Zokuphosa ukuguqula - yobuchwephese enzulu kwimbali yamandulo

iimpawu eziluncedo yeoli ezaziwa kuluntu ukusuka kudaladala. Isetyenziswa amafutha kunye izinto ukwenzela imveliso Imisonto ezithambileyo iiplastiki. Ngelo xesha uluntu wayefuna nkulu iinzuzo ezifunyenwe nokuqwalaselwa afumaneka kwifosili. Enye indlela enjalo yaba zokuphosa oguqukayo - inkqubo ezaye zakhokelela ipetroli ophezulu ezikumgangatho kunye hydrocarbon enuka kamnandi. Le ndlela amafutha kokusungulwa emva ngowe-1911, yaye ukususela 1939 iteknoloji isetyenziswa ngendlela engazange mveliso. Ekubeni amafutha eziphili zamandulo indlela neyanamhlanje njalo kuphuculwe. Namhlanje yenye yezona ndlela ephucukileyo kwaye olusebenzayo ukuvelisa ipetroli kunye nenombolo octane eliphezulu.

fuel ulwelo

Zokuphosa ukuguqula - na inkqubo dehydrogenation (hydrogen ukukhupha ukusuka khompawundi molecule ephilayo) naphthenes-membered ezintandathu phambi nickel kunye nezinye zesinyithi kwiqela platinum i kwiqondo eliphezulu, nto leyo ekhokelela ukuba ukuyilwa iikhompawundi enuka kamnandi. Ngamanye amagama, inkqubo evelisa imveliso eliphezulu-octane - reformate - abasuka-umgangatho izinto - ngqo-run ipetroli.

Isizathu ngenxa apho ukusasaza oguqukayo ngoko ngokubanzi - bayakhathazeka kokusingqongileyo. Ngaphambi koko, ukuze ufumane ipetroli eliphezulu inani octane kusetyenziswa antiknock ukhokelo-based. Xa ukuguqula kwekhabhoni phantse bengekho.

Le mveliso ngenxa

Ngokusebenzisa obu bugcisa kunokwenzeka ukuba avelise kakhulu ezixabisekileyo petrochemical feedstock - benzene, toluene, hydrocarbon enuka kamnandi. Namhlanje, zokuphosa ukuguqula - yinkqubo apho ndiyavuka kwizigidi 480 iitoni iimveliso petrochemical wonke ngonyaka ngamnye.

The main lokuphela imveliso yomjikelo ivelisa reformate - ipetroli kunye octane olungu-93-102. hydrocarbon paraffinic, no-90% of hydrogen, leyo yeyona uhlambulukile ezifunyenwe yi kwezinye iindlela - ngaxeshanye, kukho ngu-iimveliso.

Enye imveliso ezihamba zokuphosa oguqukayo, i coke. Oku lifakwa phezu komhlaba kuvala, ukunciphisa kakhulu umsebenzi wayo. uzama Its ukunciphisa inani.

Encedisa ukuqalisa ukuguqula Technology

Njengoko feedstock for ekujonganeni oguqukayo izenzo avuthayo - amafutha kunye nenombolo octane eliphantsi. Inkqubo yonke oluqhutywa zamandla 3-4 apho abe umandlalo elimiselweyo kuvala. I zamandla zinamajelo amaqhina oqhagamshelwano kunye nenkqubo multi-egumbini ezintsonkothileyo imveliso shushu yenguqu.

Zokuthundeza zokuphosa ukuguqula ezi yenethiwekhi - alumina (A1203) Zinokuxutywa crystals platinum. Xa zamandla kubushushu ka 480-520 ° C kwakunye noxinzelelo of ukusuka 1.2 ukuya kwi-4 MPA feedstock iguqulelwa aromatics eliphezulu-octane kunye isoparaffin. Amaxesha amaninzi, ukuphucula uzinzo yenkqubo ubuchwepheshe ekuphumezeni metal imali eninzi (oluLula, germanium, iridium), kwaye halogens - chlorine kunye fluorine.

Types encedisa ukuqalisa ukuguqula

Namhlanje ceba iindlela ezininzi yokuvelisa ophezulu-octane zepetroli aromatics kusabela oguqukayo encedisa ukuqalisa imisebenzi. Zonke inkampani yangaphandle ugcina efihlakeleyo indlela yayo ngemveliso yazo. Noko ke, ukuba zisekelwe ngeendlela ezintathu eziphambili:

1. ioli ukuguqula kubanjwa ngexesha elinye zamandla ezintathu okanye ezine ngokuqhubekekayo. kubume bayo usendleleni yokuba inkqubo iza kuqala ngokupheleleyo iphuhlisa amandla ayo, emva koko i-reactor yamiswa logama nje namafutha akayi ukubuyisela iipropati zabo.
2. iiyunithi indlela Continuous 2-3 - reagent ngamaxesha abuyiselwe kwinkqubo nganye njengoko kwemveliso yawo. Xa le nkqubo wayeka, kwaye reactor ngokutsha ithathwa nge "ezidadayo", yokuzikhethela.

Ukusebenza asemajuku kunokufikelelwa kwi indlela okuqhubekayo flow usebenzisa izityalo nokuphola kunye zamandla. Lo kuvala, njengoko ukonakala iimpahla zazo, ifakwa egumbini okungenisa, kwaye endaweni yayo yi "reactant entsha wachacha" ejikelezayo livela aljumoplatinovyh zinto.

inkinga eqhamileyo

Ingxaki ephambili ukuba ihamba wenguquko - lo ukuyilwa isixa esikhulu izinto aljumoplatinovyh ubuchule zokuphosa coke-ekunciphiseni. Isisombululo sale ngxaki sikuko uvutha ngaphandle coke kumphezulu lweziqalelo yovukelo esebenzisa ngomxube ioksijini-egalelwe kubushushu ka 300-500 degrees Celsius. Le nkqubo ekuhlaleni lwezenzululwazi kuthiwa ngokutsha. ukubuyisela ngokupheleleyo element zokuphosa akwenzeki. Njengoko umsebenzi lowo ngendlela eyothusayo esiba mdala, waza wathumela ukuba isityalo ezizodwa, apho licatshulwa platinum kunye nezinye zesinyithi imali eninzi.

Zokuphosa zamandla ukuguqula

Le ndlela zokwenza kwezimbiwa zokubasa lwenziwa yi iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezityalo. Sibala nje ezimbalwa:

• Selectoforming. Apha, inkqubo wenguquko ngokudibanisa dehydrogenation ekujonganeni ne hydrocracking uyakhetha.
• Platforming. Lufaka-reactor-3, kwaye nexesha ehlanganisa uvela kwiinyanga ezi-6 ukuya ku-12.
• Ultraforming. Omnye ufakelo wokuqala "ezidadayo" reactor uziphatha inkqubo ixesha ekuphulukenwe nalo le reagent.
• Isoplus. Kuba imveliso kuhlanganiswa iinkqubo nokuqhekeka thermal oguqukayo.

I oil ukuguqula kakhulu ngokubanzi zafunyanwa Intshona Melika - ezi ngonyaka iinkqubo ukuya kwizigidi 180 iitoni amafutha endalo. Kwindawo yesibini amazwe aseYurophu - akhawunti ukuba malunga 93 million tonnes. Russia avale abathathu kunye nemveliso malunga nezigidi ezingama-50 njengeetoni ze-oyile yonyaka.