Rogun HPP zisengozini yaye wamsongela ziimeko eziliqela. Okokuqala, lo ngowona seismicity eliphezulu mmandla. iinyikima Minor kwenzeka apha rhoqo. Abayi ezoyikekayo HPP, kodwa ukuba yintlekele engalindelekanga omelele kakhulu (njengokuba kwakunjalo ngowe-1911), ke ngoko ngaphantsi nokoyikiswa ukutshatyalaliswa idama bekuya kuba zizeyeyona nto ibalulekileyo - ekujoliswe yayo.

Okwesibini, abakhi kwafuneka Babesinqinda ukwakha imigudu ematyeni ezingazinzanga kunye evakalala. Okwesithathu, kukho isiphoso, equlethe yanowo Vakhsh rock ityuwa. Inkangeleko wedama kungakhokelela ekubeni ezizeni amanzi ukhukuliseko namabandla. Abaqulunqi bemigangatho Rogun HPP kwafuneka ukuba athathe ingqalelo zonke ezi zinto. Wabalahla kwakhiwe isikhululo ziinkokeli eSoviet ndandingafuni, kuba obekumele ukuba badlale indima kwezoqoqosho ebalulekileyo kubomi Central Asia.

zokwakha ixesha elide eSoviet

Nangona ukwakhiwa Rogun mveliso yezityalo iquka yobunzima ezininzi, abakhi ikwazile ukufumana izisombululo eziye ukuthambisa imiphetho rough. Amanzi athatyathwa kuyimfuneko ukuba asebenzise ukunyuka koxinzelelo malunga dama rock ityuwa, ngoxa ukwakheka ngokwayo iya kondliwa umxube. Esi sigqibo ezifaneleke kakhulu kule meko. Ngenxa kuye, kwakumele ukuba ukuthintela ukunyibilika ityuwa.

Iinyikima - yintlekele embi. Oku ngondiva wazi wonke umntu e Tajikistan. Rogun edamini lwalwenziwe ngokusekelwe ukuba iya kuba nako ukumelana nayiphi na inyikima. Ukuze benze oku, umzimba nedama wenza friable kunye nzima wakhiwe. Kuba ezingundoqo ezisetyenzisiweyo obambe kunye luhlalu. Oku kwenziwa ukuze imigodi eweni zizaliswe ezithambileyo kunye neentanda okubangelwa ziinyikima.

Qala umsebenzi

Abakhi zokuqala ngo ukuwa 1976 Rogun. Platform kuba imisebenzi yabo zakhiwa kwintaba ephakame abangaphezu kwe-1 amawaka leemitha. Le ndawo okhethiweyo Rogun kwisikhululo samandla ngamanzi, ngelo xesha kwakunzima abangevayo. Umgama phakathi isakhiwo kunye kwesona sikhululo sikaloliwe sikufuphi yaba km 80. Izixhobo ezifunekayo izakhiwo ezitsha sihlangulwe kwilizwe liphela. turbine kubunzulu baphantsi komhlaba kunye nakumaziko aguqula amandla abe ezenziwa eUkraine, ngoxa kude Sverdlovsk wenza hydro. Ukubunjwa ukwakhiwa umbane izityalo Rogun kumkhawulela ngaphezulu kwama-300 amashishini Soviet.

City Rogun, apho kuhlala abakhi zesikhululo, sakhiwa ukusuka ekuqaleni. izindlu Multi-ezinemigangatho, enkulisa, isikolo - konke oko wayengekho apho phambi siqalisile ukusungula iprojekthi energy namabhongo. Amalahle isakhiwo boilers zombane.

Abakhi waqala ukwakha umbane ophehlwa ezinokungena of imigudu ematyeni evakalala ukutshabalala, apho kwakukho eninzi yoxinzelelo. Xa wenza ukusika kunye maholo, lezi imigudu ziye zatshekishisiswa concreting. Total izicwangciso ukuhlala iikhilomitha ezingama-63. Abakhi engena enye kwenye ezivela macala omabini. Ukugawula lwaqhutywa ngaphandle kwaye phakathi. Ukulungiselela le njongo emigodini ezongezelelweyo.

Imigudu kanye edamini

Kuba elishumi, into isanda Rogun wayo, iifoto ukusuka kulwakhiwo apho yaqala ukuna kumaphephandaba yiSoviet, alikhange litshintshe ukususela imigudu umthondo lonke eli xesha kuqhutywa. Ukukhawulezisa umsebenzi nokulondoloza imali, kwaye kwagqitywa ekubeni ukusebenzisa Classic iilori yokulahla inkunkuma kunye namabhanti enkulu. Ngokutsho iingcali, ngoko ke Treasury ikwazile ukugcina malunga 75-85 million engange.

Ukwakhiwa kwedama yaqala ngo-1987. Disemba 27 yavalwa emlanjeni Vakhsh. Ngowe-1993, ukuphakama ibhulorho phezu-40 leemitha, kunye nobude netonela yafikelela km 21. Sombane kunye umatshini iiholo cishe base. Noko ke, lo msebenzi zange ukuphatha ukugqiba. Ngenxa ekuweni waseUSSR, ukuvela iingxaki zoqoqosho kunye nezinye izinto, isiza ukwakha mothballed.

crash 1993

Ngowe-1993, i-Rogun wasinda kwingozi yemoto. Kwiminyaka embalwa emva kokuba ukudibana ndongeni Vakhsh yenzekile behla bridge yokwakha. Isizathu sokuba loo iya kuba izikhukula ezinamandla. Ngenxa yoko, ukukha amanzi amatonela engagqitywanga ukwakhiwa kunye nezakhiwo iholo turbine izikhukhula.

Kakade ke, naziphi izityalo umbane kufuneka langutana ni ntshikilelo, nokuba bathe zibangelwa izikhukula nanto. Ngexesha inkqubo kwaye kwacaca ukuba le ntlekele ibingayi yenzeke xa ulawulo lombutho iimpazamo, inoxanduva lokwakha. Namhlanje Rogun (Agasti 2016 waba naye omnye ngenyanga ka esebenzayo umsebenzi wolungiselelo) abanezinye abanini, kodwa 'Tadzhikglavenergo "ngo-1987, umthengi esesikweni. Phakathi kwale isakhiwo kunye Directorate nokwakhiwa elingunozala wale mpixano. Ngenxa loMphathiswa zayo Energy USSR bathintelwe ekubeni abantu abasebenzayo, ikakhulu inoxanduva lokufezekisa esikiweyo. Ukudideka kunye nokudideka kukhokelele kwinto yokuba ukungqubana umlambo ekuqaleni kakhulu. Abahleli ngokukhawuleza ngenxa yokoyika elibekiweyo oziphosileyo, kodwa ixesha lubonise ukuba rush impazamo.

isiganeko esifanayo

Rogun badla kuthelekiswa nezinye izityalo lombane e Tajikistan - Nurek. Le mveliso amandla ngamanzi yasekwa ngo-1979. Ngexesha ukusebenza kuyo, kwakukho iingozi ezincinane ezininzi.

uthelekiso kakhulu buhlungu Rogun HPP Sayano-Shushenskaya. Kwenzeka kule ngozi yokugqibela waye umlinganiswa ngokukhawuleza technogenic. Koko wababulala abantu 75. Abakhi kunye neekontraka Roghun ngamanzi waqiniseka ukuba kwazithathela ingqalelo amava ezi ntlekele, kunye hes nayo ayisekho kunye kaxakeka, njengokuba kwenzeka ngo-1993.

Wesimanje Isigaba

Ngenxa imeko enzima e Tajikistan Rogun iminyaka elishumi mna ukwimeko zibambene. Ngowe-2004 kuphela, abasemagunyeni zelizwe endawenza Russian "Rusal" kwavunyelwana ukuqhubeka umsebenzi ngokwakhiwa esitishini. Ngeendleko nkampani lwaqhutywa kutsalwe kumagumbi nezikhukhula. Noko ke, intsebenziswano ngakumbi phakathi kwamaqela ihlangabezane iingxaki ezinzulu. Le nkampani yaye urhulumente ayikwazanga bavumelane kwicala lobugcisa lale projekthi, kuquka ukuphakama nedama kunye nohlobo design. Ngo-2007, kwisivumelwano kunye "Rusal" sele uphelile.

Emva koko, abasemagunyeni Tajik baye bagqiba ukuze sigqibezele ukwakhiwa kwamandla ngamanzi, funa uncedo Bank yeHlabathi. Ngo-2010, isivumelwano esatyikitywa ngomhla ubungcali ngamazwe le projekthi. ikontraka yawo inkampani Swiss. Vula Joint Stock Company yamiselwa "Rogun HPP". Namhlanje, ibe iqhubeka ulwakhiwo ephehla ugesi ngamanzi.

Ukunganeliseki kunye Uzbekistan

Phantse kugqitywa Roghun ogama umthamo 3600 MW aphehla enxulumene uhlobo kwedama. Esi sakhiwo linamacandelo ezintandathu nokugcina umbane efakiweyo. Emva kokugqitywa idama yakha ichibi entsha. Ukuphakama HPP - 335 mitha (ukuba phulo ibisahluma, isityalo amandla ngamanzi iya kuba liphezulu ehlabathini). Ngokutsho kweengcali, iindleko zokwakha ngaphezu $ 2 billion.

Imeko ye Rogun mveliso namhlanje lisondele kakhulu ukusuka kwiikota ezininzi. Amabango ziphambili azezi ekukhetheni indawo kwedama, oko kukuthi, abo imingcipheko ezaziwa ngamaxesha Soviet. Nakuba kunjalo, abenzi bezigqibo Siqinisekile ukuba ngodaka landslides, ziintshukumo zenyikima kunye nezinye izinto zendalo umntu ayinakukukhathaza amandla ngamanzi.

ukugxekwa kakhulu ukuviwa nabasemagunyeni Uzbekistan (uMlambo Vakhsh na isebe Amu Darya, ujikeleze lonke kummandla Uzbekistan). Oku kuthetha ukuba kophulwa yokumpompoza omnye kungachaphazela imeko eziphilayo elizweni elingummelwane. Urhulumente Uzbek uye wabonisa ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukuphikisana kwiKomishoni International utsho ukuba nguye kusenokwenzeka ukuba ukugqiba.

factor lokusingqongileyo

ukunyhashwa kangangoko ukusebenza okanye ukwakha Rogun amandla ngamanzi kunokubangela kwiingozi zezendalo kunye nezentlalo. E Uzbekistan, apho ingena ka Amudarya, le meko mandundu ukomisa koLwandle Aral, zibangelwa yi ukusetyenziswa ngokungafanelekanga kwezibonelelo zendalo kwi leSoviet.

Ukwakhiwa kwamadama indinceda kukukhawulezisa ukhukuliseko lomhlaba. iingxaki Okuninzi iza kudala ukhukuliseko lomhlaba, ibekwe kwi ummandla ichibi esicetywayo. Ukutshintsha ukugeleza komfula kuya kuchaphazela kuphela ngaphakathi, kodwa amaqondo obushushu. Dama etyekezwa, nto leyo ekhokelela inkangeleko yodaka organic nezimbiwa. Bona ukutyebisa umhlaba, Noko ke, kukuchaphazele ukuchuma kwi esezantsi kuyo umlambo (oko kukuthi, Uzbekistan).

Atom kunye nequmrhu

Iingxabano ukujikelezisa izindululo malunga isisombululo wommandla ongomnye kunye neengxaki zokusingqongileyo kule ngingqi. Ngaloo ndlela, Uzbekistan wada wazama ukuzisa eRashiya kunye European Union ukuba zithathe inxaxheba kwiprojekthi entsha kulwakhiwo kwezityalo zamandla enyukliya, nenokuthi kuhlawula neemfuno zamazwe ezininzi Central Asia (ngisho Pakistan, Afghanistan kunye India). Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, eli phulo weza ilothe nto.

Ayisafuni nakucaciswa yona ukuba umba onjalo jikelele izigqibo aba ke ngamagosa enkundla. Noko ke, ziingcali yokwenene, ingakumbi zemvelo zikholelwa ukuba ungquzulwano ngeenxa isikhululo into yayinepolitiki kakhulu. Ingxaki siyifumana yokuba ilizwe ngalinye bobabo emlanjeni ezifana impahla yayo, lo gama zonke izibonelelo amanzi Central Asia ezinxulumene ngaphakathi kwinkqubo umlambo enye, ekhokelela kuLwandle Aral. Yiloo nto kwezenkolo Sicebisa ukuseka yamaqumrhu energy, leyo, ukongeza Tajikistan kunye Uzbekistan, kufuneka iquke Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan kunye Afghanistan. Noko ke, kude kube ngoku akukho manyathelo zokwenene ziye kuthathwa kule ndlela.

Sarez and Rogun

Ezinye abachasi ukwakha isikhululo samandla Rogun ezifundisa izibonelelo ngqo kwenye projekthi enxulumene Lake Sarez. Yavele ngo-1911 emva kwenyikima eyingozi kunye ukudilika yamatye, nto leyo edamini yendalo kwasekwa ngokuvala channel Bartang. Eli chibi kwakhona enxulumene Amu Darya isitya. Ukuba ngenxa yezizathu ezithile (umzekelo, ngenxa iinyikima ngokuphindaphindiweyo) dam ukuwa zendalo, i iliza enkulu ifikelela ukuya kuLwandle Aral, ebangela umonakalo noqhekeko ukuba izixeko ezininzi kumazwe amathathu (Tajikistan, Turkmenistan kunye Uzbekistan).

kwezenkolo abaninzi isiphakamiso ukusebenzisa izibonelelo ze-Sarez Lake ngenjongo amandla, yaye ngaloo ndlela yokuwasindisa republic ukusuka kusilela, kwaye ukuphelisa ungquzulwano kunye nabamelwane balo. Rogun HPP (2016 yaba isikhumbuzo layo), Sarez - zonke ezi zinto kuye kwaqhubeka ukubambana mpikiswano eshushu. Abalandeli project Sarez baqinisekile ukuba iminyaka emakhulu, kukho iye yavela nokulingana eziphilayo, oko kuthetha ukuba amanzi alo ingasetyenziswa ngaphandle umonakalo kwi-bume. Kwimeko Rogun "uxinezeleko" okusingqongileyo uye kuvavanywa kodwa, ukuba ukusungulwa kuya kwenzeka ngokomthetho.

Ukubaluleka izityalo umbane

Iminyaka emininzi, Tajikistan kuneengxaki ezinkulu amandla hydrocarbon. Ngokukodwa, ingxaki ezinxulumene ne iingxabano eziliqela kunye Uzbekistan kunye nabamelwane 'imfazwe igesi ".

Kungenxa yoko le nto Rogun amandla ngamanzi isityalo kubaluleke kangaka kweli lizwe, ezinengxaki intsilelo njalo amandla. iimpikiswano Afanayo ukukhusela projekthi ngokwayo Tajikistan. Rogun (2016 - '40 sele wakha kunye breaks) kuhlala ingcamango fixed ukuba ilizwe amahlwempu, wawathululela kuwo onke izibonelelo zabo.