Ernst Haeckel: engobomi, umsebenzi zenzululwazi. igalelo Haeckel ukuba biology

Ngokunikela ubomi bakhe isifundo endalo, Ernst Gekkel wenza lukhulu obafunyanwa waza wenza igalelo elikhulu kakhulu kwinzululwazi. Ulwazi oluninzi malunga nemisebenzi zenzululwazi le sisazinzulu ukufumana phandle kamva kweli nqaku.

Ernst Haeckel: biography

sobulumko German kunye semvelo Ernst Haeckel wazalelwa Potsdam ngo-1834. Emva kokugqiba kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo e Mezerburge, wafundela amayeza kunye nenzululwazi ngezobugqi e Berlin, i-University of baseWürzburg. Ph.D. kwi zezilwanyana kwiYunivesithi Jena. Ngowe-1858, wafumana isidanga sakhe zonyango.

Ernst Haeckel wabonisa umdla enkulu kwi komzimba esasinokubonwa ngokuphila. Ngowe-1859, wathumela i uhambo kwelaseItali, apho wayefunda kwizidalwa, iziponji, iintshulube, ivula iintlobo ezintsha radiolarians. Ekubuyeleni Isazinzulu yena isesikhundleni nguNjingalwazi waza engumhlobo Professor of University Jena kwaye ufundisa komzimba lothelekiso.

Ukususela ngo-1863, kukho imisebenzi esebenzayo yasekuhlaleni yezenzululwazi. Uthetha malunga kaDarwin, ukukhulula imisebenzi yabo eziprintiweyo, ukuqulunqa iithiyori zenzululwazi. Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XIX, umphandi siqhubeka i uhambo ukuya eYiputa, Algeria, kwisiqithi Madeira, kunye Ceylon. Kamva, waya kwelaseSiriya, Corsica, Tenerife, Norway, Gibraltar kunye nezinye iindawo, ukufunda zasendle zabo nokwenza imizobo.

Ngowe-1867, Ernst Haeckel utshata Agnes Huschke. Bona babe nonyana, uWalter, intombi Emma ne eBhayi. ukufa yomfazi 1915 bachaphazeleka kakhulu impilo nentlalo-ntle sisazinzulu. Wafa e Germany Agasti 9, 1919.

Research and Publications

Ukufumana idiploma ye ugqirha akazange kuchaphazela umsebenzi wobungcali sisazinzulu. Ngeendlela ezininzi, uphando kunye nesimo sengqondo nefuthe unxibelelwano kunye noCharles Darwin. Iincwadi Ernst Haeckel uqala ukupapasha ngo 1866. Umsebenzi wakhe wokuqala ubizwa ngokuba "morphology jikelele eziphilayo." Emva kwexesha elithile, ethi "I-Natural History of Creation", apho ke bayivakalisa inkxaso yabo imfundiso yokuba izinto zazivelela.

Ngowe-1866, yena lwenza oluphuculiweyo inguqulelo umthetho biogenetic, uqulunqe kwiminyaka embalwa ngaphambili. Kulo mba, Ernst Haeckel gastraea kwakha imfundiso echaza imvelaphi eziphilayo multicellular ukusuka eziphilayo olunye-ezineseli. Ngenxa oku, Haeckel waziwa ngezangqa zenzululwazi.

Ngowe-1874 wapapasha impapasho "anthropogenic, okanye imbali lophuhliso loluntu," apho echaza ngcamango yakhe kubukho ilandelayo umlamleli phakathi lwenkawu nomntu.

Ngexesha i uhambo eAfrika Asia, wabhala imisebenzi on jellyfish, iintlanzi olunzulu-elwandle, radiolarians, uze emva koko sizibophelele yophando ezi zinto ziphilayo ncwadi 'Phylogeny ngendlela ". Total Ernst Haeckel wabhala imisebenzi malunga 26, abanye babo iguqulelwe Russian.

morphology ngokubanzi eziphilayo

Olunye uqeqesho, uphuhliso leyo eye yaba negalelo elibalulekileyo Ernst Haeckel - eziphilayo. Kwincwadi yakhe yokuqala "morphology jikelele eziphilayo," Isazinzulu theorizes kwimfuneko ukuyikhetha njengendlela yokuziqeqesha eyahlukileyo zebhayoloji. Ngokutsho kwakhe, iinkqubo ezintsonkothileyo yentsebenziswano phakathi eziphilayo yaye ulwalamano lwabo kokusingqongileyo kufuneka isifundo ukufunda ngenzululwazi ekuthiwa eziphilayo.

Ernst Haeckel wayekholelwa ukuba umsebenzi iphambili yale ingqeqesho isifundo iimeko eziphilayo nezingaphiliyo esingqongileyo, leyo kufuneka baziqhelanise izinto eziphilayo. Ngokwemvelo ezingaphiliyo Scientist baqonda izinto zemozulu ezifana ukukhanya, umbane esesibhakabhakeni, ukufuma, ubushushu, kunye nokwakhiwa komhlaba kunye namanzi. Organic Haeckel ibandakanya zonke iintlobo ulwalamano phakathi eziphilayo.

umthetho biogenetic

Ngenxa yeempembelelo kwemvelo, Haeckel yaqulunqa umthetho, ekwabizwa ngokuba ngumthetho Haeckel-Müller. Oku kusekelwe kwinkolelo yokuba ngexesha uphuhliso kumzimba ngamnye uphinda kuba zigaba eziphambili izinto zazivelela yayo. Oko kukuthi, ukugcina uphuhliso ndiseyimbumba, singakwazi kuxubusha ukuyilwa endalo ngohlobo lwayo.

Kuba okokuqala hypothesis onjalo ukubeka phambili Charlz Darvin ekupapasheni "The Origin of Species", kodwa ayizange ichazwe ngokucacileyo kakhulu. 1864 Fritz Muller kwincwadi yakhe "uDarwin" uthi uphuhliso zembali kubonakaliswe uhlobo yophuhliso ngamnye. Kwiminyaka emibini kamva, Haeckel ngokusekelwe kuphando lwabo wanika ethile ecacileyo zezi ngcinga ngokuthi umthetho biogenetic.

Umthetho isoloko isetyenziswa njengobungqina ingcamango zikaDarwin, nangona okwangoku kukho izibakala ezininzi ukuze ukuyinyelisa ukusebenza kwayo. Ngokomzekelo, xa nisaqala lophuhliso ezinomqolo akufani. Ukufana waphawula kuphela kwi zigaba kamva.

theory gastraea

Ngenxa yomthetho biogenetic Ernst Haeckel kudala imfundiso echaza imvelaphi eziphilayo multicellular ukusuka kwiseli enye. Ngokutsho kwakhe, isidalwa sokuqala multicellular waba ezifanayo kunye gastrula - osandul uhlobo, kuqulethe umaleko leeseli nomphandle wocango.

Ngokutsho ithiyori, a omzimba kwiseli uqale lwabiwo ukuba iiseli intombi zange ndikuchithachithe kwaye enze cluster. Kamva baqalisa zahluke ngeendlela ezisebenzayo yokwakheka - omnye linoxanduva intshukumo, abanye ukwetyisa. Ngoko ke, ngokutsho kwithiyori Haeckel kaThixo kwasekwa ephilayo multicellular, nto leyo ethe ogama gastraea. Wakhumbuza yokuqala coelenterates izilwanyana.

isiphelo

Ngexesha lakhe, Ernst Haeckel yapapashwa imisebenzi emininzi, eyaziswa inzululwazi kokuphilayo amagama, Pithecanthropus, ontogeny kunye phylogeny. Ukuphonononga Uhambo zasendle zaselwandle, wabhaqa ngaphezu kwekhulu iintlobo radiolarians. Haeckel wayephakathi Izazi yokuqala eJamani, bathelela inkolelo zikaDarwin. Ukuxhasa le ngcamango yokuzivelela kwizifundo zakhe, yena uzama ukufumanisa kummandla kwenkqubo yezilwanyana, baqulunqe umthetho biogenetic kunye nethiyori ngemvelaphi eziphilayo multicellular.