Kukuqhushumba ezabo atomic indlela yayo yesenzo

Ukudubula ye ezabo atom yenye inkqubo kakhulu emangalisayo, endimangazayo eyoyikisayo. Umgaqo yokusebenza izixhobo zenyukliya isekelwe basabela chain. Le yinkqubo enjalo, kanye ke leyo abakhwetha phambili yayo. Umgaqo esebenza ngayo i-hydrogen isekelwe ngeeatom yokuqaphela.

A-kuqhunyiswe

Eziba izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo ezithile izinto radioactive (neplutoniyam, californium, uranium, njalo njalo) bayakwazi iba, ngaloo zifakwe neutron. Emva edulusele ngaphandle omnye neutron ezimbini okanye ezintathu. Ukutshatyalaliswa elakha i-atom phantsi kweemeko efanelekileyo kungakhokelela sokonakalisa ababini okanye abathathu, nto leyo engabangela ukuba ezinye atom. Kwaye njalo-njalo. Ukwa kwenzeka inkqubo udaka ukwandisa inani eziba ukuba amandla discontinuity imali iibhondi ezinkulu atomic. Ngenxa dubulo lwamandla olukhulu kukhululwa kwixesha ultra-encinci kwexesha. Oku kwenzeka kwindawo enye. Ngoko ke, kukuqhushumba ezabo atom inamandla kangaka nezonakalisayo.

Ukuqalisa indlela chain kuyimfuneko ukuba isixa radioactive idlula isambuku esinobunzima. Ngokucacileyo, kufuneka uthathe iinkuni ezimbalwa uranium okanye neplutoniyam kwaye ukudibanisa zibe omnye. Noko ke, ukuba ukwanda ezabo atom, oku akwanelanga kuba indlela ayeke phambi yabelwa imali eyaneleyo yamandla, okanye le nkqubo iya kuba kade. Ukuze uphumelele, kufuneka ingadluli uninzi lwezinto ngezinto mba, kwaye ukwenza oko kwithuba elincinane kakhulu ixesha. Kungcono usebenzise mbalwa isambuku esinobunzima. Oku kuzuzwa ngokuthi kusetyenziswe nezinye iziqhushumbisi. Ngaphezu koko, iziqhushumbisi enye fast and kade.

Uvavanyo lokuqala yenyukliya yaqhutywa ngoJulayi 1945 eUnited States kufuphi nedolophu Almogordo. Ngo-Agasti ka nyaka, amaMelika wasebenzisa ezi zixhobo nxamnye izixeko Japanese ka iHiroshima Nagasaki. Kukuqhushumba ezabo atom kweso sixeko kwakhokelela ukutshatyalaliswa eyoyikekayo kunye ukufa abantu abaninzi. Kwi-USSR izixhobo zenyukliya zadalwa kwaye ihlolwe 1949.

H-kuqhunyiswe

I-hydrogen yi isixhobo kunye ngamandla amakhulu kakhulu yingozi. Umgaqo ukusebenza kwawo isekelwe basabela Fusion, nto leyo Yindibanisela eziba lighter-athom hydrogen lunzima helium. Ngenxa yoko kukho ukukhululwa izixa ezikhulu kakhulu amandla. Le ndlela ezifanayo iinkqubo ezithe zenzeka kwi-ilanga kunye nezinye iinkwenkwezi. Fusion elula sidlula usebenzisa izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo hydrogen (eziFihliweyo okanye deuterium) kunye Lithium.

Uvavanyo lokuqala hydrogen warhead Amerika wachitha ngo-1952. Ngengqiqo mihla le sixhobo uyibize ngokuthi ukuqhushumba. Yaba isakhiwo esinemigangatho emithathu-ezaliswe deuterium ulwelo. Ukudubula yokuqala hydrogen kwi USSR lwaqhutywa kwiinyanga ezintandathu kamva. warhead mbawula eSoviet RDS-6 wavuthela ukuya ngo-Agasti 1953 e Semipalatinsk. Eyona inkulu hydrogen amandla megatons 50 (Tsar Bomb) USSR banamava 1961. Igagasi emva dubulo emthethweni ozibiyele umhlaba izihlandlo ezithathu.