"Tunguska" (inkqubo enomjukujelwa-gun zokhuselo umoya): inkcazo iimpawu eziphambili

Kunye nokuphuculwa kusenokwenzeka ukuhlasela emoyeni umdlali gqira emva kwexesha oko kwakufuneka inkqubo entsha air yokuzikhusela. Nganye indlela yokulwa iinjongo eziphaphazelayo zinezibonelelo zayo, kodwa aluphelelanga kwaye ngaphandle iziphene. Enye amalinge ukudala isixhobo ubhetyebhetye ekwaziyo kutshabalalisa iithagethi kwi eziphakamileyo ezahlukeneyo, waba IRC eSoviet "Tunguska", ehamba ngesantya ezahlukeneyo. Isibakala sokuba emva eli codename, yaye yintoni na imiqathango bembonakalo yayo kwinkonzo, eza kuxutyushwa kweli nqaku.

Irula-moya umpu okanye umpu?

Kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane XX, iindlela ezingundoqo zokhuselo yaba rocket. inzuzo yayo wawubonakala kwisiganeko edumileyo ngowe-1960, xa moya hlola, eziphaphazelayo kwi umphakamo alinakuzuzwa kude, wadutyulwa phantsi ngu moya yiSoviet wokhuselo. Ngomlinganiselo imijukujelwa ngaphezu nayiphi iqokobhe zokudubula, yaye uyakhula. Enayo, kunjalo, ethile ebalulekileyo - ixabiso, kodwa ngenxa yakhe, xa kukho umbuzo imida zomoya zokhuseleko, asifanele kuma. Ekuqaleni-imi- 80 eSoviet Army kwaba umoya yokhuselo enomjukujelwa-gun complex 2C6 "Tunguska", nto leyo imbaxa uhambisa, edibanisa kunye enomjukujelwa kunye zokudubula izixhobo. amathuba ezinjalo, edibanisa "ezimbini kwenye" ngelo xesha akazange abe inkqubo air omnye wokhuselo ehlabathini. Ukuze siqonde imfuno engxamisekileyo zambethe loo iingalo, wathabatha uhlalutyo olungqongqo lweenkqubo nemigaqo ye ungquzulwano ezaziphila yomkhosi ke wathatha indawo, ngombulelo, ngaphaya kwemida yelizwe lethu.

Amava ukusebenzisa SLM kunye ingqiqo lulonke i "Tunguska"

Ngowe-1973, kuMbindi Mpuma. Ngexesha Yom Kippur War, eSoviet iingcali amagosa lancedisa Arab amazwe-nxaxheba kwembambano, kuquka eYiputa.

izikhululo Oktobha 15 umkhondo eYiputa ingxelo sisondela kwiqela xhaxhe Israel "wabo", eliquka ezininzi moya. Bathe bakufika kwindawo ephantsi, esiza phezu Nile Delta.

Injongo wotshaba zokuchopha zaseYiputa. Ngoko ke amaSirayeli Air Force abaqhubi bazama Ukunqanda umngcipheko ngokubethwa imijukujelwa anti-moya wokwenziwa yiSoviet, ekwaziyo ukubetha moya ezibhabhayo aphakathi eziphakamileyo ezise kwi, kodwa silindele isimanga elibi. Phakathi nemingenela eziliqela ekudibaneni lomlambo amandulo elwandle amaYiputa obekwe kwi eYafo, pontoons anti-moya "Shilka" imipu self-ngokwaso, fuselages moya ngokoqobo vsporovshie yaye "Mbumbulu" kunye umpu zazo ngokukhawuleza-ukudubula. Ezi ZSU waba radar zabo esizisebenzelayo elungileyo kakhulu, inceda sikhokelo ejolise umlilo, kwaye kananjalo wasebenzisa amajoni North Vietnamese ngexesha ku vangama ka ndlongo yaseMelika. Iba ZSU "Tunguska" Lilonke ke, indlalifa yakhe. SAM emoyeni kammangalelwa umda phezu komda omncinci yokuphakama, kwaye ufakelo anti-moya self-ngokwaso - phezulu. Kwaye eSoviet Union ugqibe kwelokuba adibanise izakhono kwezi ntlobo zimbini ze-asethi air yokhuselo kwinkqubo enye.

Igama lodidi kanye ukuguqulwa

Le Isakhiwo wangena nkonzo kunye yiSoviet Army ngowe-1982, ngoko nangoko emva kokuba zikhutshiwe Ulyanovsk Mechanical Plant MCI kuqala nebhetshi yolwazi koomatshini. Zisuka nje, iprojekthi leyo zihlelwe imfihlelo phezulu, oku lichaza ezinye umahluko kwi ukhowudo, amanani kunye neeleta, leyo elikhethiweyo kwicandelo likarhulumente. Maxa wambi igama livela kwi cofa 2S16 ( "Tunguska"). inkqubo enomjukujelwa ukuziphendulela Air ngokuchanekileyo zibonakaliswe 2C6, kuyabonakala ukuba, kwakukho impazamo yokuchwetheza, nangona kunokwenzeka ukuba "16" - nalo oluthile. Ukuphuculwa kwezixhobo zomkhosi oluqhubekekayo, yinto eqhelekileyo kuzo zonke izintlu ehlabathini. Wabonakala "Tunguska-M" ngo-1990. inkqubo gun-enomjukujelwa moya iphuculwe kwaye wafumana scheme lolawulo elitsha, equka a rangefinder laser, ukuba onefuthe ngayo "umhlobo okanye utshaba", nesityalo Amandla unit igunya abangabancedani zenze.

kuphuhliswa imisebenzi maxesha sele, kwaye emva ukuwa yiSoviet kwi 90 nzima. Isiphumo kubo baba umpu-enomjukujelwa complex "Tunguska-M1", ukuxelwa kwalo yafumaneka ngenxa yokuba lo kwako kwamanye amazwe, ingakumbi e-India. Ikhowudi lisetyenziswe ngokufuthi - 2K22. Le mveliso abizwa IRC "Tunguska". inkqubo gun-enomjukujelwa moya unalo NATO "igama" - "SA-19 Grison".

amehlo Electronic and nobuchopho

Ukususela igama zakhiwo kucacile ukuba kwezikhali wayo yeekhomponenti ezimbini - le zokudubula kunye anti-moya ngezikhali. Zombini ezi zinto ziye inkqubo nkongomiso ngamnye, kodwa radar, ukuqinisekisa ukuhanjiswa kolwazi kwi imeko emoyeni ke, besabelana (ezimbini-band). Ezi "Amehlo" nifuna injongo kwindlela setyhula. Sector station uluhlu wolondolozo kubonelelwe, yaye kwimeko ithuba contact olubonakalayo yamkelekile kunye nokusetyenziswa ngendlela ezamehlo.

Inkqubo entsha ayikho nje ukwazi ukujonga zakho okanye omnye umntu imoto, kodwa ukuze afake ingxelo ethembekileyo ubuzwe yaso kumgama-18 km.

2C6 (okanye ZRPK 2S16) "Tunguska" kunokukhokelela umkhondo iithagethi ezonga kwi ubuchule eziliqela (kade,-axis ezintathu emboxo ezimbini-isilungelelanisi), esebenzisa data evela radar zabo okanye izikhululo radar lwangaphandle. Iqhuba Ukubala eziyimfuneko wakha ibhodi TSEVM. Emini ngendlela ethile yolawulo kusitsho okanye badubula wenziwa ngokuzenzekelayo, ngokuxhomekeke counter ngekhompyutha kunye nomgangatho uphazamiseko. Ukuba akunakwenzeka ukwenza izibalo oluzenzekelayo umlilo ikwindlela yokuchola manual.

zokudubula

ufakelo anti-moya self-kuqhube "Shilka" (ZSU-23-4) lubonise ukuba kakuhle kakhulu, kodwa ekupheleni 70s umile ukuhlangabezana iimpawu ukusebenza emkhosini eSoviet. Ibango thaca kuqala bodidi zaneleyo (22 mm) kunesiphumo radius lincinane sisilonda. ZRPK gun 2S16 "Tunguska" ngaphezulu tridtsatimillimetrovye enamandla, kunye nenombolo bancipha ngesiqingatha, baba ezimbini. Oku kanye okwenzekayo xa ngaphantsi ingcono. Uluhlu beqhumisa liye landa ukusuka 2.5 ukuya kwi-8 km, kwaye ukwanda komlilo, nangona kukwehla kwenani kubangelwa, linyukile ukusuka rounds 3.4 ukuya kwezi-5 ngomzuzu.

amagalelo

Eyona isixhobo zakhiwo - a enomjukujelwa 9M311 isigaba-ezimbini-elawulwa. Wenza amalungiselelo umdla kakhulu. Isigaba sokuqala - kwamafutha eqinileyo, i umkhono fiberglass izele amafutha. Kwinxenye yesibini, ukusebenza ngenjongo yokuphumeza ngqo, akukho injini, sihamba ngathi projectile zokudubula kunye ukubetha kwentliziyo efunyenwe ngexesha ukukhawulezisa, kodwa ungalawuleka ngenxa wenkunkuma igesi elahliweyo kwinxenye ngumsila wena. Unxibelelwano kwisikhululo yolawulo enomjukujelwa - kolwazi inika amandla okukwazi ogqibeleleyo. Uzimisele oluqhutywa kwindlela okuzenzelekayo usebenzisa umyalelo radio unobumba ezitsho ifakelwe ngokukhawuleza phambi kokuba baqalise ZRPK "Tunguska". ukuziphendulela Air inkqubo enomjukujelwa-umpu of busebenze yayo ishenxisa nokwenzeka nokungenelela elektroniki eyithumela imijukujelwa. Ukuqinisekisa ngokoyiswa betha ekujoliswe ayifuneki, fuse inika ukwanda intonga elements ukubabulala umgama ofunekayo ukwimo licwecwe. izindululi ezisibhozo.

chassis

Ekuhanjisweni izinto zomoya esemqoka kule ndawo ngokungqalileyo ukuba amanyathelo leyo, enyanisweni, imbaxa, akunakwenzeka ngaphandle izixhobo enamandla, zithembekile, kwaye-high speed kunye yezithuthi eliphezulu. Ukwenzela ukuphepha inkcitho engeyomfuneko, kwagqitywa ekubeni entabeni anti-moya inkqubo enomjukujelwa nemipu 2K22 "Tunguska" kwi isisu semoto ye-GM-352 eziphuhliswe ngaphambili "Bukanomeva" self-ngokwaso. Lo matshini sihambelana kuphuhliswa ecaleni emendweni, - 65 km / h, off-kwindlela yokubona okanye ukucinezela ngayo elisezantsi ngokwendalo (ukusuka 10 ukuya kuma-40 km / h). I-diesel-46-2S1 umthamo 710 iilitha. a. Inika engile esisisikhokelo ° 35. Ukunqunyanyiswa nosaziwayo imibungu ngamnye, kunye actuators zombane womoya kuquka hlengiso ukuphakama aphakamise umzimba ngaphandle emhlabeni.

crew

abasebenzi Ukukhusela walungiselela iimbumbulu kunye anti-elaqhekeka lokubhukisha welding lwezindlu. Xa impumlo emotweni kubekwe isihlalo yokuqhuba ngaphandle kwakhe, abantu abathathu abakulo nenqaba mobile (umphathi, umsebenzisi radar kunye gunner), kubumba ZRPK crew "Tunguska". inkqubo enomjukujelwa-gun zokhuselo Air uyiphendula ukutshintsha iimeko kwimizuzwana eyi-8, uyitshaje ngayo (ngoncedo koomatshini ezizodwa ezisekelwe KAMAZ-43101) ukuba imizuzu eli-16.

amaxesha zifuna nobuciko leziqinisekiso zokuphumelela umsebenzi wokufundisa rhoqo ezahlukeneyo.

Abenzi bemeko-zakhiwo

amagama akhetekileyo bafanelwe inkqubo umyili oyintloko - Shipunov AG kunye V. P. Gryazev, wayila umpu, kwaye ingcali lusetyenziswayo imijukujelwa - VM Kuznetsov, leyo wadalwa ngenxa yemizamo "Tunguska". inkqubo yokhuselo enomjukujelwa-umpu Air sisiphumo intsebenziswano kumashishini ezininzi USSR. chassis yamfuna ezenziwa e Minsk,-mveliso itrektara, inkqubo isikhokelo debug ngokuya kwi "imiyalezo" Optics - Leningrad Lomo. Umsebenzi inxaxheba kunye neminye imibutho eSoviet Union yenzululwazi kunye nezoshishino.

izixhobo zokudubula eveliswa e Tula, imijukujelwa eqokelelwa laseKirov ( "Lighthouse").

amava isicelo

Okwangoku ekhoyo ehlabathini akukho inkqubo umoya mobile wokhuselo enamandla ngaphezu "Tunguska". inkqubo gun-enomjukujelwa moya, ke, kuba injongo yawo okwangoku isetyenziswe. Ngexesha ekulweni Chechnya, kuba yasetyenziswa nomlilo izimangalo ekujoliswe emhlabeni, kodwa ngenxa yale njongo, kukho iindidi ezizodwa izixhobo neembumbulu. Ukhuseleko weentonga 2K22 ibingonelanga ukuqhuba umhlaba imfazwe. Emva ezimbini IRC elinesibini "Tunguska-M1" elinesihlanu ziye zonakaliswa (ubukhulu becala ngenxa RPG izithonga), umyalelo lifikelele esiphelweni zendalo ukusebenza kakuhle ngokwemiqathango umoya yokhuselo impi. Intuthuzelo ingaba kukunqaba abonzakeleyo phakathi kwabasebenzi.

ubume bombutho

ukuziphendulela air Complex "Tunguska-M" ilungiselelwe ukuba kutshatyalaliswe iinjongo ezintsonkothileyo, njengoko ntaka imijukujelwa iza ephantsi-eziphaphazelayo. Iimeko eziguquguqukayo edabini, umatshini ngamnye unako ukwenza izigqibo ezimeleyo ezisekelwe kwi imeko okusebenza, kodwa ukusebenza kakhulu kufikelelwe usebenzisa iqela. Ngokuba lo mkhosi isakhiwo ulawulo olufanelekileyo elilungelelanisiweyo.

webutho nganye ZRPK ezine "Tunguska" inkqubo gun enomjukujelwa moya kumhlathi exhobele umyalelo esembindini "Rankings" umthetho, ukwakha kunye webutho, abaxhobileyo SAM "Arrow", yikhompawundi enkulu - enomjukujelwa mobile zokudubula-moya ibhetri. Ngenxa yoko, neebhetri phantsi webutho, okanye isakhiwo okulawulwa kweminyango.