Ngubani owavela ntaka, ngawuphi unyaka?

Njengoko imbali ibonisa, umbhali lwezinto ezininzi ezibalulekileyo ezingathanga lula okanye nzima ukuyifaka. Ngapha koko, le ngcamango inye ukwasuleleka ngabantu ababelana leminyaka okanye amawaka eekhilomitha. Oku kuyinyaniso malunga umbuzo owasungula ntaka yokuqala, njengoko kwakusazeka ukuba abaninzi abanetalente izazinzulu, iinjineli kunye nabayili, banyusa ingqiqo ezahlukeneyo nokudalwa moya kunye isuka nkqo.

prehistory

Ithi kanye ngonyaka owavela le ntaka, kunzima ngokwaneleyo njengoko kunzima ukumisela kwinqanaba reference. Ukuba sithethe malunga ingcamango ifowuni uphakanyiselwa nkqo kwi phezulu iqhosha lemenyu kwamaphiko, ingxelo ebhaliweyo kakhulu ngalo mbandela kwiminyaka engaphezu kwe-1600. Kwakugcwele yokudlala umntwana lizwana ngokohlobo unamathela ngesilungelelanisi phezu isiphelo, nto leyo ska phakathi ezintendeni, ukujikeleza eziqhotyoshelweyo baze bakhululwa, emva kwayo gqaba lenyuka phezulu. Nasiphi na isicelo ngokoqobo kwalo fyabo ukuba akubanga, kwaye sezilityelwe.

Leonardo da Vinci

Nangona igama ubungqondi inkulu Renaissance khange abonakale phakathi kwabo babiziweyo ekuphenduleni umbuzo owasungula ntaka, ngenye imizobo eyenziwe ngesandla sakhe 1475, kukho inqwelomoya kunye elijikelezayo enkulu. Leonardo wacebisa ukuba indlela enjalo kwafuneka zikhululeni nkqo, ukuba bendiza ihamba, usebenzisa amandla dystrophy lokuhlola.

M. Lomonosov

Emva kweminyaka 270, kukho indlela yokuba abakwazi ngokuba ngere- mini-ntaka, lwasungulwa eRashiya. Umbhali balo uMikhail Lomonosov, ngubani wagqiba ukwenza umatshini ekwaziyo yokukhulisa ukuya phezulu ithemomitha ezinkulu kunye nezinye izixhobo eziyimfuneko uphando zemozulu. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba kwakukho wada wenza umzekelo oqala indlela emthonjeni, kodwa iimvavanyo zawo asiphumelelanga. Enoba lwalunjani, nangona kungekho sizathu sokukholelwa ukuba kuqala owasungula le ntaka M. Lomonosov owavela kubo siseko intlawulo torque yovukelo kwi-moya rotary-Iphiko isasetyenziswa nangoku kwaye kuthathwa ukuba kube Classic elaziwayo.

Lo moya wokuqala nkqo

Ngowe-1860, e-France ngu G. Ponton d'Amekur wadala moya aeronef, owaba Screw ezimbini yafakwa waza mayixhotyiswe injini. iimvavanyo zakhe zaba yimpumelelo, kwaye imoto ebengenako ukwenza i lift nkqo njengoko Umsunguli yayo wayenethemba.

Le meko nokufika iinjini ipetroli ezibe zinamandla ngakumbi, nobunzima umphunga ngaphantsi. September 29, 1907 ebebambe moya wokuqala nkqo. Wenza Gyroplane yaqonda, eyakhiwa Louis uJacques Breguet ngenkxaso theoretical component uNjingalwazi S. Ndikhula. Yena wathatha elingaphantsi komzuzu. Lo matshini wabangela ukuba kude yomhlaba cm-50 kuphela. Nangona impumelelo, iingcali zikholelwa ukuba impendulo yombuzo ngubani owavela ntaka, awukwazi ukubiza amagama kwabayili Gyroplane, njengoko kungalawulwa ngomoya wakhe, kwaye iyunithi ngokwalo ku yokubuyisa ixesha wayekhwele ngomnxeba.

Lo moya wokuqala andize

Ngowe-1907, engumFrentshi Paul Cornu waba ngowokuqala owasungula ntaka, eziphakamise umdali wayo emoyeni. Lo matshini ibalekile imizuzwana-2 kuphela kwaye ifikelele kubude-50 cm. Kulo mzekelo, Cornu wazama ukulawula isixhobo, kodwa ayikwazi ukuba waphumelela.

Imbali elandelayo kokusungulwa ntaka

Iminyaka emininzi, abayili kunye iinjineli Ababa nako ukusombulula ingxaki zokulawula moya enjalo. Kwathi qwenge ngo-1911 xa B. N. Yurev nguye owasungula ntaka kunye plane nomsila. Le ndlela yokugqibela kusetyenziswa xa kusakhiwa moya unanamhla.

Ngowe-1922 UNjingalwazi G. Botezat ukuba emva revolution, bathutha eRashiya ukuya USA, eyakhiwe umyalelo US Army yokuqala izinzile ntaka elilawulwa ehlabathini. Noko ke, liphuma umoya nomphakamo 5 m, ingaba imizuzu embalwa apha emoyeni.

Kuyanda entsimini ntaka

iirekhodi eziliqela ngokuba ixesha kunye noluhlu zasiwa kule minyaka izayo. Phakathi kwazo kukho ezi:

• Record Argentina i Raul Paterasa Pescara, baboyisa indiza lomgama zoyilo yakhe 736 m;
• ixesha elide ngelo xesha (1924) ixesha ngohambo imizuzu 7 no 40 imizuzwana, indoda egqibeleleyo engumFrentshi E. Emishenom;
• irekhodi Italian ntaka D'Ascanio, baboyisa umgama km kwama-1 ngo-1930;
• irekhodi speed (100 km / h) zicwangciswa 1935 moya godu Gyroplane.

Ngubani owavela ntaka yokuqala ehlabathini?

Kukholelwa ukuba impendulo yalo mbuzo kufuneka kubizwa igama sesayensi moya ingcibi Igorya Ivanovicha Sikorskogo. Kudala phambi kokuba kusungulwe indalo yakhe eziphambili - ntaka imveliso yokuqala yehlabathi - wadala kakhulu ngelo xesha injini-4 moya 'Russian Vityaz ". Ukongeza, naye kokwabo igunya umba kuyilo seaplanes Intambo.

Emva ngo-1931, Sikorsky inelungelo elilodwa lomenzi ephaphazelayo iprojekthi kumatshini, ukwakhiwa apho ngokuyimfuneko kakhulu ezahlukene evela imifuziselo ntaka esetyenziswayo namhlanje. Ngokukodwa, wacebisa ukusetyenziswa bendiza 2: i eziphambili - phezu kwendlu kunye nenkxaso - on nomsila.

I yokuqala ntaka Esalingwayo Sikorsky - VS-300, olawulwa yi ngokwakhe, wathabatha yesa esibhakabhakeni 1939. Kwakugcwele umbhobho enkulu ububanzi kuhlinzwa moya evulekileyo ukuba umqhubi. -Moya sasinokungena neelitha 65. a. yaye yanikwa Lycoming, 3-ejikelezayo eziphambili plane blade.

inkqubela engakumbi Sikorski

Phakathi ku-intwasahlobo ka-1941 moya wenza inkcazo-ntetho-ntaka yokuqala emanzini ehlabathini ukuba zidade kwisisu semoto, nto leyo nenguqulo sele kakuhle eyaziwayo ngelo xesha lo moya VS-300. Ntaka wayisusa wayibeka phezu kwamanzi kuwela ngokukhuselekileyo emhlabeni. Ubizo lwathatha 1 iyure nemizuzu engama-35, kwaye isantya bafikelela 100 km ngeyure.

Emva koko, lo umyili-moya uye wadala iintlobo-18-ntaka, ezibe ngobuninzi zaveliswa. Ngaphezu koko, baye zenzelwe imodeli turbine, nasezweni gear elakhiwe Cyber, kwakunye ekuthiwa-milenge eziphaphazelayo. Ntaka, yenziwe yi Sikorsky, bathwalwa iinqwelo Intambo kwaye transpacific kunye kokufaka emoyeni. Umatshini EGI esetyenziselwa iinjongo ezahlukeneyo. umsebenzi wakhe ngaphambi kokuba umhlala Sikorski sele lisigqibile indalo S-58 ntaka, uthathwa ukuba ntaka intle sizukulwana 1.

Ngoku uyazi ukuba kutheni Kucingelwa ukuba Igor Sikorsky owavela ntaka yokuqala. Oku akuthethi ukuba aluphambuki ukufaneleka ezinye iinjineli kunye nabayili abaye wanikezela iminyaka emininzi yobomi bakhe kwindalo kunye nokuphuculwa rotorcraft.