Ontogeny: Iindidi kunye Iimpawu

Ontogenesis - inkqubo yophuhliso ngamnye eziphilayo ukususela ekuqaleni uphila de isiphelo sobomi. Eli gama esiphakanyiswa Ernst Haeckel, isazinzulu waseJamani, ngo-1886. Kweli nqaku siza kuqwalasela ngokufutshane ontogeny, iintlobo zalo neyodwa yazo kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo.

Le ontogeny angamanye kunye multicellular

Xa lenyama kunye neentsholongwane ngayo phantse ngexesha elinye kunye nomjikelo iseli. Ezi ontogeny eziphilayo luqala ukuvela kokuphilayo kweseli olunye-ngokwahlula iseli unina. Le bagqiba inkqubo ukufa kwenzeka ngenxa yeziphumo ezibi, okanye elinye candelo.

Iintlobo Ontogeny multicellular ukuba zivelisa asexually, iqala into esohlukanisa iqela leeseli (uwabize, umzekelo, inkqubo yavelisa amagqabi hydra) ukusuka eziphilayo umzali. Ukwabelana mitosis, ezi seli benza umntu omtsha onke amalungu kunye neenkqubo. Kwiintlobo ukuba zizala, ontogenesis inkqubo luqala kwezichumiso, emva koko elilodwa ibunjiwe, nto leyo iseli wokuqala umntu omtsha.

Ontogenesis - ke inguqu umzimba ibe omdala?

Siyathemba ukuba wawuphendula kakuhle umbuzo, ukususela ekuqaleni kweli nqaku abanomdla isigama edizwe thina. Kunye neentlobo ontogeny, kunye nenkqubo ngokwayo, njengoko ukuze ukhumbule, isicelo yonke ibubomi kumzimba. Abanakukwazi ukuba azezi ukukhula kwabantu ukuthumela yona ibe omdala. Ontogeny - chain iinkqubo ezintsonkothileyo ukuba zenzeke kuwo onke amanqanaba eziphilayo. Isiphumo ukuyilwa imisebenzi yazo ebalulekileyo, isakhiwo ezichazwa abantu beli ntlobo, kwaye ukukwazi ukuba ukuzala. Le ontogeny kwenkqubo ezigqityiweyo ezikhokelela ekugugeni ukufa.

Amaxesha zimbini zilandelayo eziphambili ndilibalule ontogeny - thole kunye postembryonic. Ekuqaleni, umbungu isilwanyana yenziwe. Wabumba iinkqubo zomzimba. Okulandelayo kufika ixesha kokubeleka. Ngexesha formative iinkqubo ekupheleni kwakhe, kofika ukufikisa, uze emva koko - ukuzala, ukwaluphala yaye, ekugqibeleni, ukufa.

Ukuqondwa ulwazi zamafa

umntu New wamkela zofuzo abazali uhlobo imiyalelo ezicacisa kuya kwenzeka emzimbeni ngenxa yokugqitywa ngempumelelo ikhondo labo lobomi utshintsho. Ngoko ke, abanomdla kwinkqubo thina - Kukuqonda kolwazi zamafa. Okulandelayo siza kujonga ngokweenkcukacha ontogeny (iintlobo kunye neempawu).

ontogeny ngqo nengxelo-

Xa uhlobo ngqo ephilayo weza ntle, ngokuthe jikelele uyafana omdala, akukho nqanaba milo. Xa uhlobo ngqo ubonakala ngumbungu, eyahluke kubume yayo yangaphakathi kwaye lwangaphandle ephilayo abadala. It uyahluka Indlela ngamandla intshukumo indalo, kwaye kananjalo inani nezinye iimpawu. Ezidla similise umntu omdala ngenxa milo. Inika amathuba umzimba ngakumbi. Olu hlobo nophuhliso maxa wambi ebizwa mibungu. uhlobo ngqo kwenzeka Esibelekweni kunye nelichinochnoy ifomu.

Makhe sihlolisise ngokweenkcukacha ngamnye kubo.

ontogenesis ngqo: iintlobo, ixesha

It lubhiyozelwa kwiintlobo ezininzi ezingenamqolo ezinye ezinomqolo (eziphila emhlabeni nasemanzini, iinyoka). Inkqubo yophuhliso kuzo mhlawumbi enye okanye ezininzi izigaba mibungu. ukhona kungenxa zolondolozo ezincinane kakhulu sac equlethwe amaqanda ezi zilwanyana. Ukongeza, ucaciswe yimfuno ukutshintsha imeko zokuphila kwinkqubo yophuhliso okanye ukuhlawula iintlobo ukuba olwaye lwamfimfitha, nto okanye ungenzi nto yokuphila.

Uphuhliso olukhulu kakhulu kwaye azigqibeleli

ezidla lwamaJuda bahlala ekukhanyeni yabo. Ngenkuthalo adla, ukuphuhlisa kunye nokukhula. Zinelungelo inani imizimba abakhethekileyo bexeshana (provisory), nto leyo ndingekho abadala. Mibungu (ngqo) uhlobo nophuhliso olukhulu kakhulu okanye engaphelelanga. Eli candelo lwenziwa ngokwesiseko iimpawu olukhulu, nto leyo lubonakala ngokuba ontogeny ethile. Iindidi lufuna uviwo eneenkcukacha, ngoko usixelele ngakumbi ngabo.

Xa kufikwa apho inguqu engaphelelanga, owazalwa Umbungu ekugqibeleni ulahlekelwa amalungu amaqanda ifumana constants leyo uphawu eziphilayo abadala (khumbula, umzekelo, iintethe). Ukuba uphuhliso lwenziwa olukhulu kakhulu, yile mibala uba unodoli fixed kuqala. Emva koko, kuphuma umntu omdala, nto leyo yahluke kakhulu ukusuka imibungu (akhumbule amabhabhathane).

Kungani ezidla

Intsingiselo ubukho babo, mhlawumbi, kukuba musa ukusebenzisa ukutya ezifana abadala, ngokwenjenjalo kwandiswa isiseko ukutya lweentlobo. Sinako ukuthelekisa, umz, imibungu ukutya kunye amabhabhathane (amagqabi kunye nencindi, ngokulandelelana) okanye tadpoles kunye amasele (zooplankton kunye nezinambuzane). Ukongeza, iintlobo ezininzi, ngoxa kwinqanaba mibungu, bethatha ukuhlola kwintsimi entsha. Imibungu of bivalves, umzekelo, bayakwazi ukuqubha ukuba akunjalo ngabantu abadala kusebenza ukugogeka.

Ukuphuhliswa milo e emanzini nentlanzi

iintlobo zophuhliso (ontogeny), evela ukusuka kwesinye isimo ezenziwa ekuyo ezifana eziphila kunye nentlanzi. Ngokomzekelo, amaqanda kweefom isele tadpole (imibungu), nto isakhiwo, indawo kunye nendlela yokuphila eyahlukileyo kakhulu kubantu abadala. Tadpoles babe iigilizi, umsila, imigca icala lomzimba, intliziyo zawo ezimbini-. Kanye intlanzi, ke ejikeleza enye. Xa Umbungu efikelela kwinqanaba elithile yophuhliso, ayaguquka yayo kuthatha indawo, apho kukho iimpawu uphawu ephilayo abadala. Le tadpole iphume kanjani ngokuhamba kwexesha ibe nese-.

Emanzini khona isigaba mibungu kunika ithuba lokuba nihlale kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo, kwaye sebenzisa ukutya ezahlukeneyo. Tadpole, umzekelo, ubomi emanzini, badle abatya nokutya oku. Isele utya ukutya kwezilwanyana kwaye ubukhulu becala ubomi ezisentlabathini. Xa izinambuzane ezininzi kukho isenzeko efanayo. Ukutshintsha okusingqongileyo, yaye ngaloo ndlela yobomi ngethuba lenguqu ukusuka mibungu ibakala ukuya kwinqanaba omdala, kunciphisa ubunzulu umzabalazo ukusinda oluthile lwento anikiweyo.

uhlobo ngqo kuphuhliso

Uhlabela mgama ukuba bachaze iintlobo eziphambili ontogeny uye elandelayo - tye. Libizwa ngokuba nelichinochnym. Nguye Esibelekweni kunye yaytsekladnym. Ngokufutshane abonakalise ezi ntlobo, amanqanaba ontogenesis zahluke kakhulu enye kwenye.

Yaytsekladny uhlobo

Oku waphawula aliqela ekuyo, ngokunjalo neentaka, ezirhubuluzayo, intlanzi kunye nezinye ezanyisayo, apho amaqanda abanobutyebi sac. Ngaloo ndlela umbungu ngaphakathi amaqanda ixesha elide. Imisebenzi engundoqo ubomi zenziwa inwebu osandul - amalungu ezizodwa provisory.

Ezanyisayo, walala amaqanda

Kukho 3 iintlobo ezanyisayo, babeke amaqanda aziqhelekanga oku neklasi xa iyonke. Nangona kunjalo, le alimele ndimanyise ubisi. Oku uphawu ezincancisayo ngokubanzi. Platypus zibeka amaqanda (ingasentla), irhamba elide-nose ne korotkonosaya. Aphila e Australia, Tasmania kunye New Guinea, yaye lilungu ngokomyalelo monotremes.

Ezi zilwanyana zifana izirhubuluzi amaqanda nje kuphela, kodwa kananjalo ubume iinkqubo excretory, nezenzala, esiswini, kwakunye iimpawu ezininzi yokwakheka (isakhiwo yomqolo, iimbambo kunye nomlenze umbhinqo, isakhiwo iliso). Monotremes, Noko ke, ingqalelo ukuba ezanyisayo kuba intliziyo yabo iye namagumbi zine, ukuba ezinegazi elishushu, Bathiwe wambu uboya, kwanyisa abantwana babo kunye nobisi. Ukongezelela ezanyisayo iphawulwa linani kwiimpawu ezininzi isakhiwo amathambo wabo.

uhlobo siswini

Komxholo othi "iintlobo ontogeny kunye neempawu zazo," cishe zityhileke. Nakuba kunjalo, siye na kuxoxa nge yokugqibela, iklasi siswini. Kuyinto uphawu abantu kunye ezincancisayo eziphezulu, oocytes leyo phantse akukho protini. Kulo mzekelo yonke imisebenzi ebalulekileyo ifezekiswe ngokusebenzisa kubangela umbungu eziphilayo koomama. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, unina olungekazalwa kunye ngumkhaya inyama kukhulise - iqumrhu ekhethekileyo okwethutyana.

beendawo

Oku umzimba ikhona kuphela ngexa lokukhulelwa. Ngumkhaya abantu na umzimba isibeleko ngokuqhelekileyo phezu kodonga ngasemva, ubuncinane - ngaphambili. Ngokupheleleyo oko abunjwe kokumitha malunga 15-16 iiveki '. Ngelo kwiveki yama-20 emva izitya placental iqalisa ukuba kwenzeka ngenkuthalo exchange.

Ngumkhaya yindoda - idiski ngeenxa tyaba. ubunzima bayo unikezelo imalunga 500-600 g, ubukhulu - 3.2 cm, kwaye ubukhulu - 15-18 cm 2 komhlaba ngumkhaya zezi :. Zokubeleka iziqhamo.

Ekupheleni ukukhulelwa kukho ukusebenza komzimba ukuguga ngumkhaya. Oko kukhatshwa imbonakalo yeendawo ityuwa nokufumba, ukuncitshiswa kwindawo umphezulu exchange. inkqubo nabantwana uyaqhubeka ontogeny.

Types, leyo ke kwakhona, bachazwa nje kuphela. Siyathemba ukuba uya kufumana kweli nqaku lonke ulwazi oluyimfuneko. Inkcazo kunye neentlobo ontogenesis kufuneka kuhle ukwazi ukuba ulungiselela ukuhlolwa eziphilayo.