Ifilosofi kaSocrates: ngamafuphi ecacileyo. USocrates: iingcamango ezingundoqo-bulumko

Le sazi kakhulu umdla kwaye owaziwayo phakathi BC kwekhulu 5 USocrates. Esi sazi wayehlala Greece yamandulo. Ubomi Ifilosofi kaSocrates (ngokufutshane zichaza nzima kakhulu, kodwa siya kuzama ukubalaselisa iingongoma eziphambili) ziya kuhlangene, njengoko uza kubona ngokufunda eli nqaku. Ngenxa yokuba ukhangela ulwazi lokwenyaniso, kungekhona nje wafuna ukuzuza omnye umdlali, uSocrates ezazisenziwa ukuzama ukufezekisa inyaniso ubuchule ubhalo njengoko sophists efanayo. Ubeke zonke izinto zibe umbuzo uthathe kubo inyaniso kuphela emva kokuqwalaselwa ngenyameko, ukuze sazi ukuba ummeli yokuqala bulumko ezibalulekileyo. USocrates ifilosofi ngokufutshane ecacileyo kwaye uchazwa ngezantsi kwaye thaca ukuze bakuthathele ingqalelo.

imithombo zokufunda

USocrates njengomntwana onengqondo wayesaziwa kakuhle ngexesha lakhe yokuthetha zoluntu kunye nemisebenzi yoluntu. Yena akazange abhale nto, ukuze, xa isifundo sakhe, sithembela kuphela kwiingxelo ngasekhohlo ngabafundi bakhe (ngakumbi, noXenophon kunye uPlato). Biography kanye nefilosofi kaSocrates kushwankathelwe kwiincwadi zabo. Ubunzima kukuba Plato nayo ibe sobulumko yaye ngokufuthi ukufaka imibono yazo kwincoko yababini, lowo owayebonakala ingxoxo phakathi uSocrates kunye nezinye kakuhle uyaziwa bexesha lakhe.

Noko ke, loo nto ixela ukuba, ubuncinane kwi iingxoxo zokuqala uPlato kusinika ingcamango ngqo yintoni bulumko kaSocrates, angqalileyo noluqondakalayo.

"Euthyphro" Yintoni bakholiwe

Xa "Euthyphro", umzekelo, uchaza incoko kakhulu ezibalulekileyo kunye uSocrates ndodana siqinisekile. Ndikufumanisa ukuba Evtifron nentembelo ngokupheleleyo eku- theni zayo zesimilo, ngokuziphatha ingacaci nkqu xa betyholwa noyise wakhe, uSocrates abuze ukuba yintoni na "ukuhlonela uThixo" (nesibopho) ngokokubona kwayo. Ingongoma apha nje uluhlu izenzo ukuba kuthiwe abangcwele. Euthyphro kufuneka anike inkcazelo jikelele, yawuzunguleza eli 'ukuhlonela uThixo "ingqiqo. Kodwa impendulo nganye, nelinika ulutsha, siphantsi critique ngokucokisekileyo kaSocrates logama nje Euthyphro akakwazi ukunikela nto.

ukuvunywa koothixo

Ngokukodwa, ngokucwangcisiweyo uSocrates uphikisa kwesizindlo Euthyphro ukuthi umbandela ezichanekileyo ngesenzo - imvume woothixo. Okokuqala, umbuzo wokuba yintoni eyenza i "ekunene" njalo iingxoxo engaphele ndawo, noothixo bavame isebenze le ngokwawo, kunye nabantu, ubizo okanye isenzo zombini okulungileyo nokubi. USocrates Euthyphro ivumela ukubuyisa (kuphela ngenjongo yokuba iingxoxo vetshe) kwaye wamkela komqathango wokuba oothixo kufuneka kuqala ube ngazwi ngokupheleleyo kulo mba (Nceda uqaphele ukuba le ngxaki kwenzeka kuphela inkcubeko polytheistic).

Okwesibini, okona kubaluleke kakhulu, uSocrates wenza byi esesikweni ezibonakala zilula, umbuzo: "Mthande oothixo njengoko ukuhlonela okanye ukuhlonela uba ukuzinikela nje kuba oothixo ndiyayithanda?".

Akukho nanye kwezi ndlela zimbini olubalulekileyo kodwa ukumiselwa yokuhlonela, Euthyphro ecetywayo. Ukuba izinto lasekunene bakholwe ngenxa abafuni abantwana babo oothixo, ngoko nokulunga yokuziphatha ngendlela engaqondakaliyo, ixhomekeke ngokupheleleyo phezu sivumelane woothixo. Ukuba oothixo ukuthanda ukuhlonela uThixo, njengoko hlobo, kulandela ukuba kumele ukuba kukho abathile umthombo amaxabiso undivine eyaziwa kuthi.

A byi nzima

Enyanisweni, le ngxaki inikeza ubunzima obukhulu xa uzama ukuthelekisa yokuziphatha bubukhosi basemzini. Cinga, umzekelo, imiba isakhiwo efanayo: "Abazali bam kukholiswa esi senzo kuba oko kububulungisa, okanye isenzo kwam ilungelo ngenxa yokuba abazali bakhe abangaluthandiyo?", "UMbuso lithintela ukuziphatha okunjalo ngenxa yokuba ukuba abangahloneli Thixo; okanye oko abangahloneli Thixo kuba urhulumente uyakwalela na? ". Xa indlela yesibini nganye kwezi meko, izenzo zichanekile (engalunganga) kuba nje igunya emkholisayo (hayi ukuvumela) nabo. Ngoko choice akukho isizathu obengo, kuba akunakwenzeka ukuba bathi ubulumko engenakuphikiswa eli gunya lwangaphandle. Kodwa lwalo yokuqala, amandla liphumeza (okanye alivumelani) ezinye ukuziphatha kuba ngokwaso ilungelo (okanye engalunganga), nto ixhomekeke kuyo. Oko kukuthi, kulandela le logic, siyakwazi ngokuzimeleyo ukuqonda okulungileyo kokubi na.

Ngenxa yoko, kwintanda-bulumko uSocrates kunye uPlato, ngokufutshane echazwe ngasentla, icebisa ukuba kumbuzo (ukuba ukunqaba) inkqubela ngesisombululo nayiphi na ingxaki bulumko. Le ndlela kunceda ukuphelisa iimpazamo xa beqwalasela imiba ezinzulu kwaye ifuna inkululeko ngokwasengqondweni. intanda kaSocrates kanje kwaye ngokucacileyo kutyhilwa kuthi umzekelo.

Evtifron ubuntu, Noko ke, ayitshintshi ekupheleni yencoko ishiya linqanaba elifanayo ayezithembile, yaye yintoni. Ukusebenzisa indlela kaSocrates kukhokelela kuloyiso bengqondo, kodwa akakwazi ukweyisela abo ucela lowo.

"Ukuxolisa"

Ngenxa yokuba uSocrates wayengenguye lweli ulawulo lwangoku, abameli lwentando baseAthene awayemtyhole ngokubukela unqulo karhulumente, kunye molestation umntwana. Intetho, yena wabeka phambili ezithethelela, enikwe kwi "Apology" yi Plato kunye usinika ukuqonda indlela ukuya bulumko kaSocrates, ubudlelwane bakhe ubomi practical.

titsongahata oziphikisayo

Echaza sobulumko yakhe injongo, uSocrates ucaphula umyalezo yezihlabo ukuba yeyona banengqiqo yamaGrike. Emva koko kulandela uthotho isigqebelo umgudu iinkcazo nzulu ngezinto ukuphikisa yezihlabo iintetho baseAthene ezaziwayo-kakuhle, ngubani ngokuqinisekileyo kufuneka silumke kunaye. Noko ke, emva kokuba incoko nganye, uSocrates weza kwisigqibo ukuba une umoya wobulumko, oko akwanelanga aba bantu, ezizezi ukuqondwa yokungazi yabo.

Intanda-Sophists and uSocrates ngokufutshane

Injongo yalo mbuzo ukunceda abantu ukufikelela lokwenyaniso self-lwazi, enoba oko kukhokelela yokuvela ezingemnandi. Kwintanda-bulumko uSocrates, ngokufutshane kwaye ngokucace gca, usoloko zehla ukuba lo mbuzo. USocrates inverts iindlela Sophists usebenzisa ezingangqinelaniyo ubhalo ukubonisa (kodwa hayi ukudala) wento engekhoyo leyinene.

ukuzinikela kweqiniso

Nkqu nasemva kokuba wafunyanwa enetyala, uSocrates wala lokuwohlutha iinkolelo bakhe indlela yakhe. Kwakhona uyala ukwamkela ekuthinjweni Athene imfuno cwaka, egxininisa ukuba kuxoxwe iingxaki ezibalulekileyo ebomini kunye nesidima - yinxalenye bonke ubomi bomntu. Sobulumko uncamela fa ematshan'weni yo landzula ifilosofi zabo.

Nkqu nasemva kokuba isigwebo sokufa, uSocrates (intanda lushwankathelwe ngentla) cwaka uthetha ilizwi lokugqibela - yokucinga esilungiselela sonke elizayo. Akuba etshilo ukuba bebonke isiphelo woMntu emva kokufa ayaziwa, kunjalo waveza inkolelo yakhe ziqinisile ukuba amandla akho engqiqo, nto leyo uyashunyayelwa ubomi bakhe kwaye waba ngumgwebi yayo. Ngoko lo mbono akucaci okunene waphumelela ityala enkundleni.

umfanekiso Omangalisayo indoda uPlato, wakhetha ukuba ukufa, kodwa musa ukunikezela inkolelo yabo, yaba kwase le zobulumko elizayo yamandulo, yazeka umzekelo uRhazes obalaseleyo. Kwintanda-bulumko uSocrates, uPlato noAristotle, ngokufutshane kunye ngokubanzi, Kuthi efanayo.

"Creighton": umntu kunye norhulumente

Inkcazelo ngemihla yokugqibela uSocrates, uPlato yaqhubeka "Creighton". Ngoxa entolongweni esalindele ngokubulawa, sobulumko lusabonisa nzulu kwimiba eziphambili ezikhathaza kuye nangoku ngokubanzi. Iingcamango ezingundoqo bulumko kaSocrates ngokufutshane wavakalisa kubo apha. Nkqu abagwebi isigwebo sikweni akubangeli nzulu ngezinto ubukrakra okanye umsindo. Abahlobo beze entolongweni kunye icebo ukubaleka Athene uhlala ekuthinjweni okuzithandelayo, kodwa uSocrates ngomoya kubandakanya nabo ingxoxo efanelekileyo malunga ixabiso yokuziphatha kweso senzo, uyifake mbuzo.

Kakade ke, Creighton kunye nabanye abafundi bazi kakuhle utitshala wabo, ndafika sele zilungiselelwe ngokucalula loo neengxoxo kunawo wakhetha icebo lakhe. Usindiso kuya kunciphisa ukuzalisekisa izibophelelo yobuqu ebomini. Ngaphezu koko, ukuba ke uthe akaliva ukubaleka, abaninzi baza kucinga ukuba abahlobo bakhe umkhathalele ngokwaneleyo ngaye, yaye ke musa ukuba wahlela ukubaleka. Ngoko ke, ukuze baphumeze iimbopheleleko zabo kunye nokugcina udumo abahlobo, uSocrates kwafuneka abaleke entolongweni.

Inyaniso kuyabiza

Kodwa sobulumko ongayifuniyo ezi zimvo njengoko ngokungabi ngokunxulumene inyaniso. Yintoni abanye bathi, kwaye ayinamsebenzi. Njengoko kuchaziwe "Ukuxolisa" ngeke sibe nombono uninzi, kodwa izimvo umntu omazi. inyaniso kuphela inokuba i header for izigqibo kwaye kuphela iimpikiswano abayithandayo inyaniso, ukulungele ukuthatha abahlobo bakho.

USocrates ukusuka kumthetho-siseko yokuziphatha jikelele:

- Musa ukwenza okubi (nkqu ukuphendula ezimbi ngabanye).

- Kuyimfuneko ukuba bathobele urhulumente.

Silumkele isivakalisi wenkundla baseAthene, wayeya zibonise ukungathobeli kurhulumente, uSocrates wagqiba ukuba akayi kusinda entolongweni. Njengesiqhelo, izenzo zayo ziyahambelana ikhosi yokuqiqa yakhe. Bulumko wakhetha ukubambelela inyaniso yokuziphatha, nangona yayixabisa ubomi bakhe.

Ngokubanzi, umsebenzi ukuba enze ngobulungisa kubaluleke angundoqo ukusuka kwindawo ngenxa yokuziphatha, kunye ukubaleka kaSocrates iza kuqwalaselwa, abangaswele kuthobela mntu. Noko ke, Kuluvo ukuba kufuneka bathobele urhulumente, asikwazi kuba njalo ezithile kakhulu. Ukususela ngokombono uSocrates, urhulumente kufuneka baphathe abemi balo ngathi umzali nomntwana, yaye ngenxa yokuba abazali basoloko kubalulekile ukuphulaphula, kanye njengokuba kufuneka usoloko bathobele urhulumente. Nangona kunjalo, umbuzo ke admissibility luthelekiso enjalo kusini na. Thobela abazali babo - ukuzinikela yethutyana ukuba bathathe, side bekhula, nokuba bathobele urhulumente, sifanele elide side sife.

Ukuze ingqalelo wakho sobulumko zamandulo zamaGrike uSocrates wanikwa. Philosophy emfutshane, ngethemba, kucacile sele kuchaziwe kweli nqaku.