Oovimba ngamazwe i-Russian Federation nomthamo wabo

Xa imeko yezopolitiko yezimali zeli lizwe eqongeni ehlabathini lidlala indima ebalulekileyo oovimba ngamazwe. Russia, ngokwale ngqiqo ubotshwe isitali encotsheni ezilishumi, nangona ukuxhomekeka ngqo loovimba kwi ixabiso le-oyile.

Ukumiselwa zolondolozo zegolide

Gold and currency amazwe, okanye njengoko ibizwa, oovimba international (GCR) - le meko asethi, leyo kube kwiqondo eliphezulu amatyala yaye zilawulwa yi ngamaziko aphambili malini. Njengomgaqo, umzimba onjalo Central Bank. oovimba zegolide Standard eziqikelelwa ngegolide lawulo lwemali amazwe, nto leyo kuthiwa yogcino. Okwangoku, ababini kuphela kwezi iimali - i US dollar kunye euro. Ukongeza, ukwakhiwa loovimba ngamazwe ziquka amalungelo awodwa umzobo, okanye SDR (Special Drawing Rights), ekhutshwe yi-International Monetary Fund, kwaye izikhundla egciniweyo kwi-IMF.

zolondolozo Russia zehlabathi ziquka onke amacandelo.

esakhiweni oovimba

Kwi amaziko zemali zahlukile namhlanje apho iintlobo enkulu kunye nokuqonda ngokubanzi kunokuba kwakunjalo ngaphambili. Ngoko ke, amacandelo woovimba karhulumente mali izinto ngakumbi. akhawunti amazwe nje kuphela imali kwiyunithi reserve imali yehlabathi. Kwakhona ziquka iidipozithi, kuquka mboleko ngegolide phantsi kwezivumelwano intlawulelo umva, ezenzelwe kwi-Central Bank, i-Bank for International Settlements, kwakunye kwiibhanki zorhwebo kunye amanqaku aphezulu ngetyala ngemilinganiselo-arhente zamazwe ngamazwe S & P mlinganiselo, Moody kunye Ratings Fitch.

Ngokuba lo hlobo zolondolozo eziphantsi nezibambiso yetyala zikhutshwa kwiinkampani zangaphandle. Olusuka imali ekhutshwe kufuneka ibe nakho ukuba imigangatho-arhente yokulinganisela ngamazwe S & P, Moody kunye Ratings Fitch. Ubume koovimba begolide nazo ziquka imali kugqithiselwa-mboleko.

olwenzeka International woovimba bangaphandle ziguqulelwa zeedola US amazinga exchange esemthethweni.

I-International Monetary Fund njengenxalenye koovimba begolide

Ngu reserve iisoyi kunye neendlela zentlawulo Special Drawing Rights, okanye Special Drawing Rights. Esi sixhobo iyekelela IMF (IMF) ayinayo ifomu imali, ngamanye imele kuphela kwi akhawunti yebhanki iirekhodi. Ulungisa kuphela ngaphakathi kwiNgxowa-mali kwaye kusetyenziswa ukulungelelanisa yohlengahlengiso lwentlawulo, eziquka izibophelelo intsilelo kunye ngetyala. SDR akanawo iimpawu naliphi na ityala okanye imali.

Esi sixhobo wabonakala ngowe-1969 ngenjongo yokungenelela i Triffin byi, yabonisa nakwiimpikiswano eBretton Woods inkqubo lombutho yobudlelwane emali kunye izibalo phakathi kwamazwe amabini. Kwavela impikiswano yokungqubana National uhlobo lwemali reserve kunye nokusebenza kwayo ngamazwe.

Reserve isikhundla kwi IMF iquka backup kunye nesabelo ngetyala. Uchatha quotas imali unikezelo kwi imali kwi Fund kwi akhawunti ye State qela, ebizwa ngokuba isabelo yogcino. Ngako oko, isabelo ngetyala ikuvumela ukuba uthenge mali IMF ezingaphezu reserve Isigaba.

ngegolide yesintu

Kakade ke, ulwakhiwo loovimba ngamazwe le-Russian Federation, kwaye kuquka iifama zegolide emali, oko kukuthi, ekhoyo ngokwasemzimbeni. Ekuqaleni, oovimba zegolide kwabunjwa kwemali. Ukususela ngo-1937, le engange Russian ibiqhotyoshelwe dollar. Noko ke, emva kwemfazwe eSoviet Union waqalisa ukuzuza ngokukhawuleza kwishishini legolide amandla, nyaka ngamnye zolondolozo igolide yobuncwane banda tonnes 100. Ngowe-1950, Stalin wagqiba ukurhoxisa eli engange isikhonkwane ukuya dollar ubeke isiqulatho legolide lwemali kazwelonke eSoviet Union. Kwiminyaka emibini kamva, Stalin wabeka phambili ingcamango udale i kwimarike enye dollar. Kodwa ingcamango akazange abe nexesha ukuphumeza. Emva kokufa Stalin, uNikita Khrushchev wakhetha indlela pro-Western yophuhliso. Ukuqinisekisa engange zegolide inkokeli eSoviet wakubona ngesiquphe waza wabuyela eRashiya lwemali isikhonkwane kwi US dollar.

I-US dollar owayexhaswa igolide de-1971, xa uMongameli Richard Nixon wabhengeza ngokusesikweni yokurhoxiswa ukuxhaswa igolide dollar. Ngexesha le oovimba zegolide imeko lizwe liwela irekhodi ths 9,83. Iitoni ukusuka amawaka 21.8. Iitoni ngo-1949. Kanye ngelo xesha kwakukho lwemali kwimarike yamazwe ngamazwe kunye exchange zokudada. Imarike luphawulwa iimeko yorhwebo. Nangona ngokusesikweni dollar kanye oncomekayo phawundi lwaphulukana njengoko lwemali Reserve, idola yaseMerika ayenziwanga nje zigcinwe, kodwa zonke iindlela eqinisa isikhundla sayo.

Ixesha lokugqibela i-US koovimba zegolide phantsi ukuba uphicotho ngokucokisekileyo ngowe-1953. Kwimpahla ligcinwa yokugcina ezine. Ukongeza kwi-US stock kweli lizwe zigcinwa oovimba intsimbi elixabisekileyo ubuncinane 60 ithi. Inani loovimba zomthonyama kunye zangaphandle ziyimfihlo, esibangela ukuba ngeendleko a lot of amarhe.

Red Gold Russia

Ngokutsho imithombo evulekileyo, oovimba ngamazwe eRashiya njengokuba namhlanje kukho iitoni 1238 zegolide. Ngokutsho kwesi salathisi, i-Russian Federation ngokusemthethweni uhamba yesithandathu ehlabathini. Isabelo zegolide kwisixa loovimba igolide-12%. Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba phambi leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi, uBukhosi Russian ngomnye umthamo yegolide inkulu ehlabathini - 1.4 amawaka iitoni .. World kunye neemfazwe zamakhaya elidlavula ebuncwaneni kakubi - ngo-1928 kwakukho tonnes 150 kuphela. Kweli xesha kaStalin, uNondyebo kwakhona "dumbe" kwaye amawaka 2,5. Okulahlwayo ngo-1953. Kodwa ke oovimba igolide kunciphisa kuphela, kunokuba elikhulu, umthamo wayo wathengisa kumazwe aphesheya, uNikita Khrushchev. Ngowe-1991, abameli iinkokheli zelizwe bavakalisa ukuba inzala Soviet ilifa wahlala iitoni 290 kuphela metal anqabileyo.

oovimba zegolide Russian yahlulwe ezimbini ngokungenamlinganiselo. Uninzi lwazo zilawulwa yi-Central Bank ngokucebisana norhulumente Russian, igcinwe ngqo kwi Bank of Russia. Isigaba sesibini kwi State Fund of amatye anqabileyo, namatye anqabileyo ye-Russian Federation, izigqibo inkcitho kunye nokuzaliswa kwale inxalenye yendawo sithathwa ngqo nguMongameli kunye noRhulumente.

Le Dynamics koovimba begolide

Noninzi lwezinto metal etyheli anqabileyo, ziqukwe koovimba ngamazwe i-Russian Federation, ekuqaleni kuka-2014, iingcali abaqikelelwa kwi-40 ezigidi zeerandi. Nangona ngexesha 2013 Central Bank ezifunyenwe ngokubonakalayo igolide kwimarike Russian, Noko ke, njengoko uqikelelo labahlalutyi, ixabiso metal elixabisekileyo bawa nge-11 ezigidi zeerandi. Oku kwakhokelela ekubeni ekupheleni kuka-2013 inqanaba yegolide yawa ku 7.8%, iqukwe ngumthamo opheleleyo woovimba ngamazwe le-Russian Federation. Isabelo icandelo amazwe ngengobozi leyo wanciphiswa 92,2%, ekuqaleni konyaka ophelileyo.

Abahlalutyi bathi ukususela ekuqaleni kwalo nyaka, ibhanki engundoqo baqhubeka ukwandisa oovimba igolide zolondolozo zegolide, ukwandisa entlu yalo mqulu. Ngenxa yokuba oku kuziphatha engaqhelekanga kwi kwimarike ngegolide, iingcali amazwe zibonisa ukuba le ukungazithembi kwi US lwemali ekwandiseni Central Bank of the Russian Federation ukwenzela ukuthenga.

Ioli - isiseko koovimba begolide Russian

kazwelonke "eziwenza" zero ukukhula yaqala kwiminyaka kule nkulungwane yama-21. oovimba ngamazwe i-Russian Federation landa ephala kubulela amaxabiso aphezulu ukuze hydrocarbon ukuya kwentlekele ka-2008. Ngexesha zifika $ 600 yezigidi zezigidi. Ukugcina uzinzo kweli lizwe ukususela ekuqaleni ntlekele, kuba wadalwa-mali Welfare yeSizwe. zolondolozo eRashiya ngamazwe ziye zaba negalelo zemali kubume obutsha. Oku kwathintela ntlekele esinzulu, kodwa ke umthamo koovimba zegolide kwehla. Kuphela phakathi ku-2013 kwaba nako ukubuyisela kubo - up to engange-533 ezigidi.

Entwasahlobo konyaka ophelileyo, le meko waqala ukutshintsha ngesiquphe. Ukwayo zamazwe of Western Europe kunye United States ngenxa kumncedisa yayintlakohlaza kunyaka ophelileyo, eCrimea eRashiya, ukongeza, i-drop elibukhali kwamaxabiso e-oyile, ukwehla imali kazwelonke, inkxaso imali engange, izohlwayo kunye kontrsanktsii - konke oku kuye kwaba ngumngeni omkhulu kakhulu kuqoqosho Russian engenakukwazi awukuchaphazeli imeko loovimba zegolide. Phakathi konyaka yenqaba omnye sesithathu - ukuya 382 ezigidi zeerandi, apho 12 billion kweli iintlawulo IMF. Ukuwa kwaqhubeka kulo nyaka kwaye ekuqaleni kwalo nyaka, oovimba ngamazwe i-Russian Federation bafikelele ubuncinane ngo-2007 - 374,7 billion zeerandi. Ekuqaleni kuka May, umthamo wabo yaba 358.5, bhiliyoni.