Intlalo Ukufa uSocrates

Ubomi nokufa kaSocrates nangoku umdla omkhulu hayi kuphela mbali kodwa kwabaninzi abayithandayo zakhe. izinto ezininzi kwesi siphelo nzulu ngezinto yaye namhlanje kuhlala ingaziwa. Intlalo Ukufa uSocrates wambu amavo. Ngaba kuyamangalisa sithetha enye yawona mkhulu lonke ixesha.

Origin of uSocrates

USocrates - sobulumko odumileyo baseAthene, lowo wawongwa lesikhumbuzo grand - iingxoxo zikaPlato. Kubo, nguye umlinganiswa ophambili.

Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba uyise sobulumko elizayo, yaba stonemason (okanye nomkroli) Sophroniscus kunye nomama - Fenareta. Mhlawumbi uyise umntu ngokwanelisayo owayesisityebi. Abaphandi wenza esi sigqibo isekelwe kwinto yokuba uSocrates ukuba walwa njenge hoplite, oko kukuthi, njengokuba njengegorha axhobe af. Nangona ubutyebi ngabazali, sobulumko yena zange awukhathalele loo mhlaba kunye wahlwempuzeka kakhulu ekupheleni kobomi.

imithombo eziphikisanayo

USocrates ucaciswa imfundiso yakhe kuphela ngohlobo lomlomo. Siyazi ngale nto evela kwimithombo emininzi, enye yazo umfanekiso yesalathiso, kunye zikwenza kubonakale ngathi zakhe Aristophanes, parodies Nobomi. NoXenophon and uPlato wenza uSocrates portraits ezi Kubala, kwaye ibhalwe ngendlela laudatory. Le mithombo, ke, musa ezihambelana nye iinkalo ezininzi. Kuyabonakala ukuba, imiyalezo Aristotle esekelwe uPlato. nezinye Ababhali abaninzi uqwalasele ngobubele okanye abathiye, nazo negalelo, kwakunye ilivo kaSocrates.

isangqa Social lo bulumko, athabathe inxaxheba emfazweni

Xa kokuqhambuka i Peloponnesian War, sobulumko wayeneminyaka engama-37 ubudala. Phakathi abantu nabo awawathethayo kuye, baba zizifundiswa ukusuka isangqa Pericles - sophist Protagoras, uArkelawo ingcali yenzululwazi, imvumi damoni, kwakunye esiyibona Aspasia. Kukho ubungqina ukuba wayeqhelene sobulumko odumileyo Anaxagoras. In "Phaedo" kaPlato othetha uSocrates malunga intlungu awayenalo ngokufunda kwimibhalo Anaxagoras. Thina banomdla sobulumko baqeqeshiwe ngengqiqo of Zeno of Elea, kamva waya iintetho ze-sophist Prodicus, waye nxaxheba kwiingxoxo kunye Thrasymachus, Gorgias kunye Antiphon. USocrates wazibonakalisa kwimfazwe e Idabi Potidea, ezinxulumene 432 BC. e., xa Delia (424 BC. e.) kunye iAmfipoli (422 BC. e.).

USocrates - Delphic yezihlabo,

Inyathelo ebaluleke kakhulu ekuphuhlisweni kwale bulumko yaba isibhengezo kwakhe Delphic yezihlabo, "esesona babantu." Oku uthi uPlato ngo "Apology kaSocrates". yezihlabo Delphic ngokwakhe wacinga lukhulu la mazwi. Ufanisa nabo inkolelo yakhe koko, ukuba "uyazi kuphela ukuba uyayazi nto." Sobulumko bafika kwisigqibo sokuba oku kuko oko okumenza balumkileyo, njengoko abantu abaninzi abazi nokuba oku. Ulwazi enkulu kangakanani okungazi yabo, kunye ngokungazi nabanye abantu umgaqo jikelele izifundo uSocrates '. Xa oku sikhuthaza amagama wazikrola emnyangweni wetempile-Apolo e Ugcino. La mazwi: "Yazi wena."

USocrates kunye nepolitiki

Ngu 423 BC. e. USocrates wayesele isikhulu, ngenxa yoko uye waba into yokuhlaselwa satirical kwi bokwenza baseAthene ezaziwayo-kakuhle ezimbini - Ameypsiya kunye Aristophanes. Sobulumko zopolitiko, kodwa phakathi abahlobo bakhe Alcibiades, Critias, kunye Charmides Theramenes. Le yokugqibela emithathu ezikhokelayo ezingamashumi oozwilakhe, ngubani awazibhukuqayo idemokhrasi eAthens. Kwaye Alcibiades weza yokungathembeki kwidolophu yakowabo ngenxa avelayo kwezopolitiko. Kukho ubungqina bokuba unxibelelwano aba bantu buhlungu ukuqotywa uSocrates.

Ngo-406 BC. e. Thina banomdla sobulumko wazama ukuthintela izicwangciso isivakalisi ngokungekho mthethweni yaye ngokungxama yabhalwa ukuba bafikelele kubulungisa emva fleet baseAthene iphumelele idabi iziqithi Arginusskih. Kwakhona ukuba ngo-404 BC sobulumko ngoyaba umyalelo we-ezingamashumi amathathu oozwilakhe Leontiev kubamba eSalamis, nto leyo ifakiwe uluhlu bashumayele.

impilo Personal

USocrates, xa sele ebudaleni ikwandim, wambhinqisa ngeqhina lomtshato kunye Xanthippe. Umfazi wazala abantwana abathathu sobulumko. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba le umtshato wesibini kaSocrates. Sobulumko sasihlupheka. imbonakalo yakhe ongaqhelekanga kunye nokusebenziseka waba ngumzekelo.

Ityala nokufa kaSocrates

USocrates ngo 399 wavela phambi kwenkundla ngezityholo 'esonakalisa ulutsha' kunye 'ububi. " imajini Nciphisa iivoti, wafunyanwa enetyala. Xa sazi akazange afune ukuvuma ityala lakhe yaye wazama ukuba ukucela elubhacweni endaweni sokubulala, ukufa kaSocrates liye basuswa ngakumbi yaye ngoku ngakumbi nasemacaleni.

Sobulumko waba entolongweni ngenxa ngenyanga, ngoko isivakalisi wabulawa. Sazi nayo indebe ityhefu (ngumhlonyane). Wayesela kulo, ibe ngenxa yoko kuye kubekho ukufa kaSocrates. imisebenzi enjalo uPlato njenge "Phaedo", "Creighton" yaye "Ukuxolisa kaSocrates", nto leyo ithetha kwetyala, ngomhla phambi bulumko entolongweni kunye nokubulawa yakhe, immortalized inkalipho nzulu ngezinto umdla kuthi, nokuzimaseka kwiinkolelo zakhe.

Kulo nyaka 399 BC. e. kukho ukufa kaSocrates. Unyaka ke yayaziwa, kodwa ke inani ayikwazi kubizwa ngokuba. Singathi nje ukuba sobulumko wafa kuka Juni okanye ekuqaleni kuJulayi. Ngokutsho ubungqina ababhali ezintathu yamandulo (uApollodorus aseAtene, uDemetriyo Falerskogo kunye Plato), ngexesha ukufa njengomntwana onengqondo ndandineminyaka engama-70 ubudala. Ukufa uSocrates (uninzi ngababhali yamandulo idibane kuyo) andizanga evela okuzenzekeleyo. Kwathi ngenxa yokuba basela ityhefu. Unobangela yokufa kaSocrates, Noko ke, kusekho kuphakamisa amathandabuzo phakathi kwezinye mbali. Kamva uPlato kwi dialogue yakhe "Phaedo" immortalized umfanekiselo bulumko, leyo yayintsha ukufa kwindalo, kodwa phantsi kweemeko, umntu umele afe. Noko ke, uPlato yena wayengekho ngelo ukufa utitshala wakhe. Yena ngokwakhe akazange abone ukufa kaSocrates. UPlato wachaza ngokufutshane ngokusekelwe bomhla yayo.

iintlawulo umbhalo

Okubhaliweyo iintlawulo ngokuchasene sobulumko, leyo yangeniswa zophengululo lobulungisa, alondolozwe unanamhla. Ukuze oku anconywe kule ababhali kancinane-eyaziwa ngokuba Diogen Laertsky. Yena onemoto isincoko obizwa "Ngomhla ukuphila ubomi", ibhekisela kwisiqingatha sokuqala BC yesi-3. e. Olu lwazi ebalulekileyo Diogen Laertsky, yena, loans imisebenzi Favorinus of Arles. Le ndoda yaba admirer lidala, iingcali zefilosofi kunye nababhali. Wahlala kuphela kwekhulu ngaphambili, kunjalo, ngokuchaseneyo uDiogenes, ndiye bazibonela okubhaliweyo Athens Metroone.

Uninzi lwabaphandi bayavuma ukuba ngenxa zokwamkelwa ityhefu kwafika ukufa yobugorha kaSocrates. Noko ke, asinakukwazi ukuba kakuhle ngayo. Iimeko ukufa kaSocrates - omnye ezona zinto umdla umsebenzi wakhe.

Le mfundiso kaSocrates

USocrates njengotitshala, oyintsobi impikiswano enkulu. Ngokuqhelekileyo, isigwebo sokufa nxamnye naye, achaze ukonakala yedemokhrasi. Kodwa ke kufuneka nithi 403 BC. e. IAthene wavusa lawulo ukuba kusengqiqweni kunye ukuze kuncedakale abantu. Yena wayekholose ngemigaqo uxolelo kwezopolitiko, kwaye ubanjwe nkqi nangokungqongqo. Kulo mzekelo, yonke lubonisa ukuba embi kakhulu kwaye eziphathekayo wabekwa uSocrates ngo "esonakalisa ulutsha". Noko ke, unako kazi ukuthini oku. Xa incoko kaPlato "Creighton" libhekisela akhuselwe bulumko evela kwintlawulo yakhe "phantsi komthetho." Mhlawumbi, oku kubonisa ukuba nempembelelo kaSocrates kulutsha ngexesha yayigqalwa nokuhlaselwa kanye iziseko kuluntu lwanamhlanje.

Ukutshintsha iziseko zoluntu

Lo mfana, ngubani wafika evela kubudala yesikolo, ukususela kwixesha uHomer ukuze ufumane "imfundo ephakamileyo" ngothethathethwano nabantu abadala. Yabagqala ke imiyalelo yomlomo size sixelise indlela yokuziphatha kootitshala. Ngoko ke, ulutsha bafumana iimpawu ngumhlali omdala. Phakathi elite kwezopolitiko, yena, ukusuka kwisizukulwana ukuya kwisizukulwana ngeendlela wokuphunyezwa karhulumente. Kodwa ngexesha uSocrates kwasekhaya uyekile ukwenza yonke le misebenzi. Baye kwenye inkundla, ethe wafumana indlela iziko, abamisela ngokukodwa le njongo sele emva kokufa uSocrates. Academy uPlato yaba kwase lwequmrhu. Xa intloko inkqubo iqela nje yengqondo apho onazo lincitshiswe. Aba bantu beza ingqiqo kwemfundo "oqeqeshiweyo" ye Greece Koloni kunye Corinth.

Yintoni ngumongo iintlawulo kwi "esonakalisa ulutsha"

USocrates nzima ngakumbi kuba kwakufuneka enze eAthene. Ngo-423 BC. e. comedy nje ezimbini - Aristophanes ( "Amafu") kunye Ameypsy (engafakwanga comedy "ngkhlknga") - enombhalo sobulumko, njengoko wayiqhubela isikolo Upstart, ngokusekelwe kwi - izifundo yokungathobeli filial nemvukelo obutsha. Le ngcamango umdla kuthi abacinga ukuya 399 BC. e. Oku acacisa ophathwa odumileyo kaSocrates kwi 'esonakalisa ulutsha ". Xa sibhenela na iingxoxo babafundi bulumko, sifumanisa ukuba basoloko kuphakamisa umbuzo: Ngaba ootata abadala igciwane ngenxa yobutsha, okanye imfuneko ukufunda ngqo?

USocrates njengoko umshumayeli ingcamango abstract

Ngakumbi wendele ekuqwalaseleni lama lenkcubeko lobunzima, thina isondele singaqondi ukuba ngoba kutheni na ngengqiqo kaSocrates ingakwenza. Ekuqaleni, akucacanga ukuba achaze indlela yokuba kwizizukulwana ezimbini ebesoloko nomdla lesiGrike bulumko kaSocrates, ukufa ogama kakhulu ubhalo. Kwaye nangona iimfundiso nzulu ngezinto wabona isixhobo kukwaphulwa.

Ukuze uqonde oku, kufuneka siqwalasele oko indlela yonxibelelwano samkelwa ngexesha kokuzalwa uSocrates kunye itshintshe ngayo kamva. Athens ngelo ekukuyo ukugqitywa lenguqu ukuya ilizwi ebhaliweyo intetho. Oku kuchaphazela, ngenye indlela, ukuya lwimi, kwakunye zafaka utshintsho iintlobo sezingqondweni. Ezi nguqu singachazwa inguqu ukusuka umfanekiso yokutsala, ukususela umbongo iprozi, ukususela intuition kulwazi efanele. Nangona ingcamango abstract ingqalelo njenge, ukufunyanwa entsha emangalisayo. Ukuba uSocrates waba sithunywa yayo.

I 'Clouds "of Aristophanes bamhleka bulumko nje abstract nzulu ngezinto, othi" myslilnyu "lokucinga" iingcinga ". Kwakhona, Ndaziswa iingqiqo yombingeleli, kukho emazulwini, ngokungathi ngamafu. "Iingcinga" zabizwa intsini lo gama kuphela ngenxa yokuba. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba Aristofana Sokrat usebenzisa intetho entsha, uthetha anzima abstract, apho izimvo ziyahlangana kwiincoko.

Abafundi sazi okuza izimvo umdla kuthi, nesicukucezo Aristophanes, inikwa njenge iinkcazelo search kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo izinto ezithile ezifana 'fair "kunye" elungileyo ", kwakunye inkqubo yokudala ulwimi ngqo, kunye uncedo thina ezithi zibonise akukho amava ethile, kunye nolwazi lomqondo.

Life, iimfundiso, ukufa kaSocrates - konke oku sixelelwa. Umntu athethe ubude ngale sobulumko ebalaseleyo. Siyathemba ukuba eli nqaku iye yavusa umdla wakho kuye.