Kwakutheni ukuze Turks awuyithandi i Armenia? Genocide Armenian ka 1915

Ngaba ucinga baseTurkey wayiqaphela Genocide Armenian? Hayi, akukho mntu ufuna zikhuthaza intiyo yobuhlanga. Kweli nqaku siza kuzama ukufumanisa oko kwenzeka kude 1915.

nezimo zengqondo

Uninzi lwabantu abasebenza okanye kubomi bemihla ngemihla ejongene Armenia, unomona umanyano lwabo. Abanye bathi ukuba Armenia abahlala kwintsimi encinane ukuba akukho mntu ke uqondayo ulwimi lwabo. ngoko kucingwa: loo nto abantu zicwangciswe kakuhle.

ukuphika

Kwakutheni ukuze Turks awuyithandi i Armenia? Kutheni na bayalibona kohlanga bantu? Makhe sibone oko kwenzekayo eTurkey ngo-1915. Kungekudala emva kokuba lizwe wangena leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi, onke amagosa zokunyanzelisa umthetho, kwakunye amajoni Armenia babanjwa waza wadubula kunye namanye amalungu eentsapho (Eastern isithethe endala).

Bebonke isiphelo sinye okwandihlelayo zonke Armenia abadumileyo abahlala Istanbul. Emva koko, ukutshatyalaliswa ubunzima uhlanga, owayehlala basonge kumhlaba Turkish. KwamaJuda lavakala kweli lizwe, nto leyo yakhokelela ekubeni kubulawe abantu abayinxalenye yesigidi kulo lonke.

Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba yinxalenye Ottoman kunye Western Armenia yinxalenye yommandla kumiwa hi enye Armenia nesiqingatha sesigidi. Bonke bephela babulawe. Kubulawa lwaqhutywa phantsi Isaci: "Ukuze kutshabalalisa abantu kuyimfuneko, kwaye iigadi kunye zezityalo akazukuyibamba."

Gardens Turks igcinwe ngenxa Kurds, owathi kamva bahlala kula mazwe. Ngenxa Western Armenia egqibile ubukho balo liye libe yinxalenye Turkish सुटणें ugwetyelo. NaseMpuma yaguquka yaba sisiCwangciso-Armenia yanamhlanje.

Emva Ataturk - osindise neentlanga nabantu eziphathekayo, wangumlawuli, yasekwa ikhomishini inxaxheba kuphando lwe Genocide Armenian. Ekuhambeni umsebenzi wayo izigqibo zilandelayo:

• Abahlali of Western Armenia anqamka, kodwa mmandla. Ngokungqinelana nemigangatho yehlabathi umthetho, kufuneka zibuyiselwe elizweni.
• ETurkey, Armenia wahlala kancinane (ubuninzi amakhulu amabini amawaka). yaqalisa imfazwe, kwaye aba bantu, ubuqhophololo kunye odla ezimdaka enihleli igazi kuye kwavusa zeenkcuba ezininzi.
• abantu Turkish Nomonde - abantu umphefumlo ebanzi, ngoko nangoko ungakhohlwa nanzondo. Xa Ottoman ngelo xesha usapho emanyeneyo sezizwe wakha uluntu elitsha ezintle. Ngoko ke akukho mbuzo kohlanga kwaye ngeke.

Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba eTurkey Akuvunyelwe ukukhankanya ubukho Western Armenia. Phantsi komthetho Turkish, iingxelo uluntu malunga kululwaphulo-mthetho. Le mbono na indawo esemthethweni lizwe ukususela ngexesha Ataturk kunye namhlanje.

kohlanga Armenian

Amaninzi ukuphendula umbuzo kutheni Turks ongayithandiyo Armenia. Le kohlanga yalungiselelwa yaza yaphunyezwa ngo-1915 kwimimandla kweliso incam yaloo Ottoman. Imbokodo olwenziwe i ukugxothwa kunye intshabalalo emzimbeni, kuquka ukuhamba abahlali kwi-atmosfere, esa entshabalalweni kunqandwa.

Kutheni Day Memorial eArmenia uthathwa ukuba usuku ebalulekileyo? Le Mboniselo iza kuxutyushwa ngakumbi, yaye ngoku ukuchaza ngokweenkcukacha to- loo minyaka. Genocide Armenian kwenzeka kwizigaba ezininzi: nokunciphisa ngamajoni, ukugxothwa bakhethe abantu abavela kwiindawo umda, ukugxothwa ubunzima kunye kwanokupheliswa yabemi, ukuqaliswa kwe-mthetho nokuhlaliswa. Abanye ababhali-mbali ziquka kwizenzo umkhosi Turkish kaThixo eCaucasus ngowe-1918, okubulala lo 1890s, kwabulawa laseSmirna.

Abaququzeleli ingqalelo iinkokheli baseTurkey Young Cemal, uEnver kunye Talaat, kwakunye yintloko "Special Umbutho" shakir Behaeddin. Kule Ottoman, kubekho ngokutshatyalaliswa Pontian kwamaGrike Asiriya, kunye kohlanga abantu bamandulo. Uninzi zaseDiaspora Armenian ehlabathini kwabunjwa ukuba ubaleka emka ummandla Ottoman zabantu.

Ngelo xesha, umbhali Raphael Lemkin yaphakanyiswa elithi "kohlanga", nto leyo nkolelo kunye nokubulawa ubunzima Armenia kummandla Turkish namaYuda kumazwe bengamabanjwa German ngamaNazi. Ukutshatyalaliswa Armenia - elesibini imbali yophando isenzo kohlanga ukususela the Holocaust. Xa kuthethwa adibeneyo we-24 Meyi 1915 amazwe Amanyeneyo (Russia, i-United Kingdom kunye France) yeyona ukutshatyalaliswa ubunzima ngqa yeembali yathatyathwa njengolwaphulo mthetho kuluntu.

iimeko

Ngoku sifumanisa yintoni kwimvelaphi yezembali le kohlanga kwakhokelwa ngabantu bamandulo. yohlanga Armenian kuvuthwa ku VI BC kwinkulungwane. e. emasimini Armenian kunye nempuma Turkey, kummandla yinkolelo Lake Van kunye Ararati. Co. II BC leminyaka. e. Armenia phantsi kwegunya Artashes ukumkani I simanyene ukwenza imo Great Armenia. Lo mmandla inkulu inawo zolawulo * uKhesare ngayo Tigran II Enkulu, xa amagunya akhe ndawo nizahlukanisile emEfrati, Palestine kunye gaa ngolwandle entshonalanga ukuya kuLwandle lweCaspian empumalanga.

Ekuqaleni le IV. n. e. (Umhla Common - iminyaka 301), eli lizwe (owokuqala ehlabathini) lamkele ngokusesikweni ubuKristu njengoko inkolo yombuso. Oonobumba Armenian yadalwa 405 ngabaphengululi Mesrop Mashtots, kwaye yabhalwa kwinkulungwane V ulwimi entsha yeBhayibhile.

ukusekwa Orthodox yaba yeyonanto enxulumene abantu Armenian emva yokuphulukana kwinkqubo karhulumente, kwaye Apostolic Church iye ibe liziko enkulu yobomi yesizwe.

Ngo-428, i- Armenia Enkulu sele egqibile ukhona, kwaye kwinkulungwane VII, amazwe zasentshona olawulwa yi amaByzantine, kwaye East - namaPersi. Ukususela phakathi VII kwinkulungwane, inxalenye onomtsalane kweli lizwe ikwazile Arabhu. umbuso Armenian kwi 860s phantsi kolawulo Bagratuni Dynasty wabuyela ulongamo yayo. AmaByzantine ngo-1045 wayithimba Ani - ikomkhulu eli lizwe. Prince URuben I ngowe-1080 waseka Armenian uBukumkani eKilikiya, Levon II kunye Prince ngo-1198 wathabatha kwisihloko yokumkani.

Mamluks engumYiputa 1375 wayithimba yelaseKiliki, kunye namandla elizimeleyo yaphela. impixano Church Armenia, abangazange afune ukuyeka ubuKristu ebudeni ngesinyanzeliso emininzi Muslims (amaPersi, Turks Oguz kunye Seljuks, i Arab IAbbasid) kwi ummandla yezembali eArmenia, amazwe kwenqwaba iimfazwe ebuhlungu kuye kwakhokelela ekwehleni kwenani labantu kula mazwe.

Umba Armenian and Turkey

Kanti ke, kutheni Turks awuyithandi i Armenia? Ukuhlala kwi Ottoman, baba na amaSilamsi ngoko ingqalelo dhimmis - abemi yodidi lwesibini. Armenia uhlawule irhafu enkulu, abazange bavunyelwe ukuba aphathe umpu. Ke lowo ukuguquka Orthodox, andinalungelo enkundleni ubungqina.

Kakade ke, kunzima ukuphendula umbuzo kutheni Turks ongayithandiyo Armenia. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba 70% ohlala Ottoman batshutshiswa ebukumkanini babantu, ibe amafama ahluphekileyo. Nangona kunjalo, indlela yamaMuslim italente ubuqili ngempumelelo Armenian zorhwebo kunye ukusasazeka umxhelo konke konke, ngaphandle kokukhetha, abameli uhlanga. Ubutshaba enomfutho ukhuphiswano izibonelelo kwicandelo lezolimo kunye iingxaki zingalungiswa kwezentlalo ezixekweni.

Ezi zenzo thiya ukuthontelana amaSilamsi ukusuka eCaucasus - i abathutha (emva Turkish-Russian kunye abaseAfrika War of 1877-78) kunye namazwe Balkan imini yamva. Refugees wagxothwa amaKristu imimandla zabo, waziqhawula ububi Orthodox yasekuhlaleni. Amabango of Armenia kwi ukhuseleko ngokuhlangeneyo kwaye lobuqu ukwehla engumzekelo isikhundla sabo kummandla Ottoman kwakhokelela ukuvela kwi "umba Armenian" njengenxalenye ingxaki jikelele ngakumbi empuma.

Turks and Armenia - izizwe alwayo. Kummandla Erzurum ngo-1882 eyasekwayo omnye nemibutho yokuqala Armenia - "Enterprise Agricultural", eyenzelwe ukukhusela abantu ukuphanga esenziwe Kurds kunye nezinye mbuya. Iqela lokuqala lezopolitiko "Armenakan" yadalwa 1885. iqonga yakhe ibandakanya ukufunyanwa oomasipala self-ukuzimisela kwabantu ngoncedo ze nemfundo, kwakunye nobuchule yasemkhosini ukujongana nangoloyikiso karhulumente.

Ngowe-1887, kwakukho ibloko lwentlalo lwentando yesininzi "Hnchakyan 'ababefuna ukunceda revolution okukhulula Turkish eArmenia kunye nokudala lorhulumente wenkqubo yobuSoshali geqe. Ngo Tiflis ngo-1890 ukuba kwaqhutywa nkongolo lokuqala manyano olukhulu - "Dashnaktsutyun", iprogram ecacisa ukuzimela ngaphakathi kwemida Ottoman, ukulingana kunye nenkululeko bonke abemi, yaye kwicandelo loluntu wabhekisela isiseko Thethani yamahlwempu njengoba izibonelelo ezisisiseko uluntu olutsha.

Ukubulawa kule minyaka 1894-1896

Ngokubulawa kwabantu Armenia yaqala ngo-1894, kwaqhubeka de-1896. Kwakukho kubulawa e Istanbul, Van kunye indawo Sasun, ezaba namkhusane ubhavumo Armenia amavila. Kuzo zonke iingingqi ubukhosi ngo-1895, amakhulu amawaka imiphefumlo ziphangiwe. iqondwe incinci kakhulu igazi linyathelo yesibini. Ipesenti inxaxheba kulawulo ngokubulala deployment iseyeyona ingxoxo ngumsindo.

Ukulungiswa kwanokupheliswa kwalo Armenia

Mhlawumbi Turks kohlanga Armenian yaqala, njengoko kwakufuneka sikhangele lophawu olutsha emva Revolution "İttihat 'eyenzeka ngo-1908. ubunye Ottoman yasebukhosini iye phantsi yi-siseko, apho umyinge amalungelo iintlobo ngeentlobo abemi Ports izikhondo Turks ubume ngamandla amakhulu. Ukongeza, le ideology kukunika kwi kwimigaqo ngxwaba imfundiso Islamic kunye pan-Turkism. Xa Ekuveleni indawo yehlabathi Islamic kujongele phantsi ukuba uNkulunkulu akekho enesihlwitha "İttihat" kwaye ubukho kwilizwe elikufuphi Shiite wasePersi.

Imbongi kunye nokuhlalisana Gekalp Zia yaqulunqa imigaqo ngokwendlela apho ubukumkani Ottoman inxaxheba leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi. Nguye lo ideologist inelona futhe likhulu baseTurkey Young. iimbono zakhe yandisa ukuba Turan ilizwe, apho kwakuhlala Muslims Turkish abathetha. Wayekholelwa ukuba indawo Turan kwafuneka ukulungiselela lonke uluhlu iqela lohlanga. Lo msebenzi phantse ishenxisa netyurok nje kuphela oorhulumente kodwa oluntu. Kwaba engamkelekanga ukuba Armenia kunye nabanye abambalwa kazwelonke Turkey.

Pan-Turkism yeyona lula kakhulu ukuba abemi eziphambili ubukhosi, leyo, njengokuba iye yamkela ulawulo esisiseko phantse zonke iinkokheli "İttihat". Armenia elizibiza, kuqala kwiinto zonke, isikhundla yonqulo. Mhlawumbi, baba ephosakeleyo, ekholelwa ukuba Turkism ngaphezu Islam.

Ngexesha leMfazwe Balkan ngo-1912 ukuba abantu becala akathandi kwimigaqo ka Ottomanism, namajoni Armenian (ntliziyo angaphezu kwama-8000) siyidlalile indima ebalulekileyo kumkhosi Turkish. Uninzi amajoni, ukususela amabali unozakuzaku yaseBritani, wabonisa inkalipho. Ngaphezu koko, iibhloko Armenian "ARF" yaye "Hnchakyan" intonga yesinyithi anti-Ottoman ngokwembono.

kohlanga Turkish of Armenia abafuni ukubona. Yaye unokuqala njani? Ngowe-1914, ngoAgasti 2, Turkey iye ingene kwisivumelwano eyimfihlo eJamani. Omnye iimeko bakhe inguqu imida wasempuma. Le ezincinane eziyimfuneko ukuze kwakhiwe kwipaseji ekhokelela abantu amaSilamsi eRashiya, nto leyo thsuphe ezingatshabalalisa kutyelelo Armenian ukuya lifa zingaguquka. Lo mgaqo-nkqubo wapapashwa nge bonke abantu kubunkokheli Ottoman emva kokuba bangene kwemfazwe ngowe-1914, ngo-Oktobha 30. Unyango oluqulethe ukuze lula intlanganisela bonke abameli lonke uhlanga Turkish.

Isibini kweeyure emva kokusayina isivumelwano imfihlelo German-Turkish emkhosini "İttihat" wabhengeza ngokugaya ngokubanzi, nto leyo umnxeba kwabasetyhini phantse bonke abasempilweni umkhosi Armenian. Ngaphezu koko, emva kokuba bangene kweMfazwe Yehlabathi I, i Ottoman inxaxheba ekulweni izimpi ezininzi. Kuhlasela yomkhosi Turkish ezweni wasePersi neRashiya kunyuse indawo yobundlobongela obujongene Armenia.

I kwabathile kuqala

Turks, Armenia, 1915 ... Kwenzeka ntoni kwelo xesha elikude? Phakathi-Matshi 1915 imikhosi Franco-British bahlasela iDardanelles. E Istanbul waqala amalungiselelo ukuhambisa imali e Eskisehir kunye ukufudusa balapho. Guide Ottoman Armenia Owaloyikayo nokudibana kunye namahlakani ayo, ngoko wagqiba ekubeni kunigxothela bonke abantu ezithiyekileyo phakathi Eskisehir ne Istanbul.

Ekupheleni kweyoKwindla, "Special Umbutho" baqala ukulungiselela lokubulala abantu Erzurum. Waya esakuva ezininzi olukhulu yephondo "İttihat 'ukuba babemele ukuphumeza buvuvu anti-Armenian. Phakathi kwabo kwakukho kunye Reshid Bay. Nguye ndlela nabuntu kakhulu, kuquka oko kuvalelwa kunye nokuhlukunyezwa, yayila isixhobo Diyarbakir, waza waba ngomnye ngababulali kakhulu kwandile.

Ukugxothwa Armenia yaqala ngo-Aprili 8, isixeko Zeitoun, ogama abemi kangangeenkulungwane zanandipha ukuzimela buso yaye baba kokuyaphula abasemagunyeni Turkish. elubhacweni kwazo kunikeza impendulo kumbuzo engundoqo enxulumene ixesha kulungiselelwa kohlanga. Inxalenye encinane Armenia ukuba sele wagxothelwa kwisixeko Konya, ibekwe kufuphi Iraq kunye Syria - iindawo apho kancinane emva kwe abanye abantu bagxothwe.

Ukubulala sikhatshwe iliza inkunzi. Merchant Mehmet Ali wangqina ukuba Jemal Azmi (irhuluneli of Trebizond) kunye nokunyuka Mustafa ethile izacholo ezixabisa 400,000 Turkish neekhilogram zegolide (malunga ne-1,5 million US zeerandi). US Consul e Aleppo ingxelo Washington ukuba Ottoman elisebenze ngayo isicwangciso ekuphangweni enkulu.

Unozakuzaku e Trabzon ingxelo ukuba yonke imihla ebona isihlwele abantwana nabafazi Turkish uya kuba amapolisa ubamba yonke into linokuyiqhuba. Kwakhona wandixelela ukuba ndlu uMkomishinala "İttihat" e Trabzon izele ngamatye negolide, wafumana ngenxa kwisahlulo-chola amaxhoba.

Ekupheleni kwehlobo ka-1915 uninzi Armenia awayengabemi ubukhosi, wabulawa. Abasemagunyeni Ottoman bazama ufihle, kodwa ukufika eYurophu, iimbacu ingxelo malunga kwanokupheliswa abantu bakhe. Ngo-1915, Aprili 27, le Catholicos wanqula Italy kunye United States Armenian ukuba angenelele ukuba ayeke ukubulawa. Kubulawa Armenian kugxekwe amagunya eManyeneyo, kodwa imfazwe ukuba bakwazi ukunceda ukubandezeleka abantu.

ENgilani, emva kokuba uhlolo esemthethweni yapapashwa bamaxwebhu ethi "Unyango Armenia kwi Ottoman", kwi US naseYurophu, abantu baqalisa ukuqokelela imali iimbacu. Ukungabikho Armenia kwi asentshona central eAnatolia waqhubeka emva Agasti 1915.

nabavukeli

Thina phantse wafumanisa kutheni baseTurkey abulala Armenia. EBoston ngo-1919 IX Congress of the "Dashnaktsutyun", kwagqitywa ekubeni atshabalalise iinkokheli Turks Young, ngokuthatha inxaxheba macala. Umsebenzi ukuba igama igama uthixokazi yamandulo yesiGrike impindezelo Nemesis. Uninzi nabavukeli baba Armenia ngubani wakwazi ukubaleka kohlanga. Baya wayekulangazelela ethanda ukuphindezela ukufa iintsapho zabo.

"Operation Nemesis" esebenza ngempumelelo. Eyona idumileyo lwamaxhoba bakhe baba elinye lamalungu triumvirate Turkish ka Talat Pasha kunye Interior uMphathiswa Ottoman. Talaat, kunye nezinye iinkokheli Turks Young, wabaleka, eJamani ngowe-1918, kodwa ziphelisiwe Berlin Teyliryanom Soghomon ngoMatshi 1921.

Le icala lomthetho

I Ottoman kunye Republic of Armenia banomdla inkcaso yalo ihlabathi liphela. Declaration Collective we-24 Meyi 1915 amazwe Amanyeneyo bubungqina oko.

Ukuqonda lo kohlanga yeyona njongo ebalulekileyo imibutho lobbyist Armenian, yaye, ngaphandle kokuba ukuqondwa, imemezela ibango izibonelelo kunye namabango ezifunda Turkey. Ukuphumeza ukwamkeleka, lobbyists ukutsala ukubandakanyeka kwabantu abanempembelelo kunye epalamente, amaziko esekwe ukujongana nalo mba, ukubeka uxinzelelo ubunkokheli kumazwe ahlukeneyo, ingxelo ngokubanzi lo mba eluntwini. Phantse onke amalungu zaseDiaspora Armenian siyinzala ngqo amaxhoba kohlanga. Lo mbutho uye izibonelelo zemali ezaneleyo apho ukwazi ukumelana xi Turkey.

America kathathu yamkela izigqibo kwi kwanokupheliswa ngobuninzi Armenia. Le kohlanga ivunyiwe European yiPalamente, imbumba esepalamente kumazwe eMzantsi Merika, iZizwe Ezimanyeneyo Sub-Commission on ngokhuseleko nokuthintela kocalucalulo ezinabantu abambalwa, i-Latin American ePalamente.

Ukunakanwa yokwaphuka abantu Armenian asiyo kufuneka-ubone indawo ukuze eqale Turkish kwi-EU, kodwa ezinye iingcali zikholelwa ukuba kuya kufuneka ukuba ukuhlangabezana nale meko.

usuku ebaluleke

Ngosuku lokukhumbula amaxhoba olo kohlanga Armenian eTurkey, wachongwa iPalamente yaseYurophu ngomhla wama-24 Apreli 2015. EArmenia, lo mhla ayilosuku ishishini kwaye kubaluleke kakhulu. Rhoqo ngonyaka izigidi zabantu ehlabathini lonke ahlawule irhafu ukuya kwakukhunjulwa abantu abafileyo ngomhla isikhumbuzo ukugxothwa izilumko Armenian ka Istanbul.