Iziqhushumbisi atom of iHiroshima Nagasaki: Oonobangela kunye neziphumo

Kunyaka olandelayo, uluntu luya sibhiyozela iminyaka engama-70 Second World War, yavivshey imizekelo emininzi zenkohlakalo nanto, xa iintsuku ezimbalwa okanye iiyure zinyamalale ebusweni bomhlaba wonke umzi, sibulele amakhulu amawaka abantu, kuquka abahlali. Owona mzekelo ngokucacileyo i kuqhuma iHiroshima Nagasaki, zizizathu zokuziphatha obizwa athandabuze nguye nawuphi na umntu elifanelekileyo.

Japan ngexesha izigaba zokugqibela kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II

Njengoko usazi, iJamani yamaNazi wanikezela ngobusuku ngoMeyi 9, 1945. Oku kwakuthetha ukuba ukuphela kwemfazwe e-Europe. Kananjalo ke into yokuba iqela kuphela mdibaniso anti-zwilakhe wahlala zinkulu eJapan, ngelo xesha wabhengeza ngokusesikweni imfazwe malunga kumazwe 6 elinesibini. Sele ngenxa amadabi igazi imikhosi yayo banyanzelwa ukuba bashiye Indonesia kunye Indochina ngoJuni 1945. Kodwa xa le United States, kunye iBritani China thaca mandikhethe ukuya umyalelo Japanese, walahlwa ngomhla wama-26 Julayi. Kulo mzekelo, kude ngexesha iNkomfa Yalta, eSoviet Union wenza ukuzibophelela ngo Agasti ukuya ukuqala ekhubekisayo elikhulu-isikali eJapan, apho ekupheleni kwemfazwe, kwafuneka ukuba zidluliselwe kwi-South Sakhalin kunye Kuril Islands.

Ezifuneka phambili basebenzisa izixhobo atomic

Kudala phambi kwezi ziganeko, ekwindla ka-1944 kwintlanganiso iinkokeli USA kunye UK tirhisaneke ha yona kungenzeka ngokusebenzisa Ziyaqhubeka sverhrazrushitelnyh entsha eJapan. Emva koko, i-Project odumileyo Manhattan, ngokusesikweni kunyaka ongaphambili yaye ijolise ekudaleni izixhobo zenyukliya, oko yaqala ukusebenza nge amandla, kunye nokusebenza ekudalweni iisampulu zayo zokuqala zaye zagqitywa ekupheleni kwemfazwe e-Europe.

Hiroshima and Nagasaki: Ubangela bombing

Ngenxa yoko, ngenxa ngehlobo lika-1945, i-US waba indlalifa kuphela kwezixhobo zenyukliya ehlabathini waza wagqiba ukusebenzisa eli thuba ukuze noxinzelelo njengotshaba nabadala ngexesha elifanayo umhlobo ka anti-Hitler angalawuliyo - USSR.

Kwangaxeshanye, nangona boyisiwe, umoya Japan akazange eyaphukileyo. Njengoko sinokungqinelwa yokuba yonke amakhulu ngemini amajoni Imperial Army waba Raihan Kaiten kunye walijika iinqwelo zabo inomzimba neenqanawa kunye nezinye ekujoliswe zomkhosi US Army. Oku kwakuthetha ukuba ngexesha ukusebenza phantsi kwe kummandla Japan ngokwayo amabutho ahlangene balindele ilahleko enkulu. Eso sizathu lokugqibela namhlanje ngokufuthi ezicatshuliweyo ngamagosa US njengesizathu umgwebele imfuneko amanyathelo njengoko kuqhuma iHiroshima Nagasaki. Sikholisa ukulibala ukuba, xa amazwi Churchill, iiveki ezintathu phambi kokuba inkomfa Potsdam , Stalin wamxelela malunga imizamo le Japanese ukuseka ingxoxo ngoxolo. Kucacile ukuba iingxelo ezinjalo abameli eli lizwe enokwenza ukuba wonwabe baseMerika nelamaNgesi, njengoko iziqhushumbisi kakhulu iidolophu ezinkulu ndibeke nomsebenzi wabo zomkhosi nganeno ngaseludinini ekuweni baza benza ukuthula kunqandwa.

Ukukhetha ekujoliswe

Emva kokufumana le isivumelwano esingena mbophelelo malunga nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo atomic eJapan, ikomiti ekhethekileyo kwasekwa. Kwintlanganiso yayo yesibini yabanjwa ngoMeyi 10-11 kwaye abazinikele ngokukhethwa ezixeko, eziya ATM. Indlela ukuba guided iKhomishini baba:

• phambi imbopheleleko yenu ngeenxa ithagethi wamajoni izinto ezithwala;
• ukubaluleka kwayo abantu Japanese, kungekuphela nje xa uthathela ingqalelo kwezoqoqosho qhinga lwembono, kodwa ukusuka ngokwasengqondweni;
• ngezinga eliphezulu kwintsingiselo into, ukutshatyalaliswa leyo enokubangela livakale ehlabathini;
• injongo belingayi yayonakaliswe bombing, ukuba emkhosini bakwazi ukuqonda amandla ngokwenene izixhobo ezitsha.

Yeyiphi isixeko ozakuthathwa ekujoliswe

Inani "labaviwa" baba:

• Kyoto, nto leyo iziko inkulu mveliso kunye nenkcubeko kunye capital mandulo Japan;
• Hiroshima njenge izibuko ebalulekileyo yomkhosi kunye isixeko apho koovimba bempi kanzulu;
• Yokohama, nto leyo kumbindi kushishino wamajoni;
• Kokura - indawo yokugcina enkulu emkhosini.

Ngokutsho memoirs lokusinda nxaxheba kwezo ziganeko, nangona injongo ifanelekileyo ukuze Kyoto, i-United States wamajoni UMphathiswa G. Stimson zanyanzelisa ngaphandle komzi ukusuka kuluhlu, njengoko wayeqhelene izinto zayo zimelwe ixabiso yabo inkcubeko yehlabathi.

Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, iziqhushumbisi ze iHiroshima Nagasaki ekuqaleni hayi breaded. Okunye kanye, njengoko Injongo yesibini yayigqalwa isixeko Kokura. Oku kungqinwa kukuba phambi kokuba August 9 kwi Nagasaki lwaqhutywa phandle i airstrike eyayibangela inkxalabo kwaye kwanyanzeleka abahlali ukuba kuphunywe uninzi lwabafundi kwiilali ezikufutshane. Kungekudala emva koko, ngenxa yokuba iingxoxo ezinde ekujoliswe nanceba abanyulwa, ixesha likaxakeka. Zezi:

• ngokuba iziqhushumbisi yokuqala, ukuba singabi nako ukubetha Hiroshima - Niigata;
• ngokuba yesibini (endaweni Kokura) - Nagasaki.

uqeqesho

Iziqhushumbisi atom of iHiroshima Nagasaki afuna ulungiselele ngenyameko. Kwisiqingatha sesibini ngoMeyi noJuni, kwi kwisiseko kwisiqithi Tinian lafuduselwa 509 th Composite Air Group US Air Force, ngoko ke imiqathango yokhuseleko ezizodwa ziye zathathwa. Kwinyanga kamva, ngoJulayi 26 kwisiqithi wazisa esinye sazo "Inkwenkwana" atomic amanani 28 amacandelo ukuze ibandla "Fat Man". Wodliwa kwangaloo mhla Dzhordzh Marshall, ngelo xesha isikhundla sokuba ngusihlalo Joint Chiefs of Staff, wabeka isiginitsha yakhe phantsi umyalelo ukuphumeza bombardment yenyukliya nangaliphi na ixesha emva Agasti 3, xa kukho iimeko ezaneleyo zemozulu.

Lokuqala ukuhlasela atomic ku Japan

Umhla iziqhushumbisi ka iHiroshima Nagasaki ayikwazi kubizwa ngokuba ngokucacileyo Uhlasela enyukliya loo mizi sizibophelele kunye umahluko seentsuku ezi-3.

Kwakhe kuqala ubuhlungu eHiroshima. Kwathi Juni 6, kunyaka-1945. "Imbeko" ehlise ezabo "Inkwenkwana" waya crew-moya B-29, uWele "Enola Gay", umthetho Colonel Tibbets. Kwaye phambi pilot eziphaphazelayo, eqinisekile ukuba wenza umsebenzi omhle kunye 'feat "wabo uya kulandelwa kwisigqibo ngokukhawuleza imfazwe, watyelela ibandla waza wafumana igutyana ne potassium benqanda kwimeko ukuwa ekuthinjweni.

Kunye ne "Enola Gay" yakhwela moya ezintathu kwesimo emoyeni, eyenzelwe ukuba imisele imiqathango imozulu kunye bead 2 kunye lokushicilela kunye nezixhobo zokufunda parameters of dubulo.

Yena iziqhushumbisi kwenzeka ngokupheleleyo ngaphandle iingxaki, ekubeni emkhosini yaseJapan abazange isaziso izinto ngokungxama eHiroshima, yaye imozulu ngaphezu elilungileyo. Kwenzeka ntoni emva koko kunokubonwa ngokukhangela tape "ye iziqhushumbisi atom ka iHiroshima Nagasaki" - documentary ndawonye ukusuka newsreels ezenziwe kwi-Pacific ekupheleni yeSibini kwiMfazwe yeHlabathi.

Ngokukodwa, kukho iboniswa ilifu mushroom, apho, ngokutsho uCaptain Roberta Lyuisa, owaba lilungu crew i "Enola Gay", yaba zibonakale emva moya wabo labhabha ukusuka naweebhombu obhobhozayo point 400 weekhilomitha.

Kuqhuma Nagasaki

Ngendlela eyahlukileyo benza umsebenzi ehlise ezabo, "Fat Man", olwenziwe 9 Agasti. Ngokubanzi, iziqhushumbisi ze iHiroshima Nagasaki, iifoto leyo achukumisa unxulumano kunye neenkcazo eyaziwayo Apocalypse, sele zilungiselelwe ngocoselelo, kwaye kuphela ukuba akwazi ukwenza uhlengahlengiso nozalisekiso lwalo, ukuba imozulu. Oku kwenzeka xa ekuseni ka-Agasti 9, ukususela kwisiqithi Tinian-moya yabhabha phantsi umyalelo Major Charles Sweeney kwaye ezabo atom, "Fat Man" kwi kwibhodi. Ngamaxesha 8 kwemizuzu eli-10 ebhodini waya kuloo ndawo apho wayeza kudibana kunye yesibini - le B-29, kodwa akamfumana. Emva kwemizuzu 40 silindile, kwagqitywa ekubeni wenze inqwelomoya bombing ngaphandle neqabane, kodwa wajika ukuba isixeko Kokura iye 70% namafu -owned. Ngaphezu koko, nangaphambi kokuba ukubhabha wayesazi ukuba ukusilela pump amafutha, kwaye ngexesha yibhodi phezu Kokura, kwaye kwacaca ukuba le ndlela kuphela kwakhona i "Fat Man" - ukwenza oko ngexesha esemoyeni phezu Nagasaki. Ke B-29, waya esixekweni waza wenza ngocwangcisa lwe ezabo atom, ijikwa ngomthi yezemidlalo. Ngenxa yoko, ngenxa ithuba Kokura wasinda, nokuba ihlabathi liphela wayesazi ukuba kwakukho iziqhushumbisi atom ka iHiroshima Nagasaki. Ngethamsanqa, ukuba ilizwi enjalo kuzo zonke ezifanelekileyo kulo mzekelo, ezabo yawa kude injongo yokuqala, kakhulu kude kwiindawo zokuhlala, kangako inani labantu ababulawa zizo.

Imiphumo iziqhushumbisi ka iHiroshima Nagasaki

Ngokutsho ngawabo, kwimizuzu embalwa bonke abo kumgama owela ngaphakathi kwama-oziimitha 800 ukusuka nombindi dubulo, wafa. Ke imililo uqale, apho saseHiroshima kungekudala yaba nkanyamba ngenxa ngumoya, isantya emalunga 50-60 km / ngeyure.

Iziqhushumbisi enyukliya iHiroshima Nagasaki kunye uluntu baziswa into efana ukugula radiation. I kuqala oogqirha bakhe. Amangala ukuba imeko basindileyo kuqala, kuphuculwe, kwaye ngoko ke wafa sesi sifo, iimpawu zazo ezifana norhudo. Ngemihla zokuqala neenyanga emva kokuba iye yenziwa iziqhushumbisi ka iHiroshima Nagasaki, bambalwa kuphela obenokuzichaza ukuba abo baphila kulo liya kuba ubomi bam bonke ubunzima kwizifo ngezifo, nkqu ukuba uzale abantwana mpilweni.

izenzakalo ezilandelayo

August 9, ngoko nangoko emva kokuba iindaba iziqhushumbisi ze Nagasaki nengxelo yemfazwe yiSoviet Union, uMlawuli Hirohito wathetha egameni an uzinikele kuye ngoko nangoko, ukuba ilizwe bamandla akhe. Kodwa emva kweentsuku ezi-5 amajelo Japanese ingxelo ingxelo yakhe ukuyekwa impi ngolwimi IsiNgesi. Ngaphezu koko, kwisicatshulwa bobungangamsha bakhe wakhankanya ukuba esinye sezizathu zesigqibo sakhe phambi kotshaba "izixhobo ezoyikekayo", ukusetyenziswa leyo enokukhokelela kutshatyalaliswe uhlanga.