Prokaryotes: isakhiwo kunye iinkalo ezithile zobomi

Kweli nqaku siza kuqwalasela ubume prokaryotes kunye eukaryotes. Ezi eziphilayo kufuneka kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo kakhulu mbutho. Isizathu soku - iimpawu noshowo ulwazi yemfuza.

Iimpawu ngesakhiwo iiseli prokaryotic

Prokaryotes wabiza zonke izinto eziphilayo zabo iiseli ziqulathe nuclei. Abameli abavela abahlanu abaziyo uSamuweli zasendle ababo into enye kuphela - bacterium. Prokaryotes, isakhiwo apho esixubusha, nazo zibandakanya abameli ulwelwe eliluhlaza-eluhlaza kunye archaea.

Nangona ukungabikho semthethweni iiseli ezingundoqo, izinto yemfuza ezikuyo. Oku kukuvumela ukuba ukugcina udlulise ulwazi yemfuza, kodwa enokuthintela ezahlukahlukeneyo yokuzala. Ukudlala zonke prokaryotes kwenzeka ngokwahlula zibe ezimbini iiseli. Ngu mitosis kunye meiosis abanako.

Ubume bale prokaryotic kunye eukaryotic

Iimpawu ze ubume prokaryotes kunye eukaryotes, ezo bayahluka, kakhulu kakhulu. Ukongeza isakhiwo impahla yemfuza, oku kubhekisela organelles ezininzi. Eukaryotes, ezibandakanya izityalo, umngundo kunye nezilwanyana, ziqulathe xa kukho icytoplasm mitochondria, Golgi izixhobo, reticulum endoplasmic, plastids ezininzi. Xa prokaryotes, ukuba zilahlekile. Yeseli udonga, apho kwaye bona, kunye nabanye, imichiza ezahlukeneyo kuqamba. Ntsholongwane, le nto ndiyibhalayo carbohydrate ezintsonkothileyo, pectin okanye murein, kanti kwizityalo livela kwincindi, nomngundo - ngechitin.

History of izovela

Iimpawu ngesakhiwo kunye nokusebenza prokaryotes Kwazeka oko kubo izazinzulu kuphela ngenkulungwane ye-17. Kwaye oku nangona ezi zidalwa ekhoyo emhlabeni ukususela ekuqaleni kwalo. Ngowe-1676 ukuba zaxilongwa kuqala ne microscope kokugcina yi kumdlali Antoni Van Levenguk. Njengazo zonke izinto kakhulu, Scientist wazibiza "animalikulami". Igama elithi "bacterium" ubonakele kuphela kwenkulungwane ye-19. Yayiyindawo naturalist ezaziwayo-kakuhle isiJamani Christian Ehrenberg. Igama elithi "prokaryotes" wafika kamva, xa ixesha ukudala kwemikroskopu. Kwaye ekuqaleni, izazinzulu sele uqinisekile ukuba umahluko isakhiwo izixhobo yemfuza iiseli izidalwa ezahlukeneyo. E. Chatton ngo-1937 ecetywayo ukuba angene ngokusekelwe eziphilayo zibe ngamaqela amabini: shi kunye eukaryotes. Eli candelo ikhona unanamhla. Kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane yama-20 kwafunyaniswa umahluko phakathi prokaryotes ngokwabo: archaea neentsholongwane.

Iimpawu bomhlaba yesixhobo

Umphezulu prokaryotes izixhobo iquka inwebu kunye iseli eludongeni. Nganye kwezi ndawo uneempawu zawo. inwebu sabo ukhandwa umaleko kabini lipids kunye neeproteni. Prokaryotes, ogama nesakhiwo kunokuba likumgangatho iindidi ezimbini lwesakhiwo cell eludongeni. Ngenxa yoko, ntsholongwane Igram-HIV ubukhulu becala ziyilwe peptidoglycan, iye okusuka ka 80 NM kwaye ithobela ndizayo. Eyona uphawu le sakhiwo ubukho pores khona apho ingena iqela iimolekyuli. Iseli Udonga iintsholongwane Igram ibhityile kakhulu - ukuya kutsho kuma-3 NM. Kuyinto ezikufutshane ndizayo ashinyeneyo. Ezinye abameli prokaryotes nangoku ngaphandle kwaye uxakaxa capsule. Ikhusela umzimba kukoma, umonakalo, kubekho umqobo eyongezelelweyo osmotic.

prokaryotes organelles

Isakhiwo iseli ye prokaryotes kunye eukaryotes uye umahluko omkhulu, nto leyo ikakhulu akumi phambi organelles ezithile. Ezi izakhiwo ezisisigxina ukuqinisekisa inqanaba eziphilayo xa lilonke. Xa prokaryotes, inkoliso yabo zilahlekile. Protein yokuqaphela kule seli lwenzeka ribosomes. Xa prokaryotes zasemanzini ziqulathe aerosomy. Oku ukuqanda igesi ezibonelela ukubagcina kwaye ulungise iqondo eziphilayo emanzini. Kuphela kwiiseli prokaryotic ziqulathe mesosoma. Ezi ezibayeni inwebu cytoplasmic kwenzeka kuphela ngexesha ukusetyenziswa iindlela nitrogen chemical ngexesha lokulungiselela kweeseli prokaryotic yi microscopy. Organelle iintsholongwane kunye archaea intshukumo zizinto isiliya okanye misila. Kwaye ke uncamathiselo kwi zeendawana uphatha ukusela. Ezi zithinteli akhiwa injini protein-cylinder, ekwabizwa ngokuba villi kunye fimbriae.

Yintoni nucleoid

Kodwa owona mahluko okuphawulekayo isakhiwo sofuzo prokaryotic kunye eukaryotic. ulwazi yemfuza, ophethwe zonke ezi izinto. Xa eukaryotes, ukuba ihonjiswe ngaphakathi ngumongo. Le organelle dvumembrannaya iye matrix yaso, leyo kuthiwa nucleoplasm, chromatin nolusu. Kukho ikhutshwa phandle kuphela yokugcina ulwazi yemfuza, kodwa ke Yindibanisela iimolekyuli RNA. Le nucleoli kamva kwasekwa subunits ze ribosomes - ezi organelles elijongene protein yokuqaphela.

Ubume zofuzo prokaryotic lula. impahla yawo mfuza thaca intsimi nucleoid okanye yenyukliya. IDNA prokaryotes bangabi wangumqulu oyincwadi ejolise ngqo zofuzo yaye isakhiwo avaliweyo thunzi. Ukubunjwa kwakhona iquka iimolekyuli RNA nucleoid neprotheyini. Uphawu Recent efana histones eukaryotic. Ukuba bathathe inxaxheba kabini lwe-DNA, RNA kuyondelelaniswe, isakhiwo iikhemikhali kunye discontinuities ngokubuyiselwa nucleic.

Iinkalo ezithile zobomi

Prokaryotes, ogama isakhiwo ukuntsonkotha ezahlukeneyo, ukwenza iinkqubo ngendlela entsonkothileyo zobomi. Le ukutya, ukuphefumla, lokwanda uhlobo lwazo, intshukumo, ukutya ... Kwaye konke oku ekwaziyo omnye kuphela iseli ngemikroskopu yayo imilinganiselo asusela 250 mm! Ngoko kuthekani primitiveness ingaba Yingcambu kuphela.

Iimpawu ze ubume prokaryotes kubangela kunye neendlela amalungu wabo. Ngokomzekelo, baye bakwazi ukuvelisa amandla ngeendlela ezintathu. Eyokuqala igwele. It ikhutshwa phandle iintsholongwane ezithile. Isiseko sale nkqubo zezi indlela redox apho ATP ukuba kuhlelwe molecule. Le compound imichiza, apho lwahlukane zibe amandla zigaba eziliqela uyakhululwa. Ngoko, ke udla ngokubizwa ngokuba "iseli ibhetri". Indlela olungolunye ukuphefumla. Undoqo yale nkqubo kuxhomekeke igcwala kwezinto eziphilayo. Ezinye prokaryotes ayakwazi photosynthesis. Imizekelo yalo nezithombo eziluhlaza-eluhlaza kunye neentsholongwane ezimfusa eziqulathe plastids eziseleni. Kodwa Archaea bekwazi non-yiklorofili photosynthesis. Ngethuba lale nkqubo, akukho nitrogen le carbon dioxide, kwaye kwemolekyuli ATP ngokwayo kwakheka. Ngoko ke, enyanisweni, okwangoku phosphorylation.

uhlobo lokutya

Neentsholongwane archaea - a prokaryote, isakhiwo leyo evumela ukuba lokusebenzisa amandla kunye neendlela ezahlukeneyo. Ezinye zazo autotrophs. Ezi eziphilayo ngokwabo nokulungelelanisa khompawundi organic ngexesha photosynthesis. Xa iiseli ezinjalo prokaryotic yi ngokuba yiklorofili. Ezinye bacterium ukufumana amandla ngokwahlula iikhompawundi ezithile organic. uhlobo lwabo lokutya ebizwa chemotrophic. Abameli beli qela entsimbi - Ezekiyeli iintsholongwane. Abanye ufunxe kuphela compound ogqityiweyo. Ewe kuthiwa heterotrophs. Abaninzi babo ubomi obusekelwe ekumfimfitheni kwaye baphile kuphela ngaphakathi iiseli ezinye izidalwa. Umahluko eli qela nazo saprotrophs. Badla iimveliso inkunkuma okanye ezibolayo. Njengoko ubona, iindlela prokaryotes emandleni kakhulu zahlukahlukene. Le nyaniso negalelo usasazo ngokubanzi kuzo zonke iindawo zokuhlala.

iintlobo yokuzala

Prokaryotes, isakhiwo apho limelwe iseli enye, iphindwe kwisahlulo yayo ibe ngamaqela amabini okanye amagqabi. Olu phawu kungenxa yokuba ubume babo yemfuza kunye nezixhobo. inkqubo ngokucandeka Binary landulelwa kabini, okanye DNA ukuphindaphindeka. Kulo mzekelo acid molecule nucleic na unwound kuqala, uze emva koko umcu ngamnye kabili kwi -siseko complementarity. Le zofuzo ngenxa diverge ukuya zezibonda. Iiseli kwandisa ubukhulu, kwasekwa phakathi constriction kwaye baqhubele phambili ngokwahlukana kwabo wokugqibela kwenzeka. Ezinye bacterium nazo ziyakwazi zokubumba iiseli asetyenziselwa ukujikwa maqanda - sikuyo.

Neentsholongwane Archaea: iimpawu

Kangangexesha elide, kunye iintsholongwane archaea kwakukho abameli Monera yoBukumkani. Eneneni, iimpawu ezininzi ezifanayo zesakhiwo. Oku ikakhulu ubukhulu kunye nokumila iiseli zabo. Noko ke, uphando kwemichiza baye babonisa ukuba iqela lemisebenzi esemqoka efanayo kunye eukaryotes. Olu uhlobo enzayim phantsi inyathelo apho inkqubo Yindibanisela RNA kunye ziiprotein iimolekyuli.

Ngendlela yokutyisa uninzi kwabo chemotroph. Ngaphezu koko, izinto ezo lwanamathela kwinkqubo yokufumana archaea amandla zahlukahlukene kakhulu. Oku carbohydrate ezintsonkothileyo ammonia, kunye nemixube netyhidiweyo. Kukho phakathi archaea kunye autotrophs. Amaxesha amaninzi bengena nolwalamano bokubambisana. Zilwanyana phakathi archaea hayi. Amaninzi zifumaneka kwindalo kunye commensals Mutualists. Kwimeko yokuqala, archaea bondliwa umbandela host, kodwa musa ningezanga naye nawuphi na umonakalo. Ngokungafaniyo olu hlobo nama iinzuzo mutualistic efunyenwe eziphilayo. Ezinye zazo metagenami. archaea ezinjalo ahlale inkqubo yokucola zabantu kunye ezincancisayo ruminant, ibangela ukuyilwa igesi ngokugqithisileyo ethunjini. Ezi eziphilayo ndiyandise ngokucandeka yokubini, amagqabi okanye yiyantlukwano.

Archaea Sendisicwaba phantse zonke iindawo zokuhlala. Bona zahlukahlukene ingakumbi ezincinane. Ekuqaleni, bonke archaea ngamalungu iqela extremophiles ngenxa yokuba bakwazi ukuhlala emithonjeni ashushu, kunye namachibi ne etyuwa omkhulu, ubunzulu kunye koxinzelelo olukhulu.

Ixabiso le prokaryotic kwindalo kunye nobomi babantu

Indima prokaryotes kwindalo ephawulekayo. Kuqala kwinto zonke, ukuba ezi izinto zokuqala eziphilileyo owaphuma kule planethi. Izazinzulu ziye zafumanisa ukuba iintsholongwane kunye archaea wabonakala zimalunga nesi-3.5 billion kwiminyaka eyadlulayo. mbono Symbiogenesis icebisa ukuba wehla kubo yaye ezinye organelles leeseli eukaryotic. Ngokukodwa, sithetha malunga plastids kunye mitochondria.

prokaryotes ezininzi ezisetyenziswa biotechnology ukuvelisa amayeza, imithi, iienzymes, iihomoni, izichumiso kunye imichiza. Umntu kudala usebenzisa iimpawu eziyingenelo iintsholongwane acid lactic ekuveliseni itshizi, iyogurt, iyogurt, iimveliso iphela. Ngezi eziphilayo ngokusebenzisa kwamachibi zokucoca kunye yokunxiba lomhlaba ngeentlobo ezahlukeneyo zesinyithi. Iintsholongwane lakha microflora abantu amathumbu kunye nezilwanyana ezininzi. Kunye archaea eyidlalile kumjikelo izinto ezininzi: nitrogen, i-iron, isalfure, hydrogen.

Kwelinye icala, iintsholongwane ezininzi zingabameli causative le izifo ezinobungozi ngokulawula amanani iintlobo ezininzi zezityalo nezilwanyana. Basimisela isibetho, negcushuwa, kholera, anthrax, ukubola komqala.

Ngoko wabiza prokaryotes eziphilayo zabo iiseli kuswela nuclei ezikhutshiweyo. izinto zabo zofuzo siqulathe nucleoid kuqulethe DNA setyhula. Ukususela eziphilayo mihla ukuya prokaryotes ziquka iintsholongwane kunye archaea.