V-2 (ngexabiso) - sverhoruzhie Third Reich

Yintoni legends kuphela ezingekho njengangoku uhamba ngexesha Wesithathu! Aircraft ne phambili-itshayelwe etikweni jet moya "iisosi eziphaphazelayo," top-efihlakeleyo Anenerbe ilebhu uphando kwindawo phantse ngeekhilomitha komhlaba ...

Uninzi yonke le - le ezisungulwe yesiqhelo kunye frank tremens. Kodwa kwakukho omnye icandelo apho ngokwenene amaJamani bakhwelela kude ngokwaneleyo - rocketry. V-2 "izixhobo impindezelo" wabo ngokwenene nhlanganiso zeteknoloji. Ingakumbi "kakhulu 'amandla ezi imijukujelwa i British ukususela isixhobo yaveliswa esetyenziselwa uhlaselo London.

Imbali emfutshane

V-2 nganye usebenzise ukuqala nge iyunithi eyodwa mobile. On ibhodi enomjukujelwa nganye, nto leyo yaba ubude neemitha ezili-14, waba phantse ithani iziqhushumbisi. Kuba ixesha lokuqala olu hlobo enomjukujelwa zawa phezu eLondon ekuqaleni kukaSeptemba 1944. Emva unqamkile-hopper ezilishumi, abathathu kwalimala 22 indoda elimele.

Phambi kokuba amaJamani lisebenzise flying ibhombu V-1, kodwa ke oku ndlela imele umzekelo entsha izixhobo. Umjukujelwa iyabhabha kwinjongo kwimizuzu emihlanu, apho iindlela efumanise eli thuba phambi engenamandla zakhe ngokupheleleyo. Ukusuka kwindawo imbali lwembono, i-V-2 lilinge wakutshanje kuphando lwe shishino wokhuselo waseJamani baphinde bakuthembe lemfazwe emagemeni abo. Isiphumo of the World Second 'superweapon' yayingekho nempembelelo, kodwa uphawula isehlakalo ebalulekileyo kuphuhliso umjukujelwa kunye nendawo ukuhlola jikelele.

kamva amaNgqina Wakhumbula ukuba njengeemfumba enkulu kobutyobo ekuphumeni emoyeni, yaye konke oku kunye kwingozi embi. Ivule imijukujelwa ngokwabo kudlule phantse cwaka: kwiimeko ezininzi, esi siganeko wayefana cotton ukukhanya eyaphulo kwelinye icala Channel.

Kuphuhliso kunye neendleko ...

Njani kwafa abantu abaninzi ngenxa ngokusesikweni V-2 akwaziwa, njengoko idatha efana ezingabhaliweyo naphi. Kukholelwa ukuba mnye kuphela eBritani ekukuhlaseleni enomjukujelwa wabulala phantse namawaka amathathu abantu. Yilaa kuphela imveliso ngokwalo "izixhobo wonder" ulususile ubomi ubuncinane-20 amawaka abantu.

Rocket wakha amagunya amabanjwa kwinkampu yoxinaniso. Akukho mntu bakholwa ubomi babo abazange fanelaka. Ukuya V-2 rocket kufuphi eBuchenwald, yaba umsebenzi imini nobusuku. Ukuze kukhawuleziswe inkqubo, iingcali (ingakumbi ukuwelda kunye Turners) kwaziswa kwezinye kwiinkampu zoxinaniso zaseJamani. Abantu indlala, baye baqhubeka ngaphandle kwelanga kungena bunkers komhlaba. Kuba naziphi na amabanjwa isiphoso waxhonywa ngqo kule migca ibandla crane.

Ngumdali ezi imijukujelwa, kuWernher von Braun, mhlawumbi ubungqondi rocket yehlabathi. genius ububi, nithi von Braun akazange babathuthumbisa abo baza ukudala izixhobo zabo, iimeko apho amabanjwa lilishwa esebenza baza bafa. Noko ke, ingqalelo elenziwa abantu waba isiseko esikhulu Amanyeneyo emva kokuba kuthinjwe kwamaxwebhu yobugcisa kwi imijukujelwa bavuma ukongama kuphuhliso German kweeprojekthi zabo.

Okulandelayo, ukuba iinkwenkwezi!

Kuba ngexesha layo, i-injini rocket yayinamandla kakhulu; waye ndikwazi ukugqitha phezulu ukuya kubude oziikhilomitha ezimalunga nama-80 kuluhlu ngohambo ngumgama oziikhilomitha ezimalunga ne-200. Isityalo amandla wenziwa utyando kwi ngomxube oksijini ethanol zobugcisa. Kubaluleke ngokukodwa ukuba amaJamani baqalisa ukusebenzisa unikezelo oxidant (oksijini), nto leyo ndafakwa kwisingxobo ababekhwele kweso rocket. Oku kwenza kube elizimeleyo zezulu voice. Ngaphezu koko, ekubeni nako ukwandisa kakhulu amandla injini. Sinokuthi ukuba V-2 rocket yaba ubuchule wokuqala ukuba ngokwenene ushiye Umhlaba, lwathi yonke.

Kakade ke, uphuhliso omncinane kule ndawo apho malunga baba imi--30 kwinkulungwane yokugqibela. Kodwa bonke luphawulwa owayethozamile kakhulu ngakumbi ubungakanani, kummandla wolondolozo encinane amafutha, kunye nesithuba mntu zoyilo waze wacinga. Ngenxa yoko, i-V-2, "isixhobo super" ye Wesithathu, yaba njengesikhundla wokwenene eyanceda bonke abantu ukuba ukuhlola kufuphi-Earth isithuba.

intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe

Kodwa le nto amagcisa wachukumiseka kwemingxilo States. Eyona ezintsha ibalulekileyo zeteknoloji, nto leyo kakhulu asetyenziswe ekwakheni ezi imijukujelwa iye yaba ngokupheleleyo kwenkqubo ezimeleyo sokukhomba.

Ngaloo mihla njengephupha lenene, yenza ukuba yokwenene yodwa V-2! "Isixhobo Super" ye Wesithathu akwazi hit kokujoliswe kuko konke konke ngaphandle kwesidingo iziphatha-off ukusuka emhlabeni. Ukuze kuphunyezwe iziphumo onocwangco ngolu hlobo, ababhekisi waseJamani ukusebenzisa elektroniki ezilula (kuba loo mihla). I "Uhambo ikhompyutha" ngaphambi kokuba uqale nghena uququzelelo iinjongo kunye 'swi' irula.

Ezinye izisombululo zobuchwepheshe

Ukongezelela, oko kuqala ukusetyenziswa ngokukodwa gyroscopes, abathi moya ezinzileyo ngobuciko omkhulu. Impondo wasilahla phezu ekwenzeni osecaleni yalungiswa ulwalathiso xa kuthe ukuba enomjukujelwa baphambuka kwikhosi elimisiweyo. Akumangalisi ukuba nokuba phambi kokuphela kwemfazwe eSoviet Union, i-United States kunye Britain belangazelela ulidle ilifa ubuchwepheshe ku tswala V-2 (nomfanekiso apho kuye kumaphepha kweli nqaku).

Ngenxa yezizathu ezicacileyo, von Braun akazange kakhulu walangazelela ukuba ezandleni zamajoni Soviet, wakhetha American "ibanjwa". ESoviet Union kwakhona wahlala phantse ibandla umgca yonke, iimeko ezininzi imijukujelwa kunye abantu abambalwa abasebenzi zobugcisa. iingcali Russian kunye American dismantle izinto zokusebenza, yawayo kumazwe abo, ngokoqobo zinegalelo. Nangona kunjalo, i Yankees German V-2 ngexabiso unomdla kangangokuba ngoko nangoko wathabatha lamaqhosha ezimbalwa yolwandle. Kukho indlela entsha iye yasetyenziswa ukuze amanye amalinge ophezulu ukuphakama.

Brown nophuhliso

EUnited States wayesazi ukuba V-2 umhlanganisi apho lubaluleke ngaphezu umgca indibano wemveliso yayo. Von Braun wayesazi ukuba baseMerika nangoko ukunika kuye onke ayimfuneko ubomi elungileyo ukuze siqhubeke nomsebenzi ngakumbi, kodwa ngenxa yokuba ngokukhawuleza wanikela emanyene. Kufuneka uhlawule imbeko kulo mntu: nangona inxaxheba ebonakalayo kwinkqubo ye nokudalwa imijukujelwa enjalo, wenza konke okusemandleni ukuba umsebenzi iphambili isebe lakhe ingqalelo kuphuhliso lwenkqubo isithuba, ngenxa yokuba lo oko waphupha phantse bonke ubomi bam.

Kungekudala imijukujelwa creator V-2 yenza uguqulelo yayo American, "Redstone". Yinto enyanisweni kokuqhubekayo kumnombo imijukujelwa baseJamani, with "izithambiso" uphuculo ezingephi kunye nezongezelelo. Kamva, a ehlaziyiweyo inguqulelo "Redstone" ngcono kakhulu ngo-1961, amaMelika wayedla kulunikela orbit usomajukujuku wayo wokuqala, Alan Apha ndingumhambi.

Lona von Braun

Ngaloo ndlela, ukufumana unxibelelwano phakathi kwabo imijukujelwa ukuba uza buxabise ubomi amawaka amabanjwa emfazwe, kwaye moya yokuqala indawo akunzima. Ngamafutshane, amaMelika Akanayo kuphela uMdali V-2, kodwa zonke uphuhliso lobuchwepheshe kule ndawo. Technology, imali izibonelelo emikhulu, eyona ibaluleke ngakumbi kuzo ubomi babantu.

Xa kukho into umbuzo enzima yokuziphatha ngentsulungeko: indlela kusengqiqweni ukuba athumele indoda emajukujukwini, zenza yisathelayithi Earth wahamba phezu kwenyanga, hayi ukusebenzisa obu bugcisa, nolwathi lwaphuhliswa zizazinzulu lwamaNazi? Kakade ke, eSoviet Union kunye United States baye kuphuhliso lwabo, kodwa 'uncedo "ngamaNazi eJamani wavumela ukuba asindise imali ixesha elininzi kunye nemali. Ngokubanzi, nto ibonwe kwenzeke eli xesha: imfazwe ingqondo nje amashishini ezininzi ngenzululwazi. Xa 30-40s zenkulungwane yokugqibela ngokukhethekileyo wathinta rocket, apho de kube ngoko bahlala phantse usaqala.

iminikelo eyenza ukuba ukuhlolwa

Ngokubanzi, loo migaqo ibalulekileyo kwi eyathi yaqulunqa V-1 V-2, anditshintshanga kakhulu kule minyaka isixhenxe idlulileyo. I-jikelele zokwakha injini irula kuhlala ingatshintshanga, izibaso zolwelo kubonisa ukuba yeyona ndlela ilungileyo, kwaye iinkqubo moya uzinzo kunye zisebenzise efanayo zonke gyroscopes. Zonke ezi zigqibo mngquli ngenxa V-2. "Esi sixhobo sizibambe" kwakhona wabonakalisa amandla yokucinga yabantu. Ngenxa ayesasebenzisa ubuchule, le ndoda undikhumbuza ukuba isayensi kufuneka kusoloko bazazi abantu.

ukusetyenziswa lwangoku

Musa ukucinga ukuba faa namhlanje ikhona kuphela ngokohlobo iinkqubo isithuba zikarhulumente. Malunga 15-20 kwiminyaka eyadlulayo ethile bathandi baqala ukuthetha ukuba kungekudala ukudalwa kwisiphekepheke ziya kuba lilungelo leZiko eliQinisekisa neengcali zabucala. Namhlanje, uElon must wabonisa inyaniso ezi ngxelo.

Ngelo xesha, aba bantu abakwazi ukubala kwi uncedo-mali ezinamandla, akukho namnye likaPawulos wangena kuwo. Kwaye ke abayi kuba nabani na ukuba ukutshintshisela iteknoloji ngaba apho ukwakha rocket. Ufuna uncedo kwakhona weza V-2. Yaba icebo lakhe zenza isiseko isiphekepheke of abakhi abucala, nto leyo eya kungekudala ukuqala izithembiso ukuba ganga ngoku imiyalelo ezinkulu lendalo kwicandelo likarhulumente.