Photosynthesis yezityalo kunye neempawu zayo

isityalo photosynthesis yinkqubo entsonkothileyo emzimbeni-zengqo- apho izityalo ukuguqula amandla magnetic, esemfuleni kwimitha yelanga zibe amandla ekhemikhali ezisetyenziswa oganikhi khompawundi. Isiseko sale nkqubo kwitsheyini redox imichiza reactions, ngenxa apho electron zidluliselwa kwi-arhente donor-ukunciphisa, nto leyo hydrogen, amanzi, ukuba acceptor, i oxidant. Kule fomu carbohydrate O2 ukhululeka ngexesha igcwala amanzi.

IFotosinthesisi sityalo amanyathelo amabini alandelelanayo. Inqanaba lokuqala ibizwa ngokuba ukukhanya (nomsi). Kweli nqanaba, i-eneji ukukhanya quantum iguqulelwa kwi amandla yemichiza amalinki iikhompawundi esinika amandla, kwakunye reductant iphela. In inyathelo lesibini, benalo igama ebumnyameni (pathways) zingafunyanwa amandla eekhemikhali i arhente ekunciphiseni ndzhendzheleko yokupasa jikelele nitrogen kunye nokuncitshiswa carbon dioxide, apho kwakheka silambile. mechanism photosynthesis esahlula ukukhanya nobumnyama linyathelo nje kuphela ngexesha kodwa esithubeni. sigaba Ukukhanya kwenzeka emva kokukorwa amandla inwebu ezikhethekileyo thylakoid, ngoxa abasabela ezimnyama zinokuqhuba xa stroma chloroplast, okanye kukho icytoplasm.

IFotosinthesisi kunye nezityalo nokuphefumla isekelwe phezu ukufunxeka ufaka ukukhanya, apho indima ephambili idlalwa yiklorofili Ukutsalwa spectrum equka kummandla ezibonakalayo, kunye proximal kuso isahlulo-infrared nemimandla eyingozi. Kombala wazo zonke izityalo ukuze aphumeze ifotosinthesisi yiklorofili a. ulwelwe Green, ubulembu kunye kwezityalo ezinemigca baninzi kwaye yiklorofili b, elisuke lwaseNtshona Koloni ziba ukukhanya ithathe. Ezinye iintlobo ze ulwelwe ziqulathe yiklorofili c and d. Ukongeza yiklorofili, kwinkqubo yokufunxa nayo inxaxheba carotenoids kunye phycobilins.

Emva ukufakwa lokukhanya lwenzeka inyathelo nomsi apho bazibandakanya iintlobo ezimbini photosystem I and II (PS1 kunye PS2). Ngamnye APS ibandakanya iziko reaction, apho kwenzeka ukungcola isigxina, yombane ikhonkco zothutho, apho igcwala electron, kunye iseti yeekhomponenti ukuba enze iinkqubo photooxidation kwamanzi kunye nokuhlaziya ngokutsa iziko reaction. Kumaziko indlela iSebe amandla okukhanya quantum iguqulelwa ibe kwemichiza; kwandule ke electron ukuhambisa ke ithambeka kokhenketho olunokuba electrochemical, besenza ikhonkco zothutho electron le photosynthesis.

Photosystem II uhlobo wenza photooxidation indlela ngamanzi, ngalo ndlela yakheka ioksijini kunye protons H +. Parallel photosynthesis inkqubo yezothutho electron ithatha indawo transfer Proton ukusuka chloroplast ukuya kummandla intrathylakoid. Abasabela ngayo ngenxa ukuvelisa NADPH kunye ATP, zeziphi iimveliso eziphambili photosynthesis. Ngaphezulu photosynthesis yezityalo kwenza indlela enzymatic apho icarbon dioxide olufunyenwe iiprothini, isitatshi kunye namafutha. Ukuba nethe emnyama non-carbohydrate iye directivity, acid kwakhiwa, iikhompawundi organic kunye neeproteni.

iinkqubo umzimba ukuba uhlobo CO2 nitrogen yahlulwe C3, C4 kunye CAM photosynthesis. Ngoko carbohydrate, zona kwakheka kwi nqanaba emnyama zefotosinthesis kwi chloroplasts ukuze zifakwe kwi ngokohlobo otashi iikhompawundi ukushiya chloroplast ukuze zenze iiseli ezintsha ukukhonza njengomthombo wamandla basabele metabolic.

isityalo photosynthesis isebenzisa ekhulwini 1-2 kuphela se-eneji ukukhanya okubanjwa. Ubunzulu inkqubo yefotosinthesis kuchaphazela ukwakhiwa ecacicleyo kunye nobushushu, ukukhanya ubushushu, imizi mveliso yokunyanga amanzi kunye nezondlo ezimbiwa, uyazikhomba CO2 kunye O2, kwakunye neminye imiba yokusingqongileyo.