Plato: biography nefilosofi

Umfundi kaSocrates, utitshala Aristotle - njengomntwana onengqondo Greek sobulumko uPlato, ogama biography umdla-mbali, stylists, ababhali, iingcali zefilosofi kunye nabezopolitiko. Lo ngummeli ebalaseleyo uluntu, owayephila ngexesha elinzima lesiGrike polis lobunzima ukulolwa umzabalazo, xa ingena ngexesha lamaGrike kwafika ixesha Aleksandra Makedonskogo. Esejele waphila ubomi sobulumko uPlato. Biography, ngokufutshane thaca kule phepha ibonisa ubukhulu bayo nobulumko intliziyo zenzululwazi.

career

UPlato wazalwa ngo 428/427 BC eAthene. Wayengenguye nje ummi ngokupheleleyo aseAtene, kodwa banawo kwintsapho endala yeengcungcu yodwa: unina noyisa, Ariston, owazalwa engowembewu yokumkani yokugqibela Athens Kodra, nonina, Perictione, eyabangela ukuba isalamane of Solon.

biography emfutshane uPlato abameli ezithile ixesha kunye neklasi. Emva kokufumana imfundo efanelekileyo endaweni yaso, uPlato, malunga neminyaka engama-20 waba wayeqhelene neemfundiso uSocrates kunye waba umfundi wakhe umlandeli. UPlato waba phakathi baseAthene, lowo wanikela imali isiqinisekiso ukuba ilahla ukuya ekufeni kaSocrates. Emva kokuba ukubulawa katitshala, wemka kowabo waza wahamba uhambo ngaphandle xikongomelo xo karhi: bafudukela okokuqala Megara, uze emva koko waya waseKirene, yaye eYiputa. Pocherpnuv konke okusemandleni kubabingeleli umYiputa, waya eItali, apho waba wahlobana zobulumko zesikolo kaPythagoras. Facts yobomi uPlato zokufuduka, ngalo isiphelo wayehamba kakhulu ehlabathini jikelele, kodwa wahlala intliziyo yakhe Athene.

Xa uPlato wayemalunga neminyaka engama-40 ubudala (kuyaphawuleka ukuba kunjalo ubudala amaGrike bathi nokugqama ephezulu ubuntu - Acme), wabuyela eAthene waza wavula isikolo yakhe ebizwa ngokuba yi-Academy. De kube sekupheleni kobomi bakhe, uPlato phantse akazange wahlukana uPawulos neAtene, wayehlala wazifihla, ingqongwe nabafundi. Yena uhloniphe memory lukatitshala ungasekhoyo, kodwa iingcamango zakhe yathandwa kuphela kwisangqa emxinwa kwabalandeli yaye akazange azame ukuba ukuba lo mgaqo-nkqubo esitratweni, ezifana uSocrates. UPlato wafa eneminyaka engama-asibhozo, ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa kukucaca engqondweni. Ke wangcwatywa yodongwe, kufutshane Academy. Loo ndlela ubomi yaba Greek sobulumko uPlato. ngobomi bakhe uhlolo kufutshane kakhulu umdla, kodwa ulwazi oluninzi malunga nayo ayinakuthenjwa kakhulu, yaye ngakumbi ngathi lamandulo.

KaPlato Academy

Igama "Academy" livela yokuba kwisiqwenga somhlaba uPlato uthenge ngokukodwa kwizikolo kwakhe kufutshane lomthambo sanikezelwa iqhawe Acadia. Ngomhla kummandla abafundi Academy abazange kuphela iingxoxo zefilosofi wamphulaphula Plato, baye bavunyelwa ukuba bahlale khona ngokusisigxina okanye ixesha elifutshane.

ZikaPlato iye yaphuhliswa kwisiseko kwintanda-bulumko uSocrates kwelinye icala kunye nabalandeli bakaPythagoras, kwelinye icala. Uyise utitshala wakhe waboleka yimibono imbono dialectical yehlabathi kunye ingqalelo imiba esesikweni. Kodwa ke, njengoko oko kungqinwa ngobomi uPlato, oko kukuthi, iminyaka ayichitha esasiseSisili, phakathi Pythagoreans, waba ngokucacileyo livelana imfundiso zeentanda-bulumko kaPythagoras. Ubuncinane into yokuba zobulumko Academy wahlala esebenza kunye, ubakhumbuza yesikolo kaPythagoras.

Ingcamango kwemfundo yezopolitiko

ingqalelo kakhulu yahlawulwa Academy of yemfundo kwezopolitiko. Kodwa nkqubo kudala sasingaphelelanga kumaqela amancinane abameli abathunywe: nkqubo yolawulo yazinyaswa ngabo bonke abemi abadala, oko kukuthi, ezamahala kunye osemthethweni baseAthene. Kamva, umfundi uPlato, uAristotle iqulunqe inkcazo kwezopolitiko umntu inxaxheba kubomi bentlalo ye-nkqubo, njengoko kuchasene idiotika - umntu lukhona. inxaxheba oko kwezopolitiko yaba yinxalenye ubomi yamaGrike amandulo, kunye nemfundo kwezopolitiko kuthetha uphuhliso okusesikweni, ububele, nokuqina acuity engqondweni.

kwiNtengiselwano zefilosofi

Ukuze ingxelo ebhaliweyo ngeembono zabo kunye concepts uPlato ngokuyintloko wakhetha uhlobo yababini. Esi sisixhobo eliqhelekileyo zoncwadi kumaxesha amandulo. imisebenzi bulumko lamathuba zikaPlato kwangethuba yaye kamva ebomini bakhe zahlukile kakhulu, yaye oku zendalo, kuba efunde ubulumko kunye neembono ziye zatshintsha ekuhambeni kwexesha. Phakathi abaphandi ukuba ngokuqhelekileyo yahlula ukufika kwe-bulumko kaPlato izihlandlo ezithathu:

1. Umfundi (phantsi kwempembelelo kaSocrates) - "Ukuxolisa kaSocrates", "Creighton," "Fox", "Protagoras", "Charmides", "Evtifron" kwaye 1 incwadi, "State".

2. eNodi (phantsi kwempembelelo iingcamango Heraclitus) - "Gorgias", "Cratylus", "Menon".

3. Ukufundisa (impembelelo nakolu lweembono yesikolo kaPythagoras) - "womthendeleko," "Phaedo", "Phaedrus", "Parmenides", "sophist", "Politics", "kaTimeyu", "Critias", 2-10 kwincwadi ethi "State" , "Imithetho".

uyise yimibono

UPlato ingqalelo umsunguli yimibono, elithi ngokwayo livela iingqiqo esembindini kwimfundiso yakhe - Eidos. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukuba UPlato emele ihlabathi njengoko yahlulelwe kwii ariya ezimbini: kwihlabathi ngezimvo (Eidos) kunye nehlabathi iifom (izinto eziphathekayo). Eidos - i AMAGQABAZA ▸, umthombo zehlabathi eziphathekayo. Umba ngokwayo kwakusenyanyeni bodiless, ihlabathi liba kucacile lebyi Bulelani kuphela izimvo.

indawo lwiimi ziveleleyo kwihlabathi Eidos na ingcamango yoxolo, nezinye zonke isiqu kulo. Oku ngokwenene loqalo lwencopho, ubuhle ngokupheleleyo, uMdali welimiweyo. Eidos into yonke - na kubume bayo, imfihlelo ibalulekileyo abantu - umphefumlo. Mibono kuphelele lecebo, ubukho ayo ngaphandle kwemida isithuba-ixesha, kwaye izinto - ezi impermanent, repeatable kunye iskazhaemy, ubukho babo sokuzalwa.

Ke ukuba umphefumlo womntu, imfundiso zeentanda-bulumko ephatha yimizekeliso zikaPlato njengoko iinqwelo namahashe amabini, wenqwelo guided. Iluphawu isiqalo elifanelekileyo, xa ukuhlanganisa ihashe lakhe elimhlophe sesona isisa kunye neempawu ephakamileyo, namnyama - neemvakalelo, iminqweno ephantsi. Kwihlabathi elilandelayo umphefumlo (umqhubi) belingana kunye noothixo inxaxheba iinyaniso engunaphakade kwaye Uyabubona Eidos ihlabathi. Emva kokuzalwa ingqiqo entsha inyaniso obungunaphakade kuhlala umphefumlo iinkumbulo.

Space - ihlabathi liphela ezikhoyo, ukuba kukhutshelwe ngokupheleleyo prototype. imfundiso kaPlato etyhutyha yesiqalo kwakhona kubangelwa ithiyori Eidos.

Beauty and Love - amagama engunaphakade

Ukusuka konke oku kulandela ukuba ulwazi ihlabathi - lilinge ukujonga izinto ku vangama ka iingcinga ngothando, okusesikweni kunye noshishino ubuhle. Imfundiso yakwaNobuhle ngundoqo kwintanda-bulumko kaPlato: ukukhangela sobuhle umntu ehlabathini, ukudala ubuhle ngokusebenzisa umthetho ivumelane ne art - injongo ephezulu woMntu. Ngoko ke, umphefumlo ephuhlisa uya ukusuka Eyokuqiqa yamakhazikhazi yezinto eziphathekayo ukuze ziqondakale sobuhle ubugcisa nenzululwazi, ukuya kwindawo eyeyona - ukuqonda ubuhle yokuziphatha. Sivele isityhilelo kwaye izisa umphefumlo ihlabathi woothixo.

Kunye ubuhle ehlabathini ukuba baphakamise eidoses yabantu eyenzelwe Love. Kule nkalo, i-nani le bulumko efanayo kumfanekiso Eros - udla okulungileyo, emele umqhubi umlamleli ekungazini ubulumko. Uthando - amandla ukuyila izinto zayo ezintle bazalwa kunye nemithetho gingxi ubuhlobo babantu. Loo nto uthando - ingqiqo ephambili kwithiyori ulwazi, ukuba kancane kancane ivela emzimbeni (material) ukuba yenze umphefumlo wakhe, yaye emva - okomoya, nto leyo efunekayo isigaba iingcamango ehlambulukileyo. Olu thando wokugqibela kwisikhumbuzo ngumntu ofezekileyo, umphefumlo basindiswe.

Ukuba kugxininisa inyaniso yokuba ukwahlukana phakathi kwihlabathi izimvo kunye nezinto akuthethi ezimbini (nto leyo ngokufuthi koko lobalelwa uPlato abachasi bakhe yembono, eqalela uAristotle), bazalana amaqhina yamanyange. being eyoQobo - level Eidos - ikhona ngonaphakade, kuba self-ngokwaneleyo. Kodwa le ndaba livela sele nje tekelela ingcamango, kuyinto nje 'ekhoyo' ngendlela yokuba egqibeleleyo.

Iimbono yezopolitiko kaPlato

Biography kanye kwintanda-bulumko kaPlato kuhlangene kunye ukuqonda karhulumente afanelekileyo kunye efanelekileyo. Iimfundiso yimibono sikayise kulawulo kunye nobudlelwane babantu "uRhulumente" ezichazwe kuloo mbhalo. Yonke yakhelwe phezu ukufana phakathi kwamaqela ngamnye ukuba umphefumlo womntu kunye neempawu zobuso abantu (ngokwendlela indima yabo kwezentlalo).

Ngenxa yoko, iinxalenye ezintathu umphefumlo onoxanduva ubulumko, ubungcathu, kunye nesibindi. Ngokubanzi, ezi mpawu amele ubulungisa. Oku kulandela ukuba fair (egqibeleleyo) karhulumente kunokwenzeka xa umntu ngamnye kuso endaweni kwaye wenza kanye ibe yeyemisebenzi yonke elisekwe (njengoko ubuchule bakhe). Ngokutsho inkqubo ecaciswe kwi "State", apho ngobomi emfutshane uPlato, ngenxa yobomi bakhe kunye iingcinga eziphambili ke komzimba lokugqibela, kufuneka lisingathe zonke zobulumko, ubulumko eendaba. Baya zixhomekeke isiqalo elifanelekileyo bonke abemi. Indima ebalulekileyo karhulumente badlale njengegorha (kwezinye iinguqulelo abalindi), aba bantu ingqalelo. Warriors kufuneka uhlakulele umoya kolawulo izinto zayilwa ngumntu okrelekrele kwaye uza phezu nethuku kunye bekudla. Kodwa oku umatshini ebandayo, apho kubonakala ukuba umntu namhlanje, kwaye umehluko yi ziinkanuko ekuqondeni engavumelani ephakamileyo ehlabathini. Udidi lwesithathu kwabemi - ezi bemeko- ubutyebi. chaza nje kangaka kuchazwe ngokwalo kwaye ngokufutshane sobulumko uPlato. Biography of enye yawona mkhulu kwimbali yabantu ibonisa ukuba imfundiso yakhe bafumana impendulo ezingqondweni ababephila ngexesha lakhe - kuyaziwa ukuba wonke lwafumana izicelo ezininzi ezivela kubaphathi polis yamandulo abanye nempuma ekulungiseleleni iikhowudi zabo zomthetho.

biography emva kwexesha uPlato, afundiswe Academy kunye wayevumelana kuyacaca ukuba nezimvo Pythagoreans ezinxulumene ingcamango "amanani efanelekileyo", apho kamva yaphuhliswa Neoplatonists.

Iintsomi neenkolelo

Ezinomdla isikhundla sakhe kwi intsomi: njengoko sobulumko, uPlato, ogama biography yaye wasinda imibhalo kubonisa ngokucacileyo ingqondo mkhulu, akazange abagatye neentsomi yemveli. Kodwa wathembisa ukutolika intsomi njengomfuziselo, zokuthetha, kwaye akukhathalwa njenge uhlobo saziwe. Intsomi, ingcamango uPlato, ibingesosibakala zembali. Wabona imifanekiso wasentsomini kunye neziganeko njenge uhlobo imfundiso bulumko, engaquki kubangela nawo nawuphi na umcimbi, kodwa inikeza ukutya kuphela vangama kunye nokuhlaziya lweziganeko. Ukongeza, iintsomi ezininzi zamandulo zamaGrike zabhalwa ngabantu abaqhelekileyo ngaphandle isimbo okanye unyango boncwadi. Ngenxa yezi zizathu, uPlato ingqalelo efanelekileyo ukukhusela ingqondo yomntwana ukusukela uninzi amabali wentsomi, izityebi fiction idla ekrwada kakubi.

UPlato bubungqina bokuqala egameni yokungafi komphefumlo

UPlato - sobulumko lokuqala yamandulo, bahlile beza mihla kabani imisebenzi ayikho aliphelelanga, kwaye kunye itekisi epheleleyo. Xa incoko yakhe "The State", "Phaedrus" 4 unika ubungqina yokungafi komphefumlo. Eyokuqala kwezi kuthiwa "nokungazinzi koqoqosho". kubume bayo amathumba phantsi yokuba tshiso abakho kuphela xa kukho ukuxhomekeka efanayo. ie ngaphezulu kubonisa ubukho ezincinane, xa kukho ukufa, ngoko kukho ukungafi. Le nyaniso UPlato ezicatshulwe njengoko ingxabano eziphambili ngakwicala ukuyikholelwa le mfundiso.

Le ubungqina yesibini

Ngenxa yokuba ulwazi uyamkhumbula. UPlato wafundisa ukuba ingqondo yomntu, kukho izinto ezifana ubulungisa, ubuhle, inkolelo. La magama khona "ngokwabo." Abayi ubafundise va baqonde kwinqanaba sezingqondweni. Bona - umongo elililo, obungunaphakade yaye awufi. Ukuba umphefumlo kuzelwe umntu ehlabathini sele uyazi ngazo, ngoko wayesazi ngazo phambi eziphilayo emhlabeni. Xa umphefumlo uyazazi kakuhle ongunaphakade, oko kuthetha yena Engunaphakade.

Le ngxoxo lesithathu

Oku wakha phezu inkcaso umzimba wenyama kunye yokungafi komphefumlo. UPlato wafundisa ukuba yonke into kwilizwe mbini. Body umphefumlo ngexesha ubomi yakhe kuhlangene. Kodwa ke umzimba - oku kuyinxalenye yendalo, ngoxa umphefumlo - inxalenye waphezulu. Umzimba izama ukuhlangabezana iimvakalelo isiseko kunye nethuku, umphefumlo lutyekele ulwazi kunye nophuhliso. Elilawulayo waya ishawa. Amandla yokucinga nentando yomntu uyakwazi busa nethuku. Ngoko ke, ukuba umzimba uyafa yaye zinakonakala, inkcaso komphefumlo wakhe angunaphakade engenakonakala. Ukuba awukwazi ukubakhona ngaphandle umphefumlo umzimba, ngokunjalo umphefumlo khona ngokwahlukileyo.

Okwesine, isiqinisekiso sokugcina

Eyona nto inzima zokufundisa. Kakhulu ngokucacileyo kuluphawu incoko yakhe uSocrates kunye Cebes kwi "Phaedo". Ubungqina isekelwe ngenkolelo into yonke sizalwa ngokwendalo yayo akaguquki. Ngoko ke, nkqu kuhlala engaqhelekanga, abamhlophe nabamnyama ayikwazi kuqwalaselwa nto nje awusoze ububi. Ngokusekelwe kule ukufa kuzisa urhwaphilizo, kwaye nobomi soze wazi ukufa. Ukuba umzimba uyafa uze ukubola, ngoko undoqo kwayo - ukufa. Ubomi sisichasi zokufa, umphefumlo malunga umzimba. Ngoko ke, ukuba umzimba iyinto etshabalalayo, umphefumlo - awufi.

Ixabiso iingcamango uPlato

Ezinjalo, ngokoMthetho jikelele, ingcamango yokuba abantu ushiye ilifa sobulumko yamandulo yamaGrike uPlato. Ngobomi le ndoda ngokungaqhelekanga eminyaka ezimbini ezinesiqingatha sele lamandulo, yaye imfundiso yakhe, kwiinkalo ezithile, wabeka isiseko enkulu iikhonsepthi ezikhoyo bulumko. umfundi wakhe Aristotle wagxeka izimvo utitshala wakhe wakha malunga nokufundisa inkqubo yakhe izinto eziphathekayo-bulumko. Kodwa le nyaniso - bubungqina ngobukhulu uPlato: hayi wonke utitshala unikwa ukuba ukukhulisa ngumlandeli, kodwa iqela Ufanele, mhlawumbi nje ezimbalwa.

bulumko kaPlato uye wafumana abalandeli ezininzi Kwamandulo, ulwazi iimveliso kunye iinkolelo engundoqo yokufundisa wakhe ziyingxenye ebalulekileyo ukuyilwa ummi ofanelekileyo le polis zamaGrike. Loo mntu obalulekileyo kwimbali ingcamango bulumko akazange amlibale ngokupheleleyo, nkqu kumaXesha Aphakathi, xa abaphengululi bazitshitshisela ngamandla imbali yamandulo. UPlato waphefumlela zobulumko Renaissance, wabanika ukutya elawula kuxhalela iinkcuba yaseYurophu asemaphakadeni kamva. Nokubengezela iimfundiso zakhe kunokubonwa ezahlukeneyo iingqiqo ezikhoyo yembono nentanda-bulumko kaPlato ucaphula inokufumaneka onke amasebe yolwazi kwabantu.

Kwakubonakala ngathi-sobulumko, ubuntu bakhe

Abembi bezinto zakudala baye bafumana kwengeniso ezininzi uPlato, alondolozwe ukususela kumaxesha amandulo kunye Ages Aphakathi. Ngokutsho kwakhe yamathuba emisebenzi imizobo ezininzi kunye iifoto uPlato. Ukongeza, imbonakalo bulumko nga kugwetywa yemihla.

Njengako konke bit ndawonye kancinci ngokutsho Plato, yaba ende, athletically kwakhiwa, ububanzi emagxeni namathambo. Umlinganiswa waba ezilulamileyo kakhulu, ebeze yekratshi, amampunge kunye uzizukise. Wayethobekile yaye uhlala unobubele, kungekuphela kunye noontanga babo, kodwa nabameli iklasi asezantsi.

I-sobulumko yamaGrike yamandulo uPlato, engobomi nefilosofi ezo musa iyaphikisana, ubomi lobuqu ngokwamkela inyaniso wakhe umbono yehlabathi.