The Golden bulla Karla 4 ka-1356. isenzo lokuwisa oyiNgcwele Emphaya yamaRoma

Czech yakhula nge ukufika uKumkani uCharles IV. Kakade ke, i-Golden Bull - kuyinto isenzo ebaluleke kakhulu, kodwa asinguye kuphela.

Kuye ofundileyo ahlelwe umntu. Wayebathanda isihobe, abahlobo abasenyongweni Petrarch, wayezazi iilwimi ezintlanu zaseYurophu. Kungenxa yoko le nto uCharles IV zanceda e Prague esitulweni archiepiscopal bavula eyunivesithi yokuqala kule ngxenye yeYurophu.

Uphawu ngembali

Czech Republic lizele sites yimbali ezinxulumene nemisebenzi Charles IV, - King of Bohemia, nowaba ngumlawuli oyiNgcwele bonke uBukhosi baseRoma. Oku kwaye idolophu Spa odumileyo Vary kwaye inqaba e Hradcany kunye Charles Bridge phezu Vltava kunye nqaba Karlštejn.

amaphulo Military phantse angafunekiyo, balizukisa umlawuli akazange umiselwe kubo ukukhanya kunye nokwakhiwa umdla kakhulu ngakumbi. Igama umxhasi ubugcisa nenzululwazi nokwamkelwa zeenkomo Gold ebhaliweyo ngokwenene ngamagama egolide kwimbali yehlabathi.

ekuqaleni

Carl wazalwa indlu yakomkhulu ePrague. Uyise - Yohane neeMfama - yavela kulo Luxembourg endlwini yobukumkani, kunye nomama wakhe - Eliška - intombi kaKumkani uVáclav II. Wakhulela kwindawo umoya uthando, Nokukhuza, smyshlonym, ukwazi.

UKarl waba nethamsanqa ukuba bafunde eFransi kwinkundla kaFilipu VI kwixesha elizayo uPopu Clement VI - indoda efundile kunene, ungumgcini enkulu yembali, ubugcisa nenzululwazi. Xa eneminyaka elishumi elinesihlanu, uCharles siqalile ukuba elawula urhulumente, ubawo kuqala wamyalela ukuba Luxembourg, ngoko Moravia, yaye emva kokufa konyana wakhe wayishiya yonke Czech Republic.

Kwanangaphambi kokuba ibekwa uKarl ezixoxiweyo zaphunyezwa nokudalwa Crown entsha, eyaziwa phantsi igama St. Wenceslas. Lo msitho efanayo wamisa entsha - waqala Visegrad, yaye ngoko ke umngcelele wafudukela ngokunzulu kwi -Old Town Square e Prague Inqaba phesheya Vltava. Lo mnyhadala waba bonke abantu kufanele gqitha ukumkani omtsha, kamva embiza uyise lokhokho. Hayi kuphela Czech Republic kodwa ke lonke Europe wavakalelwa ukulunga wolawulo Charles IV.

indalo

Ebudeni bolawulo UCharles unako ukuhlawula zonke iimfazwe zomkhosi ngokoqobo kwi amathupha, yaye ngoko ke akazange ukuthintela imfazwe ukuba ukumkani ngocoselelo bathabathe ulawulo ezandleni zabo. Loxolo - ubabalo sophuhliso lwedolophu, ukusungulwa zeyunivesithi, ukwakhiwa kwezindlu kunye neendlela, ukuphakamisa umgangatho ophezulu lezoLimo (French Lorraine iidiliya kunye nabantwana kwi-Czech Republic - oko kuxhomekeke ngokwemfanelo Charles).

Ukongeza, Wenza Vltava amachibi EQUIP iinqanawa zokulima iintlanzi. Konke UKarl akwenzileyo, nokuba nzima lokubhengeza. Kodwa ke, ukufunda kuphela kakhulu, wabhala elithi Philaretus basem-.

umbusi

Phakathi kwiikumkani yaseYurophu uCharles babenobuhlobo igama eliphezulu ishishini kunye irhuluneli ngokunyaniseka, hayi nochuku. Ukuze wenze ukuba abe umbusi? Ngcwele uBukhosi baseRoma wayengenangxaki. Ngaphezu koko, mhlawumbi kakhulu ingcamango beza kunye notitshala wakhe - uPope Clement, sele ohleli phezu kwetrone Avignon. Lo mfundi isono akasixhasi.

OBambeleyo kuthetha kuphela noxolo, uKarl ithe yandiswa ubunini. Ngokuthenga ilifa eSilesia, eThuringia, Saxony, waqinisa amandla ephakamileyo ngokudibanisa umhlaba osecaleni. Ngaloo ndlela apho yaye bafudukela Luzatsiya Margravate Brandenburg. Eli tyala waya konke kodwa ingxabano: nasekuthengeni, izivumelwano, imitshato.

Eli lizwe lifumana yachuma kwezoqoqosho unangoku amandla angabonakali. Wasukuma waza wakhahlela iwayini, amahlathi kunye nokuloba, urhwebo kunye yezandla. Amandla yasebukhosini ndomelezeka, yaye oku kwaba ngcembe. Noko ke, uCarl ngoko wayengafuni ukuba iziganeko uthathe indawo yawo.

inkunzi Golden

Eyona njongo iphambili yokumkani Czech kukomeleza urhulumente ngokwenza umthetho omtsha. Bull Golden ngo-1356 waza waba kuxwebhu de amaxesha mihla wenza kummandla lizwe.

Ngokukodwa, iye yachazwa yi zoludwe: itrone ihlala unyana omdala wokumkani, amanenekazi lilifa amandla kuphela xa kungekho nabameli uhlobo eyindoda. Ukuba nangobuhlanga wayeka ngenxa yaso nasiphi na isizathu, isithsaba ufumana ukhetho ukutya. Kakhulu enengqondo nejonga zabuqhinga. Lufane kuba Sejm uqinisekise kwaye kuchazwe ngokweenkcukacha Golden Bull ngo 1356

A siseko omtsha phambi kokuba ulamkele kuxoxwa yaye walawula elide kwaye nzima kwi Reichstag eNuremberg kunye Metz. Ukugqityezelwa loxwebhu ihonjiswe ngetywina yegolide icala negolide. Ngenxa yoko igama - i-Golden Bull. Ekubeni kwacaca ukuba okubhalwe kolu xwebhu ebalulekileyo kule minyaka. Wakhonza de kube sekupheleni elizukileyo Empire German (de-1918!) Umthetho angundoqo mbutho kunye nokwakhiwa kweli lizwe central European. Oku kungqina kwakhona indlela Golden Bull yi ezikrelekrele.

Izinto eziluncedo umthetho omtsha

ukubandakanyeka kweqiwa ekukhetheni umlawuli lizwe iyapheliswa ngokupheleleyo. Ngaphambili, akukho Umlawuli abangazange babonise linyathelo enjalo, ukwahlukanisa esemagunyeni neecawa. Kwathatha Golden Bull. iimpawu ngokubanzi imithetho yayo ibonisa ukuba ezintsha bazisa ebomini ezininzi izifundo. Wahlasela onke amazwe kunye bonke ungqameko abemi ubukhosi ephakathi.

Ukwamkelwa koMgaqo-Golden Bull ezingenisiweyo sele isithethe ezisekiweyo noMlawuli lonyulo. Ekuqaleni, nabathetheli-electors ezisixhenxe bathathe inxaxheba kunyulo (ezintathu yonqulo ezine wempangelo).

The Golden bulla Karla 4 bathi ke inviolability lezikhulu amalungelo ukuya kwinkundla ephakamileyo. Abathetheli iyodwa ukuphuhlisa izimbiwa zemigodi, ukuqamba imali, ukuba amasiko emsebenzini yaye ngokusemthethweni kwi imfazwe kunye nabamelwane. Kwaye akhonze kuphela wayengenalo ilungelo ukuba inkosi yakhe. Kuko konke oku mzi Akuvunyelwe ngqo ukungena umfela. Ngaloo ndlela States ukunqanda amayelenqe.

Electors silinganisela ilungelo kwisahlulo semida labavoti, kwaye kuqinisekisiwe ngokusemthethweni i-Golden Bull. iimpawu Jikelele uxwebhu ekuthethwa lubonisa ukuba ngaphezu nje ekunyamekeleni uCharles IV of Bohemia zomthonyama, oko kukuthi, ubukumkani Czech: lamalungelo kakhulu abachaphazelekayo kula mazwe kunye nabanikazi bazo.

Indawo imbonakalo Golden Bull

Njengoko ikomkhulu oyiNgcwele bonke uBukhosi baseRoma, iRoma ngegama nje, kwaye umlawuli wamthanda ngakumbi ukuhlala kwilizwe labo lokuzalwa - e Prague, uKarl unyule isixeko eNuremberg, apho wachitha yasebukhosini Ukutya ezinkulu - ingqokelela yezikhulu liphezulu lonke Central Europe.

Kwaba khona ukuba Golden Bull savunywa ngo-1356. E Germany, ithe bungalahleki kwesinomhlwa amandla kwayo emva kokupheliswa oyiNgcwele uBukhosi baseRoma ngo-1806. Nuremberg waba isixeko esembindini uBukhosi baseRoma: Charles IV wamvelela amashumi amahlanu anesibini yaye usoloko yaba iholide kazwelonke. umsitho bomnyango imihombiso umdla bala nawuphi na umdlalo, uze uhlale uMlawuli kakhulu kwaye inkundla kwisixeko ngokungummangaliso ubomi zabemi.

Ukuba kukho omnye kuphela kwinqanaba umdla ezinxulumene sisiganeko efana naleyo yathatyathwa lilizwe yi-Golden Bull. It Männleinlaufen - "Amadoda Ukubaleka" - Iiyure emnandi Frauenkirche, vula yonke imihla emini enkulu. Ukusuka emnyango apho isimemezelo, neemvumi, umlawuli kunye edumileyo Electors ezisixhenxe, leyo uzakufun aukugqithisa umlawuli baguqa kathathu. Umlawuli intonga, ukuxhawulana, amanani watchmakers ezimbini azikhuthazi emaqanda, kwaye yonke umngcelele kwi yokusithela ebusuku ngaphakathi kwewotshi. Ezi ezinika kunye namaxesha Charles IV eNuremberg zininzi kunene.

ukuqhekeka feudal yomthetho

Imida neemilo kanye nabo bonke, oyiNgcwele bamaRoma kwi XIV-XV eminyaka akazange abe kuba zitshintshile imfazwe, imitshato dynastic, uze wenze amaqhina wayenguphum hlukile Ukwahluka. Kodwa ke kanye la iinkulungwane yaba elona xesha lifanelekileyo kwabaxhamla kwezixeko German ukulungiselela ukukhula nendyebo yabo bonke kubugcisa kunye norhwebo.

Cities ukuvelisa iimveliso kuphela neemarike zommandla wakho. Ngokuthe ngcembe, Noko ke, kukho amaziko anjalo, ogama iimveliso zithengiswa kuphela kulo lonke elo lizwe kodwa phesheya. Xa uCharles IV amagcisa zivelile mveliso ngaphezu amahlanu, kuquka nakubuchule kunye manufactory. Izilimo zediliya kunye nemfuyo wazuza ubunzima kwezolimo elichumayo jikelele.

minyinyiva

Uphuhliso sezopolitiko ubukhosi kumaXesha Aphakathi ndathintela iinkosana ezithile, ngubani thembi kukomeleza gunya, kwaye injongo yinkanuko yabo hayi manyano, yaye lonke kwingingqana nje encinci.

Carl, ukungenisa ingxoxo izinto zokuqala zomthetho, Kakade ke, wathabatha ingqalelo umnqweno izifundo. Wabamba bukhosi kwizandla ngokuqinileyo, kodwa kakuhle, xa umfela ndawonye we oopopu kunye basebukhosini aphezulu. Kwaye ekhathalela kakhulu malunga ukuchuma yezoqoqosho neyenkcubeko intsimi ephathiswe kuye. Okokuqala - le Czech Republic, kwaye ke ezinye. Ngoko ke lula kakhulu ukuba electors German iGolden Bull yadalwa. Uphawu jikelele eli xesha: ukuqhekeka yezopolitiko kule ndawo bangena ngumthetho.

Awonwabanga imeko yezopolitiko ubukhosi, Kakade ke, bona. German ingozi polycracy, umzekelo, ebizwa Gold Bull FK Schlosser. Kodwa kwizangqa angqingqwa kunye nentlonelo efanayo iyachaza ukuba Golden Bull. Le nkcazelo yayicacile kwaye ngqo, lo ngowona mthetho ulawula esisiseko ubukhosi, nto leyo yabangela ukuba baphumelele. Abanye bathi oku wokuqala siseko waseJamani.