"Sakhalin-1". project oyile nerhasi kwi Sakhalin Island

Le oovimba iphicothwe of hydrocarbon ehlabathini omkhulu, kodwa hayi zonke amasimi yeoli ziyaphuhliswa. Isizathu sokuba "kwemitshini" - inexpedient ngokwezoqoqosho. Ezininzi zomaleko yeoli-zithwele ezifakwe amanzi enzonzobila, okanye (kwaye) kwiindawo ezikude nophuhliso. I enkulu sokuqala kwi-Odoptu endle kude nonxweme Sakhalin siqithi yafunyanwa ngama komhlaba yiSoviet ngo-1977, kodwa ke kuphela emva kweshumi kunye nokutshintsha iimeko zeemarike kunye nophuhliso iiteknoloji ezintsha lwemveliso ye Sakhalin zegolide abamnyama lube nenzuzo.

ezinokubakho

Njengenxalenye yale "Sakhalin-1" kufike uphuhliso nokusebenza kwamabala oyile negesi ezintathu - yi Odoptu, Chayvo kunye A-D. Bona zibekwe ukuba umntla-Sakhalin Island kuLwandle Okhotsk. Bona ngokumandla reserves ezinokubuyiseka Makhulu (kodwa hayi irekhodi) - 2.3 billion emilambo yeoli, 485 billion cubic metres yerhasi ^3.

Ukuba uthathe ingqalelo yokuba amandla lilonke amaqhina oqhagamshelwano esebenza "Sakhalin-1" kunye "Sakhalin 2" kwaye ingabekwa lokuqala "Sakhalin-3", loovimba epheleleyo kummandla igesi idlula 2.4 yezigidi zezigidi zezigidi m ³ ioli - phezu 3.2 billion nemigqomo. Ngoko ke akukho iintatheli ngozi kuthiwa siqithi "i Kuwait yesibini".

Noko ke, imveliso ephuma kula macandelo nzima bubukho pack ice ukuya kutsho kwiimitha ezintandathu ubukhulu kwisithuba seenyanga ezintandathu ukuya ezisixhenxe kulo nyaka, kwakunye igagasi olomeleleyo ziintshukumo zenyikima unyaka wonke. Imfuneko boyise imiqobo ezinxulumene neemeko ezinzima imozulu, kunye nokusekwa kule ndawo ekude lonke oyile negesi lwezibonelelo liqaphele imbonakalo eyodwa yalo ingxaki ejongene projekthi.

Imbali yeprojekthi

Kudala phambi kokuba ukuqaliswa kweprojekthi "Sakhalin-1" zokuma, kwaye kwacaca ukuba izibonelelo ezizizembiwa yesiqithi zifumaneka ngaphandle umhlaba kwithala, kodwa koovimba babo ayaziwa. Ngo-70 kwenkcazo umthamo iidipozithi ye nkampani wayenza "Sakhalinmorneftegaz". Ke umsebenzi ukuhlola SODEKO wazibandakanya nequmrhu of Japan, namhlanje ngokwamanqanaba phakathi nxaxheba zale projekthi.

Ngowe-1977, lo kuqala kwi Sakhalin kwithala ivunjululwe yegesi Odoptu, emva konyaka - intsimi Chayvo, yaye emva kweminyaka eli-10 - Arkutun Dagi. Ngenxa yoko, Sakhalin Island yaba ibe nomtsalane ekuveliseni hydrocarbon. Nangona kunjalo, ukunqongophala utyalo-mali olufanelekileyo kunye nophuhliso lobuchwepheshe nqanda meko ke phezulu.

ukuphumelela

Ngu ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane xxi le meko itshintshe kule ngingqi. Iimfuno ezikhulayo lamazwe anoqoqosho zinamandla ehlabathini - Japanese kwaye Korean, kwakunye ukunyuka kwamaxabiso eneji ziya kwenza iprojekthi "Sakhalin-1" kuyanceda. Uninzi mali, kwaye okona kubalulekileyo - uncedo zeteknoloji eliguqulelwe corporation "Exxon-Mobil" (EM). Ukuthatha inxaxheba liqela leengcali kakhulu, nto leyo eye iminyaka yamava kuphuhliso oyile negesi kwi Arctic kwemozulu 85, kwanceda ukusombulula iingxaki ezininzi.

Okwangoku, i umsebenzisi Rule yale projekthi - "intombi" of corporation "EM", "Exxon Neftegas Limited". Yeyona umsebenzi omkhulu mveliso. Consortium isebe elisombulula inani trends lwezentlalo noqoqosho kule ngingqi Sakhalin kunye elingummelwane iyavuma Territory, phakathi kwabo - uphuhliso loqoqosho lwengingqi, imfundo kunye noqeqesho kwabasebenzi abaqeqeshiweyo Russian, iinkqubo zentlalo, uthando, yaye ngaphezulu.

amalungu inkampani

Le oyile negesi yeprojekthi - umzekelo intsebenziswano ngempumelelo ngezizwe yesimo entsonkothileyo, zemozulu iimeko zejografi. imizamo yabo ukuphumeza le projekthi zidityanisiwe:

• Mega-corporation "Exxon Mobil" (USA): 30% ezabelo (ngokunxulumene izohlwayo baqhubeka inxaxheba iinkampani American echaphazelekayo).
• SODEKO Consortium (saseJapan): 30%.
• RGCs "Rosneft" liqumrhu yalawula "Sakhalinmorneftegas-Ubude" (11.5%) kunye "DB-Astra" (8.5%).
• STC "ONGC Videsh Ltd." (India): 20%.

Likomkhulu yeoli Sakhalin yaba isixeko Okha.

program ukusebenza

Ngelo isanda "Sakhalin 1" yenzekile wabagagamela iidipozithi OPF usebenzisa ulwandle "iintloko" iqonga ukubhola kunye nofakelo umhlaba "Hawk". Ekuqaleni-Oktobha 2005, emva kweshumi emva kokuqalisa lophuhliso, i-oyile yokuqala yaveliswa evela entsimini Chayvo. Ngenxa yoko sokugqibezela kuka 2006. Ukwakhiwa lweMveliso Imvumo Isibonelelo (OPF), umthamo kwimveliso ngoFebruwari 2007 yaba imiphanda 250,000 (iitoni 34,000) leoli ngosuku. Kwezi zigaba zilandelayo projekthi yaqala ukuba oovimba igesi Chayvo kumazwe angaphandle.

Emva koko "Hawk" wafuduselwa esigangeni osecaleni Odoptu ngenxa zokumba olunye kunye nokuveliswa hydrocarbon. Njengoko igesi, neoli evela iidipozithi OPF, ebezikuyo ioli ithuthelwe DeKastri yokuhlala terminal (mpumalanga Krai, kwi ukubola Strait) izimpahla eminye kumazwe angaphandle, kunye negesi inikezelwa ukusuka Sakhalin ukuya kurhwebo lwasekhaya.

Inqanaba elilandelayo yaqala kunye nophuhliso yentsimi lesithathu (inkulu yi kwindawo) A-D kunye negesi Chayvo eya kunika isiqinisekiso seMelika ukuvelisa hydrocarbon de 2050. Ukuze kwandiswe ukusebenza kakuhle kwezoqoqosho kunye nokuphucula ukusebenza le nkqubo kuthathelwa ingqalelo i-unique kunokufumaneka khona amava olufunyenwe ngexesha lesigaba sokuqala kophuhliso.

Isixhobo "Hawk"

Uphuhliso oyile negesi kulo mmandla enxulumene izisombululo kwimingeni ebangelwa ngokwemvelo. iimeko ezimandundu zemozulu, namasimi ice enamandla emanzini offshore, ingakumbi isakhiwo wejoloji ioli wawufuna ukuba usebenzise izilungiselelo.

Iqhayiya yonke projekthi isixhobo sokugrumba "Hawk", ukuba "isazela" apho iirekhodi zehlabathi eziliqela ecaleni ubude kunye nesantya amaqula kugrunjwa. Le yenye ufakelo zinamandla esekelwe emhlabeni-ehlabathini. iyunithi imitha-70 yenzelwe ukusebenza kwiindawo wenyikima abandayo Arctic, likuvumela ultra-elide drill hole kuba kuqala nkqo uze tye ngaphantsi kolwandle kunye ubude bayo Umphanda kumgama ongaphezu kweekhilomitha ezingama-11.

Ngexesha kusombiwa ezi imithombo esele zizisekile iirekhodi ihlabathi eziliqela kwi ubude umphanda - endleleni, oku apho umthombo bemba irekhodi 12,700 iimitha Z42 (Juni 2013). Ngokusetyenziswa kwe-high speed ukubhola ubugcisa, nto leyo yipropathi corporation "ExxonMobil" umngxuma "Sakhalin-1" wadlula ingxelo ngokukhawuleza.

Ngoncedo i "lokhozi" amaqula eweva ukusuka elunxwemeni phantsi komhlaba kwi-engile ukhangele isahlakalo kwamabala offshore, ngokwenjenjalo kuncitshiswe umthwalo kwi yemvelo engafani eziKhuselweyo kwezi ndawo. Ukongeza, iyunithi indawo ngokwentelekiso ithatha izakhiwo ezinkulu ezifunekayo ukuze ukwakha phezu kweelwandle eziphakamileyo iimeko ice nzima ebusika. Ngenxa yoko, imali okubonakalayo yokusebenza kunye neendleko ezinkulu. Emva kokugqiba umsebenzi intsimi Chayvo, "Hawk" yala maxesha yaye wafudukela uphuhliso elingummelwane Odoptu.

"Orlan" iqonga

Ukongeza kufakelo phantsi "Hawk", igesi-oyile amasimi "Sakhalin-1" kakuhle omnye "intaka abanekratshi" - ulwandle "Orlan" platform imigodi. Eqongeni ivelisa izibonelelo kumazantsi-ntshona indawo yasendle Chayvo.

imitha-50 womxhuzulane isakhiwo uphakamileyo ibekwe kumazantsi oLwandle Okhotsk, ubunzulu yayo ngeli xesha - iimitha ezili-14. "Orlan" ngo-2005 bemba amaqula-20. Kwiminyaka engama-21 imizuzu zamaqula onqamlezwe "Hawk" linonxweme, imali kumaqula irekhodi enjalo oyile negesi entsimini enye. Umthamo yemveliso oyile landa amaxesha amaninzi.

Kwi i "Orlan" iinyanga 9 zonyaka engqongwe ngumkhenkce, umsebenzi lu dityanisiwe isigqibo ezazingaziwa kwiingxaki imveliso yelizwe. Ukongeza kwimiqathango entsonkothileyo wenyikima zemozulu ziingxaki ezinzima zamalungiselelo ziya kusombululeka.

"Berkut" Platform

Eli liqonga entsha, ababekhonza shipyards yaseMzantsi Korea wamnikela ngempumelelo ngo-2014 ukuya entsimini A-D. Iimpawu "Berkut" na ochukumisa ngakumbi "Eagle". Ngexesha izithuthi (oko kukuthi 2.6 amawaka km) wayengekho isiganeko esalatha. Ukwakhiwa yenzelwe ukumelana ice kunye imitha-ezimbini amaza eemitha-18 kwi -44 C.

iinkqubo ukulungiselela ukuveliswa yesabelo

Kumbiwa emasimini OPF kunye hydrocarbon Odoptu unikwa OPF. Apha igesi kukwahlukaniswa amanzi neoli, ukuzinzisa ngenxa zothutho ngakumbi ukuze zithunyelwe nge terminal oyile kumazwe mihla le DeKastri zokuhlala yokucoca gas abasebenzisi basekhaya. isityalo izimele ngokupheleleyo zenzelwe processing of malunga 250.000 emilambo yeoli futhi ngaphezu 22.4 MCM ³ yerhasi ngosuku.

Xa kwakusakhiwa Chayvo abayili isicelo indlela enkulu-zeemodyuli sokwakha. Plant ezifana umhlanganisi ezazivela iimodyuli ukuphakama ezahlukeneyo 45. Zonke izinto eyenzelwe ngokukodwa ukusebenza kwimozulu embi eFar. yoyilo ezininzi - eyenziwe ngenkcenkce, unako ukumelana namazinga asezantsi njengoko 40 ° C.

Kuba ukunikezelwa iimodyuli enzima ukuya esakhiweni ngaphesheya Chayvo Bay wakha unique imitha-830 kwebhulorho. Ngenxa kule kwakusakhiwa Sakhalin Island i uhlobo irekhodi - ibhulorho ithathwa elide achazayo, ngaphezu ubude zokunqumla ezinkulu imilambo ezinkulu eSiberia - i-OB kunye Irtysh. Ukwakhiwa kwakhona ezifanelekileyo abalusi - indlela kwinkampu hlathi i lehla kakhulu.

anokubanakho kothunyelo kumazwe

Kwisakhiwo wonke "Sakhalin-1, 2, 3" yayisakhiwa esweni kwamanye amazwe resource. Ukuba 'ilitye elikhulu "uqoqosho emacaleni Japanese, akukho ngaphantsi enamandla eMzantsi Korea, kukho isono ukuba basebenzise indawo i iidiphozithi ezizizembiwa isityebi kuluncedo. Ukongeza, le projekthi yenza inxalenye ebalulekileyo yamandla angawemvelo (ingakumbi igesi) ukuya kwi 'mpumalanga' (Russia lizwekazi). Abangenisa eziphambili zeoli Okhotsk na Japan kunye South Korea.

Ukuthunyelwa kobuchwepheshe imi ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

1. Igesi kunye namafutha ukusuka namaqula anikwe kwisityalo le BCP.
2. Emva koko, ukusuka Imvumo siwele nge Tatar limxinwa buyo lwesiphathi eseleyo kwi zokuhlala DeKastri kwi ngokukodwa izixhobo ezintsha terminal kumazwe angaphandle.
3. Igesi Ukuba becala aye abathengi Russian, neoli lugcinwe kwamatanki ezinkulu, apho zithunyelwe nge yokufunxa ukuya ingxenye ekude.

DeKastri

Development of iidipozithi neoli imiqathango East Far babefuna ukusombulula ingxaki zokuhamba kuziphi zempahla ekrwada. Yongeza i-terminal, kwagqitywa ukuba Sakhalin kunye nemisinga - ethekwini De-Kastri. Black igolide apha luza imibhobho, uze - ethwala ioli. I-terminal yakhiwa "ekuqaleni", ngezinto zobugcisa zakutsha nje.

Ngenxa terminal kubemi bezo ndawo bafumana imisebenzi ezongezelelweyo ophezulu ohlawula, kwakukho odolo zothutho kunye nenkonzo neenkampani zengingqi, ukuphuculwa, izibonelelo zokuhlala zoluntu zentlalo-ntle.

Kunyaka-ngeenxa zonke yezothutho ukuyila efunekayo nokwakha zidlula ezizodwa iimeko ice ezimaxongo iklasi "Afromaks", kunye icebreakers ezihamba. Iminyaka 5 ukusebenza le ukuphela ngaphandle isiganeko esalatha ihambile 460 zidlula. Total wacanda terminal million tons 45 ngaphezu.

ukusebenza enoxanduva nekhuselekileyo

Abasebenzi kunye Iikontraki project "Sakhalin-1" wayesebenza iiyure kwizigidi 68 kunye nokhuseleko ezibalaseleyo kunye nokwenzakala, leyo kude ngaphezulu avareji shishino. Ukuthobela iimfuno zolawulo kuqinisekiswa ngummiselo ngqongqo nokulawulwa lwemisebenzi yemveliso.

amanyathelo Environmental yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yokwakhiwa kunye nokusebenza kweprojekthi kwaye ziquka inani leenkqubo ezizodwa ukukhuselwa zasendle, kuquka ukukhuselwa iminenga basentshona hina, iinkozi ulwandle Steller kunye nezinye abemi.

thethwano Active nabantu zomthonyama Sakhalin ENL wanceda aqwalasela iingxaki zasekuhlaleni embi kakhulu. Ngokukodwa, i oyile kuvunyelwa abelusi zasekuhlaleni basebenzisa ibhulorho yayo zingakhiwa kwindawo Chayvo Bay ngenxa ngobanjiso yonyaka eenkomo adle.

Ukutsala kunye nokuqeqeshwa kwabasebenzi Russian

Ngelo lokuqala lophuhliso yabemi Russian imisebenzi-13 000 zaye zadalwa. Ukubandakanya abasebenzi lendawo idala amathuba amatsha, kwaye uyalenza igalelo kuphuhliso ngokubanzi kuqoqosho lwengingqi. Kwangaxeshanye, ENL kusebenza kakhulu imigangatho yokusebenza mihla kunye nezithethe yokhuseleko, kwakunye nobugcisa yokwakha, ukubhola, imveliso kunye nokubekwa kwemibhobho.

Ukuze asebenze kumaziko yemveliso umdla ngaphezu kwekhulu iinjineli Russian kunye namagcisa. Nganye wengcaphephe baqesha Kwathi ikhosi yoqeqesho ixesha elide. Abanye babo bathunyelwa ukuya kufumana uqeqesho neenjongo inkampani "Exxon Mobil" eUnited States naseKhanada.

Help island

Abathengisi Iinkqubo zoqeqesho zobugcisa kunye neekhontrakha ebezibandakanyeka abahlali ngakumbi nangakumbi Sakhalin. Ukusebenza ngentsebenziswano ne-Arhente yoPhuhliso International (USA), umqeshi negalelo lwabo abatyhidi ngenxa umbutho kwezifundo zoqeqesho ezizodwa kwaye inika mboleko micro ukuba sicatshulwa uqeqesho loshishino kunye nophuhliso Sakhalin amashishini amancinane kunye naphakathi. Nalo msebenzi uye waba ngaphezu kwesigidi zeerandi mali mboleko apho imisebenzi engamakhulu amahlanu wadala yaye yaxhasa namashishini ezingaphezu kwama-180.

Ukuhlala ukwandisa isabelo iinkampani Russian njengoko kubaboneleli umsebenzi wethutyana. Iindleko kwezivumelwano kunye iifem zasekhaya ladlula $ 4 billion, okanye malunga ezimbini kwezintathu iindleko zizonke iimvumelwano projekthi.

Ukongeza ekunikezeleni iingeniso karhulumente ngendlela eyintlawulo yokushicilela, le projekthi inegalelo kuphuhliso iziseko zoncedo zasekhaya - yakhiwa iindlela, iibhulorho, ukwakhiwa amazibuko izikhululo zeenqwelo-moya, kunye namaziko zonyango kamasipala. Ezinye iinkqubo zenkxaso ziquka iminikelo kwimfundo, kukhathalelo lwempilo kunye nokuphucula izakhono yenzululwazi kunye nobuchwepheshe asekuhlaleni.