Lophuhliso Loluntu eRashiya: iifomu, amandla, imbali

zophuhliso lwentlalo nezopolitiko Russia ngo-1894-1904 ngenxa ukuyilwa yokucinga entsha kubemi ngokubanzi. Endaweni njengesiqhelo "UThixo Gcina i Tsar!" Xa ezitratweni laduma kwi evulekileyo, "Phantsi nge lobuzwilakhe!" Konke oku kuye kwakhokelela ekugqibeleni kwintlekele, apho kungekho esifanayo yonke kwimbali iminyaka eliwaka karhulumente wethu. Kwenzeka ntoni? Iyelenqe phezulu, inkxaso zizinto zangaphandle, okanye ngokwenene uphuhliso lwentlalo iye yakhokelela ukuba abantu babefuna utshintsho?

Kutheni kwi nokugqama eliphezulu loqoqosho, inzululwazi, inkcubeko, imfundo, ezolimo kunye namashishini kweli lizwe, umlawuli baba "Igazi kukumkani '? Kakade ke, imbali akukho mood esimo. Kodwa ke, nokuba uNicholas II ngempela "umsiki amagazi kwezizwe," bexesha lakhe kuthiwa, ngebaba akukho revolution, lo gama abasebenzi Putilov mveliso, enedumbe yonke imveliso zomkhosi kwisixeko mveliso iphambili kweli lizwe ebudeni beMfazwe Yehlabathi II ukuba adubule njenge "abangcatshi of the lokhokho" . Efanayo Kwathi emva revolution, ngexesha abalungelo amaKomanisi ngamandla. Kodwa ke ngo-1884, akukho mntu akazange azi. Ulwazi oluninzi malunga nophuhliso loluntu uluntu ngelo xesha, kuya kuxoxwa ngakumbi.

Njani ukuba kwaqala

Ukutshintsha engqondweni yoluntu yaqala ngo-Oktobha 20, 1894. Ngale mini, busweleke uMlawuli Alexander III, evela nombulelo ababephila kunye nenzala isiqhulo "wenguquko." Weza etroneni ngunyana wakhe Nicholas II - enye amanani ixakayo kwimbali yethu kunye Ivan abangcangcazelisi kunye Iosifom Stalinym. Kodwa ke, ngokungafaniyo kubo, umlawuli, ababa singaxhoma i ileyibheli "umbulali" yaye "umsiki", nangona oku kwenziwe, mhlawumbi isengcono phakathi mbali Soviet. Kwakuyinto yokugcina Russian Tsar ziqala ukukhula isantya dynamics enkulu yophuhliso lwentlalo ngokubhekiselele ngokubhukuqwa lobuzwilakhe. Kodwa izinto zokuqala kuqala.

Biography Nikolaya Aleksandrovicha Romanova

Nicholas II wazalwa Meyi 6, 1868. Ngale mini, amaKristu bayamoyika engcwele Ukubandezeleka kukaYobhi. I koMlawuli wakholwa - ingumqondiso othi yena wahlulelwe ukuba ukubandezeleka ebomini. Ngoko ke kwenzeka ntoni emva koko - uphuhliso lwentlalo kukhokelele kwinto yokuba intiyo ka lobuzwilakhe yabantu kwinkulungwane ezidlulileyo zafikelela abilayo kunye neziphumo nemiphumo vuhlayiseki. Eminyaka ubudala umsindo yabantu wawa kanye loo kumkani, ukuba mkhulu kunabo bonke ookhokho babo ekhathalele ntle yabantu babo. Kakade ke, nale mbono, abaninzi baya bathi, kodwa bathi, ukuba abantu abaninzi, iimbono ezininzi kangaka.

Nicholas II imfundo, wayesazi iilwimi eziliqela zangaphandle ngokugqibeleleyo, kodwa wayesoloko ethetha Russian.

Abezopolitiko yokuziphatha hung kwiileyibhile zakhe umntu ongenamqolo abangazange ukuthatha izigqibo ezizimeleyo kunye bekusoloko phantsi kwempembelelo nabasetyhini: kuqala umama bese nomfazi wakhe. Solutions, ngokoluvo lwabo, ukuthatha umcebisi ngubani Wacebisana umlawuli wokugqibela. AmaKomanisi yathi 'okhohlakeleyo wamagazi ", nto leyo eyakhokelela eRashiya kwintlekele.

Zonke iilebhile ufuna ukuxambulisana, nikhumbule wegazi 1921 kunye ubunzima kusondele Cheka, kwaye ixesha zocindezelo Stalin kaThixo. "Esasibizwa Bloody" lowo ongazanga wadubula abo ebudeni beMfazwe Yehlabathi II yoniwa unikezelo isonka kunye neembumbulu ukuya phambili ekupheleni kuka-1916, xa amajoni Russian wabulawa indlala kunye nokungabikho emthethweni ngenkani ukuya kwi uhlaselo ngezandla zakhe phezu imipu. Kakade ke, amajoni abaqhelekileyo abazange ukuqonda oonobangela bokwenyaniso ntoni, yaye ze abanobuchule ngokukhawuleza wafumana ityala bonke ububi ebusweni soMhlekazi yokugqibela Russian.

Yaye waba Nicholas II kunye nomntu ongenamqolo ngubani mathupha nezigqibo zezopolitiko ezininzi ezichasene iimbono zegcuntswana ngeenxa zonke, oongxowankulu, zabonakala iincopho wabanumzana, ngamagosa nosapho. Ke zona zaba "ayilawulwa enguzwilakhe encinane, 'yaye ukuze kulungiswe iingxaki ezinkulu yenkitha. Owokugqibela abacebisi wabiza kuphela lowo ekwabelwana umbono wakhe, yiyo le ukungaqondi abezopolitiko zobunene.

January 17, 1895, uNicholas II wavakalisa malunga nokhuseleko lobuzwilakhe kunye umyalelo omdala, leyo ngokuzenzekelayo kwangaphambili uphuhliso ngakumbi eli lizwe. isiseko Revolutionary emva la mazwi baqalisa ukuba imilo ngesantya ngaphambili, ukuba umntu wayo eziququzelelwe ngabom ukusuka ngaphandle.

zophuhliso lwentlalo nezopolitiko Russia kunyaka 1894-1904: somzabalazo kwizikhundla eziphezulu kwamandla

Kuyinto yimpazamo ukucinga ukuba ukwahlulwa kuphela phakathi kwabantu abaqhelekileyo. zophuhliso lwentlalo kukhokelele ekubeni iinkulu iinkokeli aphezulu ezopolitiko karhulumente iphuhlise umahluko endleleni yophuhliso Russia. Umzabalazo engunaphakade benkululeko Western, adlala kunye amazwe aseYurophu kwaye American babebambelele ubuzwe, wawuzama eRashiya nangayiphi na indlela, kwaye kuxhotyiwe ngeli xesha. Ngelishwa, ukungabikho 'ukuthini yegolide "kunye nokuqonda ukuba uphuhliso lwezoqoqosho, lwezopolitiko zentlalo apha kweli lizwe kufuneka aye umfela ndawonye we West, kodwa ukukhusela izinto zasekhaya, bekusoloko kwimbali yethu. ixesha Namhlanje ayikatshintshi le meko. Sikho okanye amathanda sizwe kweli lizwe abafuna ukuma ngaphandle, ukuba iyakuvingca kulo lonke ihlabathi, okanye silinene, elungele ukunika onke concessions ukuya kumazwe angaphandle.

Nicholas II landela umgaqo-nkqubo Umgaqo "kusho yegolide 'ukuba wamenza utshaba ngenxa yokuqala ndawo owesibini. Into yokuba lo mlawuli nje lweli manyano kunye West ekuthetheleleni izinto zasekhaya, uthe umzabalazo yasekhaya yezopolitiko phakathi kwemikhosi emibini, bobabini ziye zabanjwa ofisi eziphakamileyo zikarhulumente.

abantu baseNtshona

I okuqala benkululeko Western, ephethwe nguMphathiswa wezeMali S. Yu. Vitte. msebenzi zazo eziphambili - uphuhliso yelizwe kuqoqosho .. Industry, ezolimo, njl ngezoshishino lizwe, ngokutsho Witte, kufuneka kuchaphazela kakhulu kuphuhliso lwezentlalo nopolitiko. Oku kuya kuvumela ukusombulula le misebenzi ilandelayo:

• Ukuze aqokelele imali ukuba isisombululo iingxaki zentlalo.
• Ukuphuhlisa ezolimo ngokuncama ngcono yaye kungabinandleko kuthelekiswa elizweni, izixhobo.
• Ukwakha iklasi entsha - oongxowankulu, nto leyo ke, ngokungafaniyo kunye nalawo bemveli, osebenza kuloo mgaqo "Yahlula kwaye lulawulo".

abo babebambelele

Xa intloko yomkhosi angqingqwa kwakukho uMphathiswa Interior V. K. Pleve, owathi kamva babulawa abagrogrisi, kwakunye nezinye ngokuthanda engumlawuli, wazenzela uphuhliso inkoliso zonke Russia - P. A. Stolypina. libonakala Strange kunye nento yokuba akukho yabaqulunqi-pro-Western akazange ubunzima "ihlanjululwe anegazi" abalweli abagrogrisi le XIX kade - kwekhulu XX, nto leyo ingqalelo urhulumente hlukile Russian kunye abacinga wayo kunye nenkcubeko.

Pleven wayekholelwa ukuba uphuhliso lwezoqoqosho nopolitiko azifumani futhe ngabantu 'ubuntwana "abaselula iingcamango" sifo "Pro-Western, yayintsha kwilizwe lethu. Russia - ilizwe kunye kumda wesangqa kophuhliso. Reform, Kakade ke, kuyimfuneko, kodwa akuyomfuneko ukuba uyeke onke amaziko asekuhlaleni, nto leyo ekhulisa ukutyhubela iinkulungwane.

Ukukhula eziphikisanayo

Revolution, njengokuba sisazi, wenza izandla abaselula. Russia akukho Ngaphandle kulo mba. Uqhankqalazo yokuqala mass ngo-1899 kwaqala phakathi abafundi bafuna ilungelo ukubuyisela ukuzimela eziyunivesiti. Kodwa "ulawulo anegazi" ingabi ubunzima sokudubula demonstrators, akukho mntu ubanjiweyo, naphakathi nabaququzeleli. Abasemagunyeni nje wathumela ntliziyo eziliqela emkhosini, yaye "okutyekisayo umfundi" kucinywa nangoko.

Noko ke, ngo-1901, yena ngoncwino longxwelerhiweyo nguMphathiswa weMfundo N. P. Bogolepov owayengumfundi P. Karpovich. Le kokubulawa igosa esiphezulu emva kokuba ikhefu elide abagrogrisi walatha into yokuba uphuhliso loluntu ikhokelela utshintsho olukhulu.

Ngowe-1902 imvukelo yaqhambuka amaphondo emazantsi eli lizwe phakathi abalimi. Baba awonwabanga ukunqongophala komhlaba. Amawaka kugcwala bahlasela indlu abaqeshisi ', oovimba ukutya, izitora, zingapheli kubo.

Ukubuyisela ukuze itsale umkhosi, nto leyo Akuvunyelwe ngokungqongqo ukuba basebenzise izikhali. Oku kubonisa ekukwazini abasemagunyeni ukwalathisa imiyalelo yaye kwangaxeshanye ibonisa lonke ulawulo "anegazi". Lo mqathango ezinkulu kuphela iye lusetyenzisiwe baphembeleli, abo phantsi mpatswa yoluntu. Akukho ekubulaweni kwenqwaba, nokubulawa ebhalwe iincwadi zembali. Kuba kuthelekiswa, ndifuna ukuba ukukhumbula iziganeko ezenzeka emva kweminyaka engama-20 kamva kwiphondo Tambov. Kukho a mvukelo mass nxamnye ye'Bolsheviks ukukhuthuza ukutya. Urhulumente waseSoviet wayalela ukuba basebenzise izixhobo zeekhemikhali nxamnye abalimi, abaya ezimela emahlathini, kunye neentsapho zabo kunyuka nge uhlobo kwinkampu yoxinaniso, apho bayiqhuba abafazi kunye nabantwana. Abantu kwakufuneka ukutshintsha ixabiso ubomi babo ukuba awakhulule.

Yombhodamo e Finland

Kwaba Ndandingonwabanga, kunye borderlands yesizwe. Kuba okokuqala kwimbali yokungena Finland likaThixo eRashiya ngowe-1899, urhulumente kazwelonke wenziwe la manyathelo alandelayo:

• Ukutya kazwelonke Limited.
• Iqalise ulawulo lweerekhodi in Russian.
• Bona NYDA umkhosi wesizwe.

Konke oku ayikwazi ukunceda, kodwa uthethe malunga yobulukhuni ukuthanda kwezopolitiko Nicholas II, ukusukela phambi kokuba abalawuli abaninzi singagungqi akazange aye amanyathelo ezinjalo. Kakade ke, lo eFinland baba ungonwabi, kodwa makhe ukucinga ukuba inxalenye karhulumente luhlobo ukuzimela, apho ukutyala imali mali yophuhliso, kodwa zayo umkhosi, imithetho, urhulumente, nto leyo phantsi kweli ziko, onke amaphepha ezisemthethweni kwenziwa kwi yolwimi yesizwe. Finland wayengenguye ithanga uBukhosi Russian, njengoko kunjani ukuba ibango isizwe zasekuhlaleni kunye neyunithi kagunyaziwe ozimeleyo, ulonwabele ukhuselo kunye nenkxaso-mali ye-Centre.

zophuhliso lwentlalo nezopolitiko Russia 1894-1904 ngenxa ukuvela kunye nophuhliso amandla elitsha, apho kuya kudlala indima enkulu kakhulu kwimbali yethu - beqela RSDLP.

Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP)

Ngo March 1902 ndathatha nkongolo iqela e Minsk evela kubantu 9, 8 kubo babanjwa ukuba debunks i intsomi lulungiselele arhente zokunyanzelisa umthetho ukuba ukuchonga abo babemenzele iyelenqe. Le mithombo musa ndithethe nto kutheni wabanjwa ngumthunywa yesithoba noko yena.

II Congress yaqhutywa ngeyeKhala ku-Agasti 1903, kwiminyaka-2 phambi kokuba revolution lokuqala Russian ngo-1905, kude Russia - e London ne-Brussels. Yayamkela lo ummiselo inkqubo theko.

Inkqubo ezizezona zisezantsi RSDLP

Modern amaqela aphikisayo wamoyika ukuba bacinge ngoko imisebenzi byliu Party RSDLP. zisezantsi:

1. Ngokubhukuqwa lobuzwilakhe kunye nokusekwa kwe riphablik yolawulo lwentando yesininzi.
2. belungelo lovoto kunye kunyulo lwentando yesininzi.
3. Ilungelo iintlanga self-determination kunye nokulingana.
4. urhulumente wengingqi Wide.
5. iyure-ezisibhozo ngosuku lokusebenza.
6. Kokuphathwa iintlawulo kwetu, ukubuya imali kwabo uyihlawule yonke.

Inkqubo iphezulu RSDLP

Le program ibihamba ngokubanzi ehlabathini sabasebenzi. Ngamanye amazwi, umntu wayefuna ukuqala imfazwe yehlabathi emhlabeni, ubuncinane, ukuba luvakaliswa. utshintsho ugonyamelo amandla nje, kwaye umyalelo kwezentlalo, asikwazi kuphunyezwa ngendlela enoxolo.

amaqela ezopolitiko kunye imimiselo neenkqubo,, iinjongo - indlela entsha yophuhliso lwentlalo eRashiya ngelo xesha.

iindwendwe RSDLP iCongress Second bakhawuleza bangamaqela amabini:

1. Abahlaziyi, ekhokelwa L. Martov (Yu Tsederbaum), ababenaye nxamnye revolution. Bamela ukuba oluphucukileyo, ngendlela enoxolo ukuvelisa amandla, kwakunye elindeleke ngokusekelwe oohlohlesakhe ukuphumeza iinjongo zayo zezopolitiko.
2. Radicals - wamvakalisa ukubhukuqa urhulumente nangayiphi na indlela, kubandakanywa, ngethuba revolution. Kaloku wayekholose sabasebenzi (kubasebenzi).

Radicals ekhokelwa V. I. Leninym iphumelele uninzi lezihlalo kwizikhundla phambili zeqela. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, aziwa njengoku kwiBolsheviks. Kamva, ukwahlulwa iqela, baza yaziwa ngokuba RSDLP (b), yaye emva kwethutyana - i CPSU (b) (-Russian Zonke Communist Party of iiBolsheviks).

Party Social-Revolutionary Party (AKP)

Ngokusesikweni, i AKP iye yamkela umgaqo-siseko wayo ngoDisemba 1905 - Januwari 1906, xa uphuhliso lwentlalo-zopolitiko iRashiya iye yatshintsha emva kokuba revolution kunye Manifesto malunga nokusekwa State Duma. Kodwa Social-njengabalweli benguqu epheleleyo, njengoko iligunya lezopolitiko kwavela elide ngaphambi koko. Yaba abo balungiselela besothusa mass ngokuchasene norhulumente yelo xesha.

Kwinkqubo yayo, lo mbuso Social, bekuxela utshintsho ubundlobongela amandla, kodwa, ngokungafaniyo nabanye, esifakelwe abalimi kwakungamandla awayeqhuba kwe revolution.

Uphuhliso Loluntu eRashiya: izigqibo jikelele

Abantu abaninzi ukubuza isizathu sokuba inzululwazi le minyaka ukususela 1894-1904 gg. ziqwalaselwe zodwa, ngenxa yokuba Nicholas II yaqhubeka ukuze babe namandla? Phendula ukuba imbali lophuhliso lwentlalo 1894-1904 gg. It angaphambi revolution yokuqala Russian ngo-1905, emva koko eRashiya waba neNgonyama uDuma. IManifesto-Oktobha 17, 1905 wavelisa igunya entsha - i-State Duma. Kakade ke, imithetho eyamkelweyo akukho amandla ngaphandle kwemvume soMhlekazi, kodwa impembelelo yawo yezopolitiko olugoso.

Ngaphezu koko, kwakunjalo ngoko eRashiya baqala ukubeka ezabo ezimaxhaphetshu kamva ngowe-1917 eya kukhokelela ngokubhukuqwa lobuzwilakhe kunye War Civil.