8. umfazi Henry King of England of the Tudor ubukhosi nomkakhe

UKumkani uHenry England 8 yenye edume kakhulu futhi, mhlawumbi, abalawuli impikiswano kwimbali yeli lizwe. Kwelinye icala, wazomeleza kakhulu amandla, negalelo ekomelezeni likarhulumente, kodwa ebudeni bolawulo lwakhe waniphawula ngezibetho, oliqhophololo kunye ngokutsha iinkqubo zenkolo kunye nezentlalo.

uphawu jikelele wolawulo

ngenkulungwane ye-16 yaba lixesha ukomeleza iziko lamandla eNgilani. Owandulela lo kumkani benza umgudu omkhulu ukuze banike inkxaso igunya lakhe. Inxalenye wakwenza oko, kodwa imfuneko utshintsho waqhubeka sekucaca. Kwakhona wachaza kukuba urhulumente khange wachacha ngokupheleleyo emva impi yombango, ethe waba nengxaki enkulu. Kwezi meko, yaye Ndafika etroneni yokumkani omtsha eNgilani, Henry-8.

umsebenzi walo ongundoqo kunye uphambili ukunika isiseko yentlalo amandla akhe. Ekuqaleni wayezixhasa ubuKatolika, upopu Austria Habsburgs, batshata uCharles V. umakazi Kodwa kungekudala kakhulu kangangokuba watshintsha indlela umgaqo-nkqubo wakhe. Abadinga inkxaso yangaphakathi yezikhulu IsiNgesi, waya amanyathelo angqongqo kakhulu, ezizezi kokuthathwa impahla emishini nomhlaba, yaye oku kwaba ekuqaleni UHlaziyo kweli lizwe.

ingxaki Family kunye zahlukane neRoma

Umfazi wokuqala Henry 8 une-anti lokuzalwa umlawuli Austria kunye Spanish Habsburgs. Yena wayeminyaka embalwa omdala kunaye, waza wamnika mbewu eyindoda. Nantsi ke imbangi yokuba umnqweno kakumkani lokutshata okwesibini: lizwe kufuneka indlalifa kwisihlalo sobukhosi. Indima ebalulekileyo eyadlalwa umba buqu: irhuluneli kakhulu wamthanda, umkhonzazana iKumkanikazi ngayo imbeko, nto leyo efunekayo ubhaliso womtshato ngokomthetho. Zonke ezi zizathu ngasentla ziye zakhokelela ekubeni wacela imvume uPopu ukuba umtshato. Nangona kunjalo, le yokugqibela wala ubukhulu becala ngenxa yokuba ukuba phantsi kweempembelelo uCharles V, owathi, Kakade ke, wayengenamdla into yokuba umtshato le nkosi IsiNgesi kunye isalamane ngegazi lakhe. Waza ukumkani waya ukutyhoboza evulekileyo neRoma, evakalisa ngokwakhe eyintloko yebandla. Yena umtshato nomfazi wakhe waza watshata.

umshado wesibili

Umfazi omtsha uHenry 8 Anna waba ukumkanikazi, kodwa Union yaphela kabuhlungu ngenxa yakhe. Ekuqaleni, phakathi amaqabane walawula imvume, kodwa inyaniso kukuba kungekudala kakhulu uKumkani wafumana othandwayo entsha, leyo kamva watshata waza waba yindlalifa elide-ilindelwe kuye. Kwiminyaka nje embalwa kamva ukumkanikazi oselula watyholwa ukukrexeza, wamnqumla kwiNqaba. Intombi yakhe Elizabeth kamva waba ukumkanikazi of England, yaye ebudeni bolawulo lwakhe, Anne Boleyn waye yesiqhelo ngokupheleleyo.

umtshato Okulandelayo

umfazi Third Dzheyn Seymur waba ngukumkani, sasivela ubukhosi elite yeengcungcu. YoMlawuli ahambe kwiminyaka yokuba umtshato wakhe uAnna. Sele waqala ngokuphandle ukuthatha unonophelo kuwo, nto leyo yabangela umsindo nengqumbo yomfazi wayo. Ngoko nangoko emva kokubulawa kwakhe, watshata nenkosikazi yakhe entsha, bevakalisa naye ukumkanikazi entsha. Umfazi of Henry 8, ngokungafaniyo ezihlangwini bayo, waba nesimo cwaka kwaye uzolile yaye abazange kuyiphazamisa kwimicimbi kwezopolitiko kunye nolawulo. Kuphela nje wama-nxaxheba Bamemelele uphakamo lokuphambukela, leyo kwenzeka ngenxa ikhefu kumkani kunye Catholic Church. Waba abalulamileyo, uhlonipha kunye livelana egcwele Princess kuMariya. Ukumkanikazi oselula ukuba ukukholisa wonke umntu enkundleni, yaye kuphela amaProtestanti babengonwabanga, esoyikela ukuba iza imvume umgaqo savela ngayo lolungiso. Noko ke, Dzheyn Seymur uyikhathalele owayeza kuzala indlalifa indoda yakhe, yaye ukuba ndikwazi, kodwa yena wafa fever puerperal emva kweentsuku ezimbalwa. Wahlala umfazi ozithandayo yomlawuli, leyo ukudlulisela amngcwabe ecaleni kwakhe.

umshado eqwengiweyo

Umfazi wesine Henry 8, intombi iNkosana Cleves. Yena waye lamaProtestanti, yaye ngoko ke abalandeli unqulo omtsha ukubala ngokongeza komtshato, ngethemba lokuba ukumkanikazi abatsha siya kuxhasa kuzo. Iwuphonononge kwenzeka kwangaphambili, kunye neenkcazelo uKumkani, umtshakazi intsha omnye akhe. Anna Klevskaya izigidimi ukumncoma ngubani waqinisekisa umlawuli wabo, ukuba wenza ukhetho endilisekileyo. Lo mlawuli wagqiba ukufumana phandle kwangaphambili oko umfazi wakhe elizayo, owayesele wafika kweli lizwe. Kungekudala, phantsi ngesebe umntu labucala efanayo kunye uPhilip weza. Wayethetha iiyure eziliqela kunye inkosazana, kodwa yena yakhathazeka kakhulu. Yonke komsindo eyehlela unozakuzaku, owamcebisa lo mtshato. Emva kwexesha elithile, amagqwetha, nangona ukuba isivumelwano umtshato sele yasayinwa, wakwazi ukurhoxisa nokubandakanywa. Anna Klevskaya wasala kweli lizwe kwi sikhundla kodade wabo bathandiweyo kukumkani, owamnika umxholo liyababala, wada waya kuyo, emva kokungaphumeleli ukufumana ulwimi eqhelekileyo kunye naye.

Mitshato ezilandelayo

Umfazi of Henry 8, eyesihlanu, okwabangela umzala wesibini umfazi kakumkani. Oko kwaba isiphelo sinye, nangona umtshato wokuqala kwabonakala uphumelele. Young Queen n Govard kulungile, kodwa umfazi mhle kakhulu. Ngoko ke, wenza enkundleni weenceke babo bangaphambili. Ukongeza, umalume wakhe waba ukuba elininzi iintshaba abafuna ukujongela impembelelo yakhe enkundleni. Kungekudala kwakukho ubungqina nxamnye ibhinqa eliselula, kwafumaniseka ukuba wayexakeke ukuba batshate ngaphambili. Waye wamangalelwa ukukrexeza, nto leyo ke kubalwe ulwaphulo karhulumente. Waye wabanjwa kwaye ziqhutywa Tower.

Unkosikazi n Parr waye ukumkani. Wayeyintokazi ikrelekrele kakhulu. Wabonisa izingxoxo emangalisayo, efuna ukuba acele inkxaso izalamane kunye babengamahlakani nomyeni wakhe. Yaye waphumelela. Waye, ulwalamano oluhle kakhulu phantse wahlobana Princess Elizabeth. Wakwazi kwakhona ukuba iqhutywe indlalifa iqela, Edward omncinane, nangona ekuqaleni averse kakhulu kaVan lakhe elitsha. Kwaye kuphela intombi enkulu yokumkani, Maria, iye zange ziphuhliswe nobuhlobo. Umlawuli nangoku ibitheni kakhulu kwaye akukho ndawo izama ukumbamba umfazi wayo; kodwa lonke ixesha elinye isigqibo sayo. Mhlawumbi ukuba wancedisa ngenxa yokuba impilo yakhe inkenenkene ngokukhawuleza. Ngoko ke, n Parr waye umfazi kuphela kukumkani, yena wasinda ekufeni yaye wasinda kuye.

Ukuvavanywa ubomi bentsapho

wemeko enjalo ubomi yentsapho uKumkani waba into ingqalelo izazinzulu, ngembali, ababhali kunye abaqambi. Abaninzi khangela oonobangela kuziphatha ngokwesivumelwano umlinganiswa kakumkani. Enyanisweni, uhlobo umlawuli ngokukhawuleza wobulali yaye ngokukhawuleza. Kodwa ngokuqinisekileyo into yokuba iingxaki ezinjalo kwesiphumo yomzabalazo wenkundla kukrakra igunya, njengoko iqela ngalinye zafuna ukulondoloza impembelelo yawo nesikhundla. Ngoko Henry 8 nabafazi 6 waba ngesihloko Iingcali zophando olunzulu. Akukho mathandabuzo ukuba unobangela yezi ngxaki kufuneka wafuna nakuye ntlekele yasekhaya kwezopolitiko, nto leyo iye yanxulunyaniswa koHlaziyo, zahlukane yamaKatolika iCawa kunye nokutshintsha-nkqubo wezangaphandle. Uninzi lukubona ubomi bentsapho uKumkani, hayi nje kuphela kweli kwimeko utshintsho ubuntu bakhe, kodwa ngengqiqo ebanzi, elileli, i-sikhokelo ezichaseneyo amaqela zamaKatolika namaProtestanti kwinkundla yakomkhulu. Ngaloo ndlela, ubukumkani Henry 8, ukongeza ekomelezeni iziko likarhulumente, yabalasela iingxaki zangaphakathi kakhulu.

nabalandeli yomphathi

Emva kokufa wokulawula kumkani zaqalisa, unyana wakhe Edward 6, esibonakala ngenxa yempilo enkenenkene kakhulu. Eneneni, xa regents kwakukho izalamane zakhe, abameli beqela ongumProtestanti. Ngoko ke, lo gama isikhundla abalandeli yaqhubeka ngokuqinileyo, kodwa kungekudala wafa ukumkani uselula, yaye itrone wathabatha intombi ka-Henry 8, nomfazi wakhe wokuqala. Yena waba umKatolika, kwaye ebukumkanini baqalisa ukubuyisela indawo beCawa yamaRoma. Ngeli xesha amaProtestanti batshutshiswa baza abaninzi baba awonwabanga iinkqubo ukumkanikazi entsha, otshatele lokumkani Spanish inkolo yamaKatolika. Noko ke, emva kokufa kwakhe, zithandwa amaProtestanti wabekwa enye intombi ka kumkani emva kwexesha. Umama wakhe waba Anne Boleyn, kodwa oku akuzange kumthintele ukhetho. Isibakala sokuba Elizabeth abaxhasi ukholo entsha. Ebudeni bolawulo lwakhe, isikhundla the Church of England bya. Ngaphezu koko, yayamkela umthetho phantsi apho imfundiso entsha yaba karhulumente. Xa yaba kukugqitywa kwenkqubo yentlalo-zezopolitiko, waqala ukubonakala kwi ezihlangwini zayo zombini.

inani period

Kwimbali eNgilani, wathi ixesha wadlala indima egwebayo. Kula mashumi wabumba ngeyunithi yombane basebukhosini isekelwe phezu ngabafo entsha, ezafumana umhlaba eyohluthiweyo evela nezigodlo. Oku kuye kube undoqo azi itrone IsiNgesi. Abalawuli, ukuqalela uHenry 8, wadala inkqubo yolawulo yezolawulo, nto leyo yenza isiseko inkqubo kwezentlalo nezopolitiko karhulumente. Ukongeza, ebudeni bolawulo Elizabeth I, kwabakho nokugqama inkcubeko IsiNgesi. I-Queen yena ukubukelwa iimbongi, ababhali, amanani zenkcubeko. Xa kwasekwa yeqonga yesizwe IsiNgesi, apho kamva waba edumileyo.

Ebudeni bolawulo iKumkanikazi of England wandise ibizwa yempembelelo. Umzekelo okuphawuleka uhambo kwihlabathi F. Drake. Kwakhona oko yasekwa ubudlelwane Russia. Ebudeni bolawulo iKumkanikazi yenye yeendawo eziphambili kwimbali hayi nje eNgilani, kodwa yonke ekuqaleni ixesha mihla yaseYurophu kwaphela.

Imifanekiso inkcubeko

Henry 8, umfazi wakhe kunye nabalandeli aye kuye into yobugcisa ukuba ababhali, abaqambi, abalawuli. Enye iinoveli edume kakhulu eli thuba - imveliso kaMarko Twain, "The Prince kunye wehlwempu", Uphi na unyana kakumkani, eyasihlelayo ukutshintsha iindawo nalo mfana amahlwempu umlinganiswa ophambili ufana kakhulu naye. Ixabiso kwinoveli kukuba it ngokucacile kwaye qhalo wachaza ubunyani British kwenkulungwane ye-16. Eyaziwayo inoveli lomfazi yesithandathu umbhali D. Pleydi 'of Henry 8 ". Lo msebenzi inamandla kwaye obangel 'umdla isakhiwo sebali, abalinganiswa umdla kunye nokwenziwa yokuqala.

In umculo,

Xa umculo weklasiki, le mifanekiso ufumene binzana. Umzekelo, umqambi Italian edumileyo isebenzisa ukubhala Donizetti "Anna Bolena." Umbhali uye opera malunga Elizabeth eyonwabela akukho ngaphantsi ethandwayo. Kubonisa into yokuba ibali kwimbali IsiNgesi abanomdla umqambi Italian. Oku kubonisa ithandwa enkulu kwezi zifundo kwinkcubeko yaseYurophu.

Kulo movie,

Lobukhosi wobukumkani ezitsala abalawuli lwanamhlanje. Ngokomzekelo, umboniso "I Okunye Boleyn Girl", nto leyo ebonakalayo kulo mboniso. Eyaziwa series IsiNgesi iminyaka azinikele wobukumkani bakhe. Zonke abalinganiswa kuye real; umz, Heroine omnye thotho yokuqala n Aragonskaya. "I Tudors" waduma kakhulu series TV esibonakalisa iimfuno zoluntu kwisithuba ingqalelo. Enye bhanya idumileyo umfanekiso 'Elizabeth. The Golden Age. " Oku kakuhle kakhulu ukusungulwa ixesha wolawulo the Queen. Isizathu soku umdla amanga neqiniso ukuba ixesha phantsi sifundo kukho utshintsho kwimbali of England kunye nembali yaseYurophu luphela. Kwaba ngoko kwasekwa Institute of ubukhosi nesazisi yesizwe ithi kunye namazwe.