Moya Umothuko-kwesimo T-4: neNgcaciso, iinkcazelo, iifoto

Emva kweminyaka engama-20 emva kokuphela kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, umyalelo eSoviet ukuqonda indlela yinkohlakalo zaye lingako iziphathi yaseMelika. Amava ekwakheni ezi iinqanawa kwilizwe lethu, kwaye ke ngoko kwafuneka ukuba bakhangele iimpendulo yezi: enomjukujelwa yenyukliya kunye moya ikwazi ligqobha emoyeni wokhuselo amaqela moya yenethiwekhi ngokutshatyalaliswa elandelayo inqanawa engundoqo. Enye yeeprojekthi kakhulu nempumelelo yaba moya T-4.

oonobangela

Ekupheleni kwezi 50, ilizwe lethu kwimeko ezibalulekileyo: iinqanawa kunye moya, siya ngokuqinisekileyo walahlekelwa US, apho ebudeni bemfazwe olukhawulezisiweyo isantya wabeka cruisers bubuthongo ekuhlaseleni. Ubo ikwazile ukugcina kuphela ngenxa kwemizamo yobuqhawe umjukujelwa. Kodwa ke imeko yingozi, kuba ngelo xesha, amaMelika waqala ukuba uziphumeze enomjukujelwa zabo aselwandle zenyukliya, wabufihla njengenxalenye moya-odolo. Kukubek 'lwa asikwazanga moya amaqela carrier, ekubeni oku nje akazange abe izixhobo ezifanelekileyo.

Indlela ethembekileyo kuphela kutshabalalisa iqela moya carrier ukuba kusungula izikhali supersonic kunye zikhali. ngexesha moya ngwenya USSR ekhoyo nje wayengakwazi ayinakubhaqa target ukusuka kumgama ekhuselekileyo, singasathethi hit.

Indlela yokusombulula le ngxaki?

Ukudalwa ixesha lweenqanawa ezintywilayo ezizodwa akuzange kube lula, yaye ke ngoko sagqiba ukusebenzisa moya. Babeka i "lingenakumbi" umsebenzi: ukuphuhlisa iseti "moya + ngexabiso" kamsinya kangangoko kunokwenzeka, nako ukungena umoya yokhuselo ikharakhtha iqela American abatshabalalise iinqanawa kakhulu yingozi.

Ngasekupheleni nenani-50 kweli lizwe lethu kwakungekho iprojekthi iza kundamkela ezi mfuno. Noko ke, ngo myasishchev waba kwiprojekthi moya M-56. Eyona inzuzo yayo yaba isantya owawufikelela 3000 km / h. Kodwa ubunzima yakhe ungayizekeli-off yaba etoni-230, yaye ibhombu umthwalo - iitoni 9 kuphela. Akuzange ngokwaneleyo. Kwaye kukho bomber moya T4 Sukhoi Design Bureau ukuba liqukumbele lo crespo esingenamntu.

"UkuThunga"

"Umbulali Aircraft carrier" kwakufuneka abe kubunzima kwi ethengiweyo-off angekho ngaphezulu kwe-100 tonnes, i "isilingi" yokusabela - hayi kweekhilomitha ngaphantsi kwe-24 kunye nesantya - nje abo ka-3000 km / h. inqwelo-moya leyo indlela ukuya kujoliswe ayinakwenzeka emzimbeni ukubhaqa ndimthumele kuye rocket. Ngelo xesha kwakungekho interceptors ekwaziyo ukutshabalalisa umatshini enjalo.

waba Flight kumgama "amakhulu" ukuba ubuncinane 6-8 ophosa xa uluhlu lweentlobo imijukujelwa - 600-800 km. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba rocket kule complex ziye predominated: yokuba kuphela ukuba atyhudise, ukuzikhusela, ukuya isantya liphezulu kangangoko, kodwa ukuya ithagethi, kulandele ukoyiswa yayo intanethi ngokupheleleyo. Ngoko ke, ukuba moya T4 - enomjukujelwa, ukuzaliswa elektroniki kwawo nzulu ngaphambi kwexesha layo.

nxaxheba babe

URhulumente ligqibe ekubeni uphuhliso moya omtsha baya kuthatha inxaxheba Tupolev, Sukhoi kunye Yakovlev. Mikoyan waye engafakwanga kuluhlu hayi ngenxa yokuba ezinye uhlobo ngamayelenqe, yaye ngenxa yokuba bureau yakhe omninzi ngokupheleleyo umsebenzi kwi ukulwa elitsha mig-25. Nangona, kubulungisa kufanele kuphawulwe ukuba kulindeleke ukuba liphumelele Tupolev kunye nezinye CB umdla kuphela ukukhuphisana ukubonakala. Confidence nayo isekelwe "project 135" okhoyo, eyayifuna ukwandisa kuphela ukuya isantya ingami efunekayo ka 3000 km / h.

Nangona ozilindele, "abantu abalwa 'umdla yaye baqalisa umsebenzi non-core. Phambili phambi kweqonga Sukhoi. Kwakunyulwe ubeko 'idada "kunye isibalo umoya, elisuke kancinane ngaphaya ngohlangothi phambi iphiko. Ekuqaleni, lo msebenzi ndiza bekukhona ethengiweyo-off ubunzima iitoni 102, nto ke leyo ebangele wanamathela ukuba isiqhulo ongekho of "ngokufaka".

Ke kaloku, moya T4 modified "dvuhsotki" - yiprojekthi ecetywayo ngexesha elinye kunye Tupolev Tu-160. imisebenzi emininzi Sukhoi Tupolev zaye zasetyenziswa ukwenza emotweni yabo, uthabathe-off ubunzima idlula iitoni 200.

Elo phulo Sukhoi waphumelela ukhuphiswano. Emva koko, lo umyili kwafuneka ukuba aye nge zihlandlo ezininzi ntle, njengoko isandla sakhe sokunene phezu zonke izinto ngenkani Tupolev. Wala ukuba akazange kungongezwa abahlobo kushishino moya, okanye kwi qela.

isityalo amandla

Unique ngexesha moya T-4 babefuna ubuncinane injini ezikhethekileyo uphelelwa phezu uhlobo olulodwa zamafutha. Nto layiva kakuhle, e Sukhoi kwaba iinketho nje ezintathu, kodwa isiphelo lahlala phezu model RD36-41. Kuphuhliso yakhe uxanduva ingenzekiyo "iSaturn". Qaphela ukuba lo injini yaba "isihlobo" umfuziselo vd-7. Bona, ingakumbi, baxhotyiswa kunye ekuhlaseleni 3M.

I-injini ngoko nangoko zizakubalulwa isiguquli bakhe degrees-11, kwaye ubukho zezulu okupholisa yabe turbine lokuqala-eqongeni. ezintsha zobugcisa zakutsha avumele ukwandisa ubushushu yokusebenza lwegumbi yokutsha ngoko nangoko 950K. Le injini - engagqitywanga okwangoku, ingakumbi ngemilinganiselo yiSoviet. Indalo yayo kwathabatha iminyaka nje elishumi, kodwa umphumo waba yintengo ngayo. Kungenxa injini T4 - enomjukujelwa, isantya amakhulu ukuba oontanga yayo.

Yeyiphi enomjukujelwa yambethe lo moya?

Mhlawumbi, mhlawumbi zizeyeyona nto ibalulekileyo "ngaxeshanye" yaba rocket umfuziselo X-33, nto leyo unoxanduva lokuphuhlisa edume "Raduga". Umsebenzi phambi Bureau wabekwa onzima okunene esengozini netheknoloji ixesha. Kwafuneka ukwenza rocket owawuza kulandelwa ngokwawo kwinjongo nomphakamo ongekho ngaphantsi kwe-30 km, nesantya yayo izihlandlo ezintandathu ukuya kwezisixhenxe isandi.

Ukongeza, Ukuze emva-yenethiwekhi-based ngokwakho (!) Ngaba ukubala othwala intloko kwaye zafunzela kuye yi kwindawo kakhulu babuthathaka. Ngamafutshane, lo moya kukothuka-kwesimo T-4, ethe ifoto kwinqaku kuqhutywa ababekhwele kweso rocket, endiwazuze isiqingatha njengoko "amakhulu."

Nakwabo abathungi namhlanje kukuba kakhulu umsebenzi onzima. Nangona iimfuno kwaye khangela nemangalisayo ngakumbi. Ukuze wenze le misebenzi, radar ngokwakhe, ngokunjalo inani elikhulu electronic ezinzima kakhulu sele ifakiwe kuyilo rocket. Ukuntsonkotha kweenkqubo ababekhwele kweso X-33 akukho ndlela nganto abo ezininzi "hundredths omnye-".

Ngokoyisa inzululwazi nobuchwepheshe

Langoku moya furore T-4 wavelisa ukukhanya ikhabhathi yayo sverhtehnologichny. Kuba okokuqala kwimbali moya yasekhaya kwakukho nkqu umboniso eyahlukileyo lovandlakanyo kwangethuba kokusingqongileyo Committe kunye nobugcisa. Ukutyhubela amakhadi ezifotiweyo kumphezulu womhlaba liphela wabonisa imeko Committe ngexesha lenene.

Iingxaki yokwakha kunye nokudala

Akumangalisi ke, xa kuyilo isigaba womatshini yokuba amakhulu olunzima iingxaki, iyileyo nako yahlula nkqu academician le. Okokuqala, ekuqaleni ukusuka isisu semoto-moya zange abonela gumbi engaphakathi. Ukusombulula le ngxaki, wabeka phambili ezahlukeneyo ongazikhetha, abaninzi kuzo ngokuphandle bazikhohlisa: ingakumbi, le projekthi icetywayo nokuba "changeling", xa ndiza ukubhabha ukuya ndlwana injongo phantsi.

Kakade ke, lo moya T-4 - bomber iinkcukacha leyo kakhulu ngaphambi kwexesha labo ... kodwa hayi ngomlinganiselo ofanayo!

Kodwa ke izigqibo ezithathwe koko ubukhulu becala wakhangela kakhulu kumnandi. Ngenxa yoko, ngesantya ka-3000 km / h ethe nokuba kancinci isibane cab ukuxhathisa linyuke kakhulu. Emva koko yaphakanyiswa isisombululo esilula: kutsalo ubuncinane ngexesha ibhabha cabin uphakanyiselwa phezulu. Ekubeni kwintaba ephakame kweekhilomitha ezingama-24 ukusuka abangaboniyo baya ayikasebenzi, ukuqhutywa wayefanele kukhokelela kuphela lwezixhobo.

Xa T-4 ntaka lihlala endlwaneni leyo baphambuke kwehlisa, kangangokuba kubonakala kuviwo olulilinge ukubonakala ebalaseleyo. Okokuqala, emkhosini wathabatha lo mbono balumke kakhulu, kodwa ke igunya Vladimira Ilyushina, unyana unguMdali shtkrmovika brilliant IL, kunjalo wancedisa ukuqinisekisa iinjengele. Ukongeza, i-Ilyushin zanyanzelisa ekwenzeni kuyilo periscope: iza kusetyenziswa xa kukho ukusilela indlela nokujikeleza le. Hi ndlela leyi, isigqibo sakhe ukusebenzisa kwabayili kamva lwasekhaya Tu-144 kunye Anglo-French Concorde.

Ukudala fairing

Omnye wemisebenzi ezininzi omkhulu nokudalwa fairing. Inyaniso kukuba xa kuyilwa abayili kwakufuneka enze iingongoma ezimbini ezibonakala efanayo. Okokuqala, kwafuneka ukuba amaza erediyo le fairing. Okwesibini, ukumelana imithwalo eziphakamileyo kakhulu ngoomatshini kunye thermal. , Ukuba ukwenza izinto ngokukhethekileyo ngokususela lokufaka iglasi, isakhiwo apho ufana lobusi ukusombulula le ngxaki.

Ngenxa yale moya kukothuka-kwesimo T-4 kufanele ingqalelo i "eliphuma" kobuchwepheshe ezininzi ezizodwa asetyenziswa ngoku hayi kuphela emkhosini, kodwa kumashishini uxolo ngokupheleleyo.

Ngoko nangoko fairing - ukwakhiwa ezintlanu umaleko, ne-99% umthwalo wawa phezu istili sayo, apho ubukhulu na mm 1.5 kuphela. Ukuphumeza loo manani yayintle, izazinzulu kwafuneka ukuba kuqulunqwe ekuqulunqeni esekelwe lesilicon kunye organic. Ngexesha lo msebenzi izazinzulu kwafuneka ukuba ukuhlola nokuvavanya ithemba engaphezu kwama-20 (!) Of iimilo kunokwenzeka kunye nobukhulu-moya kwixesha elizayo, ukuqikelela intsebenzo yazo moya. Kwaye konke oku - ngaphandle iinkqubo computer mihla! igalelo ke omkhulu nabayili bawuthatha nzima.

flight sasekhaya

Ukubhabha yokuqala moya T4 "ukwaluka" ukulungele entwasahlobo ka-1972, kodwa ngenxa imililo afanayo malunga eMoscow ukubonakala isuka kunye kokwehla uvavanyo zokuchopha kwaba phantse zero. moya besingazilazilanga. Kwaye ngenxa yokuba lo moya wokuqala kwenzeka kuphela ekupheleni kwehlobo konyaka omnye, kunye injini moya pilot Vladimir Ilyushin kunye esasihamba uNicholas Alferov. Okokuqala Iinqwelo test ezisithoba zenziwa. Qaphela ukuba ezintlanu ezi pilot lwaqhutywa ngaphandle kokususa isisu semoto, kwakubalulekile ukuba ukuhlola nokuphathwa umatshini omtsha kuzo zonke iindlela zokusebenza.

nangoko pilot iqaphele lula ophezulu wolawulo-moya; nkqu njengomqobo "ukwaluka" isandi yaqhutywa ngokugqibeleleyo, nkqu ngexesha lenguqu ukuya supersonic waziva izixhobo kuphela. Abameli Army, liliso iimvavanyo bavuya kunye umatshini omtsha, yaye ngoko nangoko wacela inyanda imveliso ngamaqhekeza 250. Kuba moya yale eklasini nje ngeyona kwegazi eliphezulu!

Ukuba bonke baya kakuhle, besiya kwazi-moya T-4 (i bomber, ogama mpawu zichazwe kule material) njengenye yezinto ezinkulu kwiklasi.

amathuba aircraft

Enye "bonisa" yale machine iphiko loqwalaselo bume. Ngenxa oku, kokuba kube nokuqwalaselwa multi-injongo, lo moya ngokulula isetyenziswe njengendawo sokuhlola stratospheric. Oku kuza kunciphisa iindleko iinkqubo zomkhosi ziya kuvelisa omnye kuphela moya endaweni ezimbini.

End of ezintsha zobuchwepheshe

Ekuqaleni, lo 'ukweluka "bekumele ukuba zakhiwe kwi Tushino Aviation Plant, kodwa nje zange tsala imiqulu emveliso efunekayo. Le nkampani kuphela leyo onokubangela inani elifunekayo yeemoto ezintsha yaba Kazan AZ. Ngexesha elifutshane sajika umsebenzi wokulungiselela ukuba iivenkile ezintsha. Kodwa apha wangenelela nkqubo: Tupolev wayengenamdla umntu okhuphisana, ngoko luyayidelela Dry "nizihlabe 'ukusuka mveliso, bebulewe sekufeni yingcambu yazo zonke amathemba zolwakhiwo umatshini omtsha.

Kungenxa yoko le nto namhlanje siyazi ukuba moya T-4 - bomber, ngubani waba eyahlukileyo iimpawu zayo ixesha, kodwa abazange wadlana nkqu kuthotho encinane. Ngelo xesha nye kubanjwe ibakala lesibini le iimvavanyo "endle". Ekupheleni kuka January 1974 kukho moya apho ndiza kukwazi ukufikelela kubude km 12 kunye ngesantya M = 1.36. Bekucingelwa ukuba lo matshini sigaba, ekugqibeleni ufikelela yokunyusa M = 2.6.

Okwa koma thethwana ulawulo Tushino mveliso, kwanokunikela ukwakha evenkileni, nje ukuba bakwazi ukwakha i "eka" 50 zokuqala. Kodwa ke amagunya zimelwe yi-Ofisi yoMphathiswa kushishino lweenqwelo ke, ukuba uwazi kakuhle kakhulu Tupolev, ndayihluthwa nokuba ke lowo wengcibi yokuluka ithuba. Sele ngoMatshi 1974, wonke umsebenzi kwi-moya revolution ukuba sinqunyanyisiwe ngaphandle ingcaciso. Ngoko ke ukuba T-4 - inqwelo-moya (ifoto yakhe ephepheni), nto leyo yatshatyalaliswa kuphela ngenxa yezizathu yobuqu ethile abantu kwi-Ofisi yoMphathiswa wezoKhuselo kunye urhulumente USSR.

Ukufa Sukhoi, esenzeka Septemba 15, 1975, andiyizisanga kuwe ukucaca kulo mba. Kuphela 1976, i-Ofisi yoMphathiswa of Industry Aviation ngeku wakhankanya ukuba umsebenzi kwi "Sotka" yamiswa kuphela ngenxa yokuba i Tupolev kufuneka abasebenzi kunye namandla emveliso ekuveliseni i-Tu-160. Ngelo xesha nangoku T-4 baziswa ngokomthetho owandulela lo "White Swan", nangona Tupolev nje ezimeleyo zonke izinto kwi "100 yeprojekthi", sibambe ukufa Sukhoi.

abavikeli Tupolev uchaze isikhundla sakhe ngokuthi yokuba lowo wengcibi yokuluka wayefuna ukuphumeza 'ilula kwaye cheap Tu-22m "... Ewe, lo moya eneneni atshiphu, kuphela ukuphunyezwa kwayo kwathabatha iminyaka engaphezu kwama esixhenxe, kunye neempawu zayo, ukuba kude kakhulu bomber qhinga. Ukongeza, ukuya kwinqanaba de iingxaki ezininzi ukuthembeka ziye ingasombululwa, le modeli kuphunyeziwe imijikelo ezininzi lokuguquka leyo nayo akuyona indlela engcono kakhulu iindleko zale projekthi.

Malunga Grand overruns amayeza intsomi njengoko kuboniswa kukuba zonke iivenkile ye Kazan Aviation izityalo nje usike kwaye azilahlwa inkunkuma izixhobo zexabiso ezilungiselelwe imveliso mass, "aziluki."

Ukubaluleka "bahlanganisa '

Okwangoku, lo moya kuphela Sukhoi T-4 ukwakweli ongunaphakade safika Monino Museum of mboni. Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba ngowe-1976, i-Sukhoi Design Bureau uthathe ithuba lokugqibela ukuba 'kwikhulu' kumgca entanjeni, isaziso isixa-1.3 billion engange. Urhulumente yaphakamisa ingxolo Amazing negalelo kuphela-moya zisabonakala ekuqaleni. Ngakumbi kukuba i-Tu-160 ibize eSoviet Union kakhulu olubiza kakhulu. Ngoko ke ukuba T-4 - inqwelo-moya leyo isenokuba oyinto ukhetho malunga nexabiso kunye neempawu.

Ngaphambi kokuba eSoviet Union akazange abe inani we izinto zamvanje eziqulathwe imoto. Ngexesha kwase "bengavumi 100", kwakukho kanye 600 izinto zakutshanje kunye patents. Isisombululo entsimini ndiza emangalisayo. Awu, kodwa ayigange: ekwenzeni umsebenzi wayo, oko kukuthi i-moya carrier odolo umoya wokhuselo akwenza, lo moya T4 "ukwaluka" ngexesha indalo ayisekho ukumelana. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba Tu-160 akafanelanga kusetyenziselwa le njongo. Ngokuba lo enomjukujelwa lweenqanawa ezintywilayo bamba ngcono kakhulu.

Lobuchwepheshe kunye analogs

Eyona idumileyo "White Swan", owayesaziwa bomber Tu-160. Le bomber yethu yokugqibela qhinga. Obukhulu ubunzima ngexesha elinye - iitoni ezingama-267, isantya standard emhlabeni - 850 km / h. "White Swan" sakubanako ukunyusa isantya ukuya ku-2000 km / h. uluhlu obukhulu - up to km-14 000. Kule ndiza kuthatha ukuya kwiitoni ezingama-40 imijukujelwa kunye / okanye iziqhushumbisi kuquka "smart", ukubuyisela ngokusebenzisa iinkqubo satellite.

Xa ngobuwena udla ukuqhushumba iindawo ezintandathu imijukujelwa X-55 kunye X-55M. "White Swan" - moya yiSoviet kakhulu kuyabiza, ngokuphawulekayo kubiza ngaphezu T-4 moya, i abakhi, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ngenxa "yeendleko eziphezulu". Ngaphezu koko, akukho nanye yezi moya ngexesha indalo yayo, ayikwazanga ukuqinisekisa ukuphunyezwa iinjongo zadalwa. Kwixesha elidlulileyo, kwagqitywa ekubeni aqalise ukuvelisa oomatshini e Kazan Aviation izityalo. Isizathu ilula - imbonakalo imijukujelwa ezintsha, esivumela impumelelo (theory) ukuba atyhudise sommangalelwa, kwakunye ukungabi yophuhliso mihla kule nkalo.

M-50

Revolutionary ixesha layo, lo moya wadala Vladimirom Myasischevym kunye nabasebenzi OKB-23. Xa ngexesha elinye ubunzima iitoni 175, kwafuneka ukuba ukhule ufike phantse 2000 km / h nihle ukuya kwiitoni ezingama-20 naweebhombu kunye / okanye imijukujelwa.

XB-70 Valkyrie

A bomber top-imfihlelo American (ixesha layo), isidumbu sakhe nocatshulo titanium. Company creator - North America. Thatha-off ubunzima - iitoni ezingama-240, santya siphezulu - 3220 km / h. Uluhlu lwezicelo - up to amawaka 12 neekhilomitha. Le ngcelele akazange aye ngenxa yeendleko emangalisayo eliphezulu nokuntsonkotha zeteknoloji kwemveliso.

Namhlanje, T-4 (moya, nto leyo eye ifoto kweli nqaku) ngumzekelo olukhulu kanjani obuchwepheshe kunye nezixhobo ezikumgangatho ophezulu ubulawa ngenxa yezizathu zezopolitiko kunye imidlalo umfaniswano.

iziphumo

Ngethamsanqa, iinzame Herculean of abayili kunye nezibalo ezinkulu echithwe kuphuhliso kunye nokuveliswa AMAGQABAZA ▸, hayi zitshone zisabonakala. Okokuqala, abaninzi iiteknoloji eziveliswe ngoko kamva zasetyenziswa xa bekuqulunqwa le Tu-160, nto leyo namhlanje yimani imida unogada lizwe lethu. Okwesibini, Sukhoi Design Bureau wakwazi ukuba usebenzise zonke ezi meko kweli nokudalwa eyahlukileyo ngexesha layo, i-Su-27, nto leyo unanamhla luyaqhubeka "u-" moya mbono.

Ngomhla yempembelelo "amakhulu" kwimbali kushishino lweenqwelo yasekhaya kunye noshishino isithuba ithi ubuncinane into yokuba obu bugcisa "cell" ukutyabeka iye yasetyenziswa kuphuhliso "Burana". Yeha, kodwa iprojekthi stupidly zonakale.