Ngubani na ke usodolophu umabhalana?

Zemsky sibonda - isihloko yokuqala, leyo waziwa kummandla Russia ukususela ngenkulungwane ye-16. Ukuvela olu hlobo kwamagosa inxulumene ngqo kuphuculo karhulumente wengingqi. Uphuhliso olulolunye kula maziko Ziqulethe amalungelo nezibophelelo abadala Zemsky abo baqhubeka ukusebenza de 1917. Phezu kwayo yonke imizamo liberalizirvoat abasemagunyeni bendawo, nangoku asebenza ngendlela endala. Bekutheni ukuze oku kwenzeke? Zama ukuqonda.

Rus yamandulo

Esi sithuba kuye kwaziwa ukususela kwimihla Kievan Rus. Nangona esebenzayo amadoda amakhulu emaphandleni, ukuba ngamakhoboka ezifanayo njengenkosana, nabakhonzi abathembekileyo, oqeshwe yi-Prince okanye abaxhasi bakhe abasenyongweni ukukhokela kwiiklasi asezantsi. Imithetho Yaroslava Mudrogo ekubhekiswe kubadala ezisemaphandleni kunye rataynye. Eyokuqala ababandakanyekayo uluntu lwasemaphandleni eli lifa njengenkosana, iingxwabangxwaba ikhululwe, umbango, iirhafu eziqokelelweyo. Le yokugqibela babongamele kwimiba yomhlaba, iingxoxo malunga uluntu kunye namazwe patrimonial, ukuphazamiseka impahla ezingafani. Kamva, Institute abaphezulu waya kummandla oozilawuli kumntla-mpuma.

Utshintsho of Ivana Groznogo

Kangangethuba elide abadala labial namaphandle banyulwe ngommiselo yesibhovubhovu. Enyanisweni nafuthe abantu basekuhlaleni, enganikwanga, beza abantu indlela Tatar ngesinyanzeliso: sasikhwele, eqokelelweyo, kuhluthwa kwanoko anako. Nokuba bathe bayalelwa ukuba ukugcina ucwangco kwiindawo ezisemaphandleni kumazwe Russian, nemisebenzi yabo benza kabuhlungu. unya esinombala kunye norhwaphilizo weyisa yonke, yaye kungabi potentates yengingqi okanye ibhunga, okanye kunathi. Kwathatha ukuthanda yentsimbi umlawuli omnye ukwahlukana inkqubo ekhoyo kunye nokuphuhlisa umgaqo omtsha lolawulo lwengingqi.

Ebudeni bolawulo Ivana Groznogo kukho imfuneko engxamisekileyo ukuba ulungise ngokupheleleyo le nkqubo yolawulo karhulumente Russian. Iseti oqhelekileyo imithetho, ebotshelelwe inkqubo yezopolitiko, enikwe igama yokuvuselelwa karhulumente wengingqi. Esona sizathu siphambili sokuba ukwenzeka kwabo imfuneko yokuphelisa ekuthiwa lweehagu - into oyidingayo akudala bamaxesha amandulo, esalinikwayo iindwendwe amagosa banelungelo lokuphila ingeniso (okt feed) kwindawo ethile. Endaweni okubafaneleyo zendalo iye yaziswa inkqubo ngezimali kunye cash flow ilawulwa ngqo ngurhulumente.

Stoglavy Cathedral

Ngowe-1551 Ibhunga Stoglavy wanika kokukhanya okuluhlaza ukuya ekuphunyezweni iziqinisekiso County ogunyazisiweyo, njengoko apho zipheliswe ngokupheleleyo lesakhiwo zamasekela. Endaweni yoko abaqeshwa kuzo zonke iimbombo karhulumente Russian baba zasekuhlaleni onyulwe Zemsky eyintloko. Ummiselo yasebukhosini 1555 umthetho ukucima i zezondlo wenze ukhetho lwamagosa zendawo. La maziko ibalulekileyo abasemagunyeni baqalisa Zemsky kwizindlwana log, nto leyo emele isebe yesigqeba. zingaguqulwa Ngokupheleleyo kwezomthetho kunye nenkqubo yolawulo, kunye esebenzayo amadoda amakhulu zasemaphandleni phantsi Ivan abangcangcazelisi banikwa amalungelo kunye namandla ezintsha.

abadala Career Zemsky

Ukuguqula abasemagunyeni bendawo yatshintsha ngokupheleleyo iprofayile kwenkqubo yolawulo yobukhosi Russian. Zemsky sibonda waqala ukuba uluhlu olubanzi amagunya. Ophetheyo kwakhe iinkundla Local, ukuze siqonde iimeko kuphela embambano, kodwa ephule ezincinane lolwaphulo-mthetho. Kolube phezulu-iprofayile amatyala olwaphulo isingathwe ngokwahlukeneyo. UMdala inxaxheba iingxaki yabemi uyilo, lawula iiklasi ezisezantsi kunye nokuqokelelwa kwerhafu. Uhlobo engundoqo nomthengisi "inceba pososhnoy", apho kufuneka ukuba ahlawule besilisa abadala lonke eli lizwe. Le mali ithatha indawo namestnichy lixesha. Imali waqala iqukuqela igalele ngqo kwi ebutyebini bokumkani, yaye ukusuka apho ukuhlawula isondlo kumagosa asekuhlaleni kunye nabaphicothi abahambela.

Zemsky umdala yayimi kwintloko Zemsky log odaka. Wabenzela abanengxaki ukusetyenziswa komhlaba woluntu, amangeno kuMfundi irhafu, ukuqokelelwa kunye nokusasazwa kwerhafu karhulumente-ze enze neminye imisebenzi. Ukuba ngenxa yesizathu esithile ngusibonda labial akazange enze umsebenzi wakhe okanye zange abanyulwe, kwaye le misebenzi ibhalwe iluxanduva intloko Zemsky log odaka. Kulo mzekelo, lo mdala umabhalane kweliso amapolisa noluntu, olawulwa umsebenzi zemskih sudeek, oomabhalane zemskih kunye Tselovalnikov.

Ukukhethwa nokulawulwa

Umviwa lo msebenzi mkhulu anyuliweyo phakathi balapha anempembelelo esisityebi. Babe noluhlu elungileyo iimeko ukuba ukulungele ukuba amagosa umsebenzi kwikomkhulu, kunye izinduna. Kakade ke, izidwangube ezininzi minor bafuna ukwenza umsebenzi onjalo. wonyulelwa Zemsky kasibonda kuloo ndawo, yaye ukubheka ngqo umyalelo esembindini, ophethe counties ezingqongileyo. Ixesha elide lasted ukusuka kwelinye ukuya kwiminyaka emibini. Kunye nale liphinde linyulwe kwakhona iye yahlaziywa kwaye yonke Zemsky log odaka karhulumente. I Zemsky sibonda idumileyo Alexander Minin.

Ngowe-1699, Zemsky ushicilelo kooronta ezifanayo ezintlanganisweni zamatyala izixeko ezincinane yaseYurophu. sibonda Zemsky waba usodolophu kunye nokwandiswa ebalulekileyo uluhlu imisebenzi yayo. Kodwa kwiindawo ezikude Russian uBukhosi, ifom endala karhulumente wengingqi apho ke. Enye ngokuhlanganisa amaziko karhulumente wengingqi wachitha 1719.

yephondo Yokuhlaziywa komhlaba

Utshintsho kurhulumente kazwelonke kangangeenkulungwane ezimbini (ukusuka kwi-16 ukuya ngenkulungwane ye-18.) Ngaba ngamaxesha athile non-nkqubo umlinganiswa. UPetros wazama ukunika ulawulo ashinyeneyo Russian iintlobo ephucukile yaseYurophu. Kakade ke, akukho apho nokwanela yaseYurophu oomasipala kunoko axelise inkqubo Swedish karhulumente, kodwa enyanisweni yonke amandla nangoku buzinze ezandleni abangene yokumkani. zibonakala abadala Labial namaphandle ukuba alukhethileyo emhlabeni, kodwa ukuba imvume kubo indawo efunekayo umthetho eyahlukileyo kakumkani.

Kutheni zingasebenzi?

oorhulumente City ziye iinguqu imodeli yaseSweden kodwa zemstvo zasemaphandleni njengephempe kabuhlungu zalandela ezintsha. Ngokuyintloko, oku kubangelwe kukunqongophala kwabantu ufundile kunye nempahla izithintelo engqongqo ongenalungelo ukubamba ofisi abakhethwayo kweklasi soyilo. Ngoko ke, abasebenzi abasemagunyeni abatsha asekuhlaleni zithathelwe oomabhalane ezindala kunye Podyachev, abo bangakwazanga kwaye akakwazi ulungise umsebenzi wayo ipateni enikiweyo. Ngoko ke, utshintsho uPetros balapho-urhulumente zange azalisekise imisebenzi yawo, waza waba kuphela umzobo yedwa inkululeko ezikhoyo yaseYurophu.