Ukukhusela Sevastopol ngo-1941-1942. Hero-City Sevastopol

Julayi 3, 1942 ukuziphendulela yobuqhawe usingasiqithi iCrimea, ukuba kwaphumela ilahleko enkulu Olubomvu Army, laphela kokurhoxa amabutho zethu. Esi sishwankathelo Soviet Information Bureau waphawula "inkalipho nokuzincama, umsindo nxamnye abavikeli utshaba kunye nokuzinikela." Iminyaka yokuqala imfazwe banikwa kuthi akukho lula, abakholelwa ekubeni ngokoqobo kwenzeka ntoni nakanye - kwabonakala iphupha eloyikekayo. I licace, kodwa ngaxeshanye kunye nembali ngokubulawa kwale ilizwe wayengena wokhuselo yamaStoyike of Sevastopol ngo-1941-1942. Le ubuqhawe nesibindi wonke umntu lowo inxaxheba kwiziganeko ngaloo mihla, likhulu kakhulu.

Ukuze Wazikrazula Odessa, kodwa gcina eCrimea

Ngo-12 Septemba 1941 amaJamani ndisondela eCrimea. Usingasiqithi yayibaluleke qhinga zombini kuthi aba bahlaseli. Inikezela ngelona umoya indlela ngqo eolini ezivelisa ingongoma eRomania, eyamnika imikhosi Wehrmacht kunye namafutha. Nelahleko zezi ndlela, umoya wethu, ndayihluthwa ubukho iziqhushumbisi watshabalalisa amafutha ka amaJamani, yaye, bona, ungafumana kuphela iimveliso isiRomania yepetroleum, kodwa eSoviet - ukuba uvule indlela eya eCaucasus, zolondolozo zethu. Kwikomkhulu oluBomvu Army waqonda ukubaluleka ezamahala flight moya wamacala elichasayo, ngoko kwagqitywa sokutshintshela iindawo ezongezelelweyo Crimea, siphume kwabo Odessa. Ngoko ke, ukuba usindiso lizwe kwafuneka kubingelela wonke umzi. Battle of Sevastopol, leyo ke kuyimfuneko ukuba ukunqanda semikhosi, wenziwe ndawonye emanzini, umoya kunye nomhlaba.

Ekupheleni kukaSeptemba phantsi amaJamani baba Kiev kwaye uninzi Ukraine, ESmolensk, zonke iindlela eLeningrad, malunga singqingiwe njalo ke imeko lowo ucinga ukuba ibisoyikeka. Ukongeza, kufutshane yotshaba umkhosi kunye nokukhuthaza yayo frisky kakhulu namachibi sathetha ngayo imfazwe elide nzima. Ngo September, xa iimfazwe neendawo zokwakha kunye Kiev bagxothiwe ophandonzulu zantsi Front, ngoku nakwixesha eCrimea kwafika kwiMfazwe Enkulu. Ukukhusela Sevastopol yaba umgca lokugqibela usingasiqithi, ukuba ukhuselo ogama ngempumelelo, nangona kancinane, kodwa gcina i idabi ezikhubekisayo yomkhosi waseJamani.

Ngokutsho Perekop Isthmus

Indlela komhlaba kuphela apho kwenzeka ukuya eCrimea - i Perekop Isthmus. Kuyilwa nxamnye Agasti 51th Ndahluleleni Army, leyo wayephathiswe ukuziphendulela siqithi, Wenza Wehrmacht umkhosi 11. amabutho Soviet umthetho Colonel-General f. Kuznetsov, isiJamani - Commander UErich von Manstein. Ukuze imbeko utshaba, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba kwicala lotshaba Kwabonakala omnye kubathetheli zezona ngcali zinetalente of Hitler. Ngelishwa, kumacala omabini ngaphambili, maxa wambi omnye komnye, alwa abantu ngendlela endilisekileyo ukuba akwazi zikhuphisana ubuchule ngoxolo, ukuba abazange wenza nekati IMfazwe Enkulu Patriotic. Sevastopol and eCrimea nokhuseleko ngokuphathelele oku zingasebenza sisalathisi kwisakhono ngqwayi zomkhosi bemikhosi belinye icala.

I ezahlukileyo Army 51th ibe ngamaqela nomkhosi ezintathu: 276-I phantsi umyalelo Major-Jikelele I. Savinova, 156th, owawukhokelwa uMajor-General P. V.Chernyaev kunye 106th subordinated ku Colonel A . wasisebenzisa. Savinov kwafuneka bakhusele Chongarsky Peninsula Arabat Mothers. Phambi kokuba umsebenzi Chernyaev wayeza ukubamba isikhundla lokugqibela ngqo Perekop neyantlukwano Pervushina Wasolula kunxweme olusemazantsi ukuba Sivash 70 km ukuba abe phezu kwisiza ibloko phambi kwindlela umkhosi waseJamani endleleni eya Sevastopol. 1941 yaba ebalulekileyo yiSoviet Army , hayi kuphela ngokwemigaqo ekhusela eCrimea, kodwa iqondo ukulungiselela imfazwe luphela.

Kwidabi Perekop

Ukongeza nokudubula, kwi 51th Army wangena neembambaniso amahashe, nabo aba amathathu 48-I phantsi umyalelo Major-Jikelele di Averkina, 42th Colonel V. V. Glagoleva and 40 Colonel F. F . Kudyurova. Onke amaqela amathathu 51 Army, kunye th 271 zamabutho Division, umthetho Colonel M. A. Titova kwafuneka ukuba awuthintele uhlaselo itanki kwi Perekop kwisiqwenga somhlaba yaye ungavumeli utshaba nzulu usingasiqithi, nto leyo eye utsha mpi Sevastopol. Ezine Division iCrimea: th 172, we-184 we-320 kunye th 321 - elimgcinayo unxweme. Babawisela, ngokulandelelana, colonels IG Toroptsev, VN abramov, M. Vinogradov kunye I. M. Aliev.

NgoSeptemba 24, amaJamani wahamba lohlaselo. amaqela elihamba ezimbini, zixhaswa yi zokudubula-moya, wazama ukuba atyhudise i Isthmus of Perekop. Ngo September 26 baza bahlasela udonga Turkish waza wasithimba isixeko Armyansk. Gangalala apho kukhuselwe isixeko ezimbini nomkhosi, owamahashe omnye hlula, ezilungiselelwe yi-mkhosi Task Force, uLieutenant-General PI baht ziye ayidalwanga nayiphi na imiqobo ethile umkhosi waseJamani - enamandla kangaka wawulisikizi zabo. Ngo-30 Septemba, amajoni Soviet zashiya izikhundla zabo zangaphambili kunye lweMedia.

Utyeshelo i Taman Peninsula

Ndanyula Ishun isikhundla, ungadlulanga owe-18 Oktobha, xa umkhosi 11 waseJamani iqalise ekhubekisayo entsha, i-9 Rifle lweSizwe kunye Inani leeyunithi ngamnye we-Black Sea Fleet bahlangana yaye ukulungele ukuhlangabezana ifuthe kumdlali welinye icala. Kakade ke, imikhosi abazange ayilungelelene. Iinkokeli ukuziphendulela Sevastopol waqonda ukuba ngaphandle ukusekelwa ukuba siqulathe lohlaselo yomkhosi waseJamani, ukukwenza, kodwa yonke phambi yokulwa bungwanyalala, ulilahle i Ishun isikhundla iiyunithi ezongezelelweyo kwakungekho ndlela.

Balwe, iintsuku ezi-5, apho utshaba watyhala imikhosi Soviet kude kakhulu kwi lo zwe. Not usindiswe isikhundla kunye nenzuzo Maritime Army. Manstein, kunye imikhosi yayo entsha, wawa phambi ngamaqela amabini elihamba, leyo nge-28 Oktobha waphuncuka yokukhusela. iiyunithi Red Army kwanyanzeleka ukuba emke phantsi Sevastopol. Imbali isixeko zazaliswa ezintsha, usizi kunazo zonke iminyaka ubukho yawo amaphepha.

Akuzange kube lula kwaye kufuphi Kerch, nayo leyo amabutho zethu. Zonke eentaba namageduka kule ndawo waba ledabi. Zonke iinzame iRed Army ukuzuza zintshula kwi Kerch Peninsula ayiphumelelanga - 42th German Army Corps of amaqela amathathu woyisa umkhosi omkhulu 51th Army wethu, yaye ngoNovemba 16 kwi Taman Peninsula babalekiswa ukuba ithathele kuyo lokusinda. esizayo Isixeko Sevastopol kunye Kerch azi amandla epheleleyo Wehrmacht. Ukuba atyhudise, abheke emdeni ngasezantsi eCrimea, umkhosi waseJamani iye kwakhona i 54 Army lweSizwe, olu sapho lwaluquka ngamaqela amabini nomkhosi kunye zokucima ezizimoto, kwaye 30 Nomkhosi lweSizwe, eliquka naye ngamaqela amabini elihamba.

Kwi Iindlela Sevastopol

amandla ivaleke ekuqaleni imfazwe umele Sevastopol yoKhuselo Region (COP), nto leyo mhlawumbi yeyona ndawo ezinqatyisiweyo kwintsimi yaseYurophu. Ezi ziquka emplacements eziliqela elinesibini gun, pillboxes enqatyisiweyo, minefields, inqaba, sixhobe ezinkulu-ukuvuleka zokudubula, okanye, njengoko zazibizwa ngaloo mihla, bronebashennye ibhetri (BB). Ukukhusela Sevastopol ngo-1941-1942 lwathatha iinyanga eziliqela, ubukhulu becala ngenxa ukuya kwindawo enqatyisiweyo kakhulu ukuzithethelela.

Kuyo yonke Novemba amadabi-41 zaye walwa kwi ngaphandle zikude mzi. WezoKhuselo lweSizwe wabamba Black Sea Fleet, njengoko Army 51 Army ngelo xesha ekusingasiqithi ke beziphantse ukumka - baye babalekiswa. Inkxaso elihamba ngabanye anti-moya, iiyunithi zokudubula kunye noqeqesho, kunye iibhetri elunxwemeni. Ezigudle unxweme kunye iintsalela iyantlukwano Soviet agalelwa kula manqanaba ezi abavikeli mzi, kodwa ayikho. Ngoko ke ngokukhuselekileyo sithi ukuba wokhuselo yobuqhawe Sevastopol ngo-1941-1942. Oku kwenziwa kuphela yi-Sea Black.

iqela yiSoviet ngoNovemba ngu 20,000 oomatiloshe. Kodwa ku-Chief yereyithi wabona indlela ekubaluleke ngayo ukuba ugcine emdeni yokugqibela eCrimea kunye Sevastopol ikampu balomeleza iinxalenye Maritime Army, ngaphambili wathethelela Odessa, owawukhokelwa uMajor-General I. E. Petrov.

Baphosa ukusekelwa elwandle, kuba ayikho enye indlela engasekho. kukhoyo ikampu Uyalwa akwazi niwuzalise eqela labasebenzi 36000th, eziliqela imipu amakhulu, kwabuzwa eetoni iimbumbulu, amatanki kunye nezinye izixhobo. Ukususela 9 ukuya kowe-11 kuNovemba, umkhosi Wehrmacht ikwazile bayingqonga ngokupheleleyo Sevastopol emhlabeni, nangemihla-10 ezayo kwiindawo eziliqela zivule kumnombo ukuzithethelela. Emva koko, kule ukungqubana kwemihla kwabakho ikhefu.

phambi united

Isixeko Sevastopol Kerch Ngaloo mihla enzima zomkhosi kwilizwe efumene ukungafi labo ngeendleko yokuphulukana amawaka abavikeli ebinezinto amandla okumelana utshaba ngumkhosi onamandla. Emva kokuba senze elifutshane, umlo waqala eCrimea kunye mercilessness ekhethekileyo ngemihla yokuqala ka-Januwari 1942. Ixesha awayephantsi ngesiRomania Evpatoria qhankqalazo waqhekeza imibutho balapha kunye zavuthwa noko iikhompawundi yabanqolobi. January 5 eso sixeko kudluliselwa iparashute emdeni Black Sea Fleet.

Uloyiso kwakuqala bazisa umanyano encinane imikhosi Soviet - ekampini isiRomania egxothiweyo komzi. Kodwa abavikeli noludumileyo yaba-obufutshane: NgoJanuwari 7, bawurhuqa oovimba, amaJamani yoyisa inxalenye iparashute. Uninzi amajoni ethu kwikhompyutha. Lost waba isixhobo. Ekuveleni Alushta - Sevastopol, leyo kudala wabamba imikhosi yokhuselo, nayo ngoku esingethwe yiJamani. Ukususela ngoku, onke amathemba abo kunxweme, apho ixesha elide wenziwe ngokuthembekileyo ukukhusela Sevastopol. Days of cwaka kwakungekho phantse akukho neziqhushumbisi yesixeko njalo.

Phantsi izithonga ye Luftwaffe

Esi sixeko, ngaphandle zokudubula, Manstein bephosa amandla akhe strike - i Luftwaffe. Army Group "South", olu sapho lwaluquka ezimbini angaphathi lomoya, ababalwayo malunga 750 moya, yaye yaxhasa Navy German. Kuba lokufakwa epheleleyo losingasiqithi iCrimea uHitler bayisindisile akukho iteknoloji okanye kubasebenzi. Fifth Air Corps Luftwaffe waphoswa e Sevastopol nje ebusika yokuqala 1941, kwaye kwangoko May 42 th le ndlela ebulalayo akwazi ukusebenza komhlaba, eyayibanjelwe yi Manstein, inxaso. Ukuvikela Sevastopol 1941-1942 iminyaka, nangona yenkcaso nesibindi oomatiloshe Sea Black, yathatha ixesha elide emva kokuba isixeko lathatha phantsi moya yotshaba. Ngokukodwa ekubeni ube nje eli candelo ngaphambili Yasikwa neyesibhozo Air lweSizwe, owawukhokelwa W. von Rihtgoffen. UHitler wamisela omnye iinjengele okusemandleni akhe ukuba imisebenzi kakhulu entsonkothileyo kakhulu emhlabeni.

Heroes of Sevastopol zokhuselo, amaxhoba kunye abasindileyo iimfazwe bungwanyalala, ekwabelwana iinkumbulo iziqhushumbisi nokusingelwa phantsi kweso sixeko. moya Luftwaffe Daily lehle e Sevastopol iziqhushumbisi eliphezulu-umonakalo ngetoni nganye. Ukuya ku 600 tyeshelo zomkhosi zethu zarekhodwa yonke imihla. Total iye kwakhona iitoni ngaphezulu ezibini nesiqingatha iwaka naweebhombu, kuquka ezinkulu-ukuvuleka - up ukuya eekhilogram eziliwaka ngalinye.

Lonke igunya German - le mfundiso sisithuko dolophu

Nabanqobi ezihlawulwa iinqaba irhafu zokudubula of Sebastopol. Ngoko elide wamelana ngamaxesha imikhosi emi iqela kungaba kuphela xa kukho iinqaba ixesha elide kanye njengokuba eCrimea baba. Ukuze ubatshabalalise, amaJamani kwafuneka ukusebenzisa enkulu-abanjalo zokudubula zokungqinga. Phezu kwamakhulu amabini iiseli, olu sapho lwaluquka ngemipu enzima, Manstein zicwangciswe ubude umgca kweekhilomitha ezili-22. Ngaphandle howitzers enzima 300 mm ne-350 mm zilandelayo kunye iinjini zokungqinga superheavy 800 mm.

Germany ngasese, ingakumbi impumelelo kwicala Sebastopol, sindise ubunzima elipheleleyo isixhobo ngaphezu kweetoni eziliwaka. ise Its emaweni kude Bakhchisarai. Against igunya elinjalo ke akwenzeki ukusinda. Abathathi-nxaxheba ye wawalwela Sevastopol waxelelwa ukuba zavaleka iindlebe efana kunye nomkhosi etshabalalisayo akukho sixhobo.

Kangangexesha elide imikhosi yaseJamani bengakwazi kuhla umzi - kuthintele luqalile, imozulu kunye ukungabikho isicwangciso ngokucacileyo kokuhlaselwa. Kodwa yonke into sesilungile entwasahlobo ka-1942. Kuba storm ehlotyeni umkhosi 11 waseJamani waqinisa izakhiwo ezintandathu ezintsha: i-54, th 30, 42 th, 7 we-isiRomania, umoya-8-isiRomania kunye 8. Njengoko kubonakala inkcazelo imizimba, yaye abantu emhlabeni kunye nomoya.

I ring umlilo

On Kerch siqithi obekwe 42th kunye 7 lweSizwe, babeza isetyenziselwe imisebenzi emhlabeni aze angene edabini kuphela indawo amaqela ezaphukileyo. 4 Mining and 46th elihamba babeza liqalise kwinqanaba lokugqibela edabini, ukuze utshaba babenezahlulo ezine kunye nemikhosi fresh noko elaneleyo lokufakwa lokugqibela umzi. Ngoko ke kwathi - phantsi koxinzelelo kakhulu evela iiyunithi German naphezu iintsuku eziliqela ukuziphendulela Sevastopol. IMfazwe Yehlabathi II yathatha kuphela ngonyaka, kwakukho kusekho ilahleko ezintathu okanye eentloko ezaxhobela Soviet omnye phambi kuphela site iCrimea baba kakhulu. Kodwa ukuyeka amabutho esitha, akukho namnye wacinga - ukuba ukumelana wokugqibela. Saqonda ukuba kwidabi iya kuba luyingozi kakhulu, kodwa isiphetho yena wabona.

Ngokulungiselela ukuba iilahleko ezinkulu kunye Wehrmacht. Umyalelo we-11 Army, ukongeza efihliweyo kwi ngaphandle Sevastopol isicelo reserve evela abasebenzi ngakumbi nomkhosi ezintathu kunye anti-moya regiments zokudubula ezimbalwa. Division iiyunithi ezintathu esingazihambeliyo, nomkhosi itanki eyahlukileyo asiwe kunye ibhetri nemipu super enzima belinde kwamaphiko.

Kwiminyaka emininzi kamva, xa abaphandi iMfazwe Yehlabathi Second wasishwankathela idabi ukuba wehla kwimbali njengoko woKhuselo of Sevastopol ka-1941-1942, kwaye kwacaca ukuba loo ukusetyenziswa omkhulu umoya kunye zokudubula Hitler wasebenzisa lonke kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II.

Njengoko ukuba umlinganiselo lokuSetyenziswa kwaMandla oLuntu, ngoko ekuqaleni yokuzikhusela, ngokutsho iingcali, kwaba phantse ngokulinganayo kuloo mntu, ukuba elinye icala ngaphambili. Kodwa ngehlobo lika 1942, eli ukongama ngamanani umkhosi waseJamani iye ihlaliswe. Ukuhlasela tsotsololo Sevastopol yaqala ngoJuni 7, kodwa phantse inyanga, amajoni eSoviet bayenza ukuziphendulela.

Ukuhlasela

Phantse kwiveki yokuqala lonke ngxabano ongenalusini akuthethi esetsha. Kakhulu nabakholose pillboxes inqaba, oomatiloshe Sea Black ithunzi ukuxhathisa ezibulalayo - amajoni Wehrmacht babulawe ngaphandle Sevastopol iqashiso.

Kwidabi ukuba itshintshe longquzulwano, yenzeke Juni 17 kwicandelo esemazantsi. AmaJamani abaye sikhundla, owaziwa imbali i "Indlwane Yokhozi", waza waya emazantsi entaba-elifut-. Ngexesha ezinqabileyo "Stalin", abagcina ukuziphendulela kwicala langasentla, ukuba sele ifakiwe amajoni aseJamani. Yaba Mekenzievy kunye nokuphakama ezandleni zabo. Xa ngokuhlwa, a iinqaba kuthe phambili, phakathi kwabo i "Mxim Gorky-1" njengoko ibizwa ngokuba yi-amaJamani, esinebhetri BB-30. Zonke North Bay wayekwazi ngoku ngokukhululekileyo phantsi bombardment rhoqo yi zokudubula waseJamani. Nge BB-30 usekela ilahleko ibhetri ezilahlekileyo adibane rhoqo Red Army, ibekwe ecaleni ngaphambili. Yaba ukunikezelwa engenakwenzeka emthethweni kunye ukusekelwa. Kodwa ring wokhuselo sangaphantsi nangoku yingozi yiJamani.

unxweme olusemazantsi of North Bay kwaqinisa ngobulungisa uqhwithela olunamandla oko mitsi, ngaphandle uqeqesho Committe, Manstein akabanga nabuganga. Wenza ubhejo phezu Bamangaliswa into, ukunqanda ilahleko eninzi kakhulu. Ebusuku ukusuka 28 th ukuya 29 th ka June, izikhephe nangaliphi tu sawa phambili yinxalenye 30 Corps wenzeka weza bay waza waqalisa ukuhlasela. Ngu ngokuhlwa ngoJuni 30 wathathwa Malakoff.

Ngaba abavikeli bephelelwa iimbumbulu kunye nokutya, siye sagqiba ukuba kuphunywe ngobungxamo kwindawo ireyithi ephezulu kunye nabaphathi abaphezulu kulawulo Sevastopol imikhosi zokhuselo kunye ntliziyo iqela yesixeko. Oku ngokulondoloza oomatiloshe, amajoni, kuquka kwabangxwelerhiweyo, kwakunye ukwehlisa amagosa akazange aye ...

ukulahlekelwa amanani ezimbi

Isicwangciso kuthuthwa nempumelelo ekusebenziseni moya, lweenqanawa ezintywilayo kunye izikhephe ukukhanya ke impahla Black Sea Fleet. Bonke asuswa usingasiqithi malunga 700 ulawulo aphezulu umkhosi, moya kusiwa eCaucasus lisekhona malunga namakhulu amabini abantu. amawaka aliqela Abaqhubi benqanawa leyo bakwazi kubhidla abe zizilonda izitya kwemiphunga le. Ukususela ngoJulayi 1, wawalwela Sevastopol kwakungenakwenzeka wayeka. Kwezinye zazineepanele kunjalo beva isandi enomsindo, kodwa zasekuhlaleni. Ekhohlo recaps Maritime Army wafudukela Cape Chersonese, apho iintsuku ezintathu gqolo wayichasa utshaba. Kumlo ukungalingani wabulala amawaka abavikeli iCrimea, abanye ekuthinjweni. Esekwe kukhunjulwa ezo ziganeko Imbasa ukuze woKhuselo of Sevastopol wafumana abasindileyo abambalwa. Njengoko ingxelo lijelo yakhe Umyalelo zesiJamani kwi Cape Chersonese bakwazi ukufaka ngaphezu kwesinye ikhulu lamawaka amajoni Soviet Noomateloshe, kodwa Manstein wakhanyela le nkcazelo, esithi amabanjwa malunga namashumi amane amawaka kuphela. Ngokutsho data eSoviet, umkhosi ezilahlekileyo 78.230 abasinde amajoni abathinjiweyo. Idatha kwiingalo kakhulu zahlukile kwezo baye banikwa umyalelo lwabo German.

Ekubeni ilahleko Sevastopol imeko Red Army zibe sendleleni kakhulu, ukuba ngemihla xa isixeko imikhosi bethu bangena abaphumeleleyo. Kwathi esimnandi 1944, yaye ngaphambi aba iinyanga elide lemfazwe kwaye imayela ...