IYerusalem: imbali isiseko engcwele isixeko

Nakule yonke yoluntu kwakukho kwizixeko ezininzi ezaziwayo-kakuhle. Noko ke, eyona twisiseka kubo iYerusalem. Imbali kule ndawo eyaziwa iimfazwe ezininzi ngaphezu kwayo nayiphi na indawo enabantu le planethi. Ngaphandle koku, umzi wasinda kwaye kuyaqhubeka kwanda namhlanje, ukuba engcwele iicawa ezintathu.

Imbali kweYerusalem yamandulo kwithuba dohanaansky

Njengoko sinokungqinelwa ngeziphumo ngabembi bezinto zakudala kuloo mmandla nakuwo umzi ongcwele, yokuqala ekwahlala kuyo abantu baye apha nkqu iminyaka 3000 phambi kukaKristu. Sisihlandlo sokuqala ebhaliweyo igama laloo mzi lisukela emva Rushalimum XIX-XVIII kwiinkulungwane BC. e. Mhlawumbi abemi baseYerusalem, kanye ngelo xesha impi noonyana bamaYiputa, njengoko igama leso sixeko yayibhalwe imibhalo emngcwabeni iziqalekiso eYiputa iintshaba.

Malunga ngemvelaphi igama le lali aye kuguqulelo eyahlukileyo. Ngenxa yoko, owokuqala uthathwa ukuba igama Irushalem, ebonisa ukuba isixeko phantsi kokhuseleko unkulunkulu othile yamandulo. Ngamanye ngqangi igama lu dityanisiwe elithi "uxolo" ( "luxolo"). Kodwa kwincwadi yokuqala yeBhayibhile, iYerusalem ibizwa ngokuba osezweni, gama elo elithetha "umKanan." Oku kungenxa yokuba amaYuda yesixeko yaba izizwe zamaKanan yobuhedeni.

IYerusalem kwixesha wamaKanan

Imbali eYerusalem ngeli xesha, nangona iqulethe ubungqina encinane kwababhalwayo wona, kodwa luzele iziganeko umdla. Ngoko ke, ukuba isixeko-karhulumente, iYerusalem wadlala indima ebalulekileyo kule ngingqi. Baya kulawula Ookumkani ubukhosi, nayo leyo wenza indima ababingeleli, kunye yobuntu unknown - abakhusela yesixeko.

Ngowe XIV- BC XII leminyaka. e. izizwe ezilishumi elinazibini zakwaSirayeli wabuyela eYiputa. Phantsi kwesikhokelo uYoshuwa, bahlula umzi-karhulumente, waphula ukungawi angabamelwane ookumkani abahlanu, simanyene nxamnye nabo. Noko ke, kweelana yabantu balapha ebisebenza kakhulu kwaye ukungabinako ukubambelela umzi, amaYuda anike abantu bakhe, namaJebhusi.

IYerusalem - elikomkhulu kaKumkani uDavide

Ukutyhubela iminyaka, wahlala phantsi kwamandla njengomYebhusi iYerusalem. Imbali isixeko ngelo xesha akazange ziquka iimbalasane ezikhethekileyo - iimfazwe rhoqo phakathi amaYuda namaYebhusi ubacinezele. Noko ke, kuphela BC ngenkulungwane X. e. phantsi kobunkokheli kaKumkani uDavide, esi sixeko ekugqibeleni yoyiswa ngamaYuda. NamaJebhusi bagxothwa umbindi zaseYerusalem, kodwa ixesha elide sisahlala amadlelo.

Emva kokoyisa iYerusalem, uDavide wathi isixeko yipropathi wesizwe sakwaYuda, awayelilungu. Ngaphezu koko, ekuhambeni kwexesha, yafumana iwonga iYerusalem, ikomkhulu yokumkani. Nokuhamba amaYuda kwisixeko wobungcwele, ityesi yomnqophiso kaNdikhoyo, waqalisa imbali eYerusalem njengeziko yonqulo.

UKumkani uDavide kule minyaka wobukumkani bakhe, yenze lukhulu uphuhliso mzi. Kodwa "perile" ngokwenene baseYerusalem phantsi sewusesandleni sonyana wakhe - uSolomon. Le ukumkani wakha itempile engayiwayo, nto leyo iminyaka zazigcina iTyeya yomnqophiso. Kwakhona, xa uSolomon namaJebhusi ephele eziqhutywa ngaphandle komzi, neYerusalem waba ngomnye zokuhlala izityebi mmandla. Noko ke, emva kokufa kukaSolomoni wafunyanwa ufanele yomfumani, yaye ubukumkani amaYuda yahlulwa ezimbini ithi: North noMzantsi. Wahlala kuloo ilifa lobukhosi bukaDavide, belawula ubukumkani basemzantsi eYerusalem.

Imbali engcwele mzi ukufika iminyaka - uludwe eemfazwe. Ngoko ke, kwiminyaka engaphantsi kweshumi emva kokufa kukaSolomoni, ukumkani waseYiputa nxamnye neYerusalem. Ukugcina amanqugwala, olawulayo Ukumkani uRehabheham ahlawulele omkhulu, ngokwenjenjalo wayonakalisayo uqoqosho yesixeko.

Kule minyaka engamakhulu amabini ezayo, iYerusalem yoyiswa kwaye ngokuyinxenye litshatyalaliswa umlawuli ubukumkani basemantla amaYuda, yaye kamva - yi-Aram. Ngexesha umYiputa-baseBhabhiloni imfazwe engcwele isixeko ngokufutshane banawo kumaYiputa, aze emva koko yoyiswa yiBhabhiloni. In ekuziphindezeleni imvukelo yamaYuda waseBhabhiloni, uNebhukadenetsare umphathi atshabalalisa isixeko phantse emhlabeni, yaye inkoliso yabantu ekuthinjweni zabo elizweni.

Ixesha le iTempile yeSibini

UNebhukadenetsare emva kokutshatyalaliswa kweYerusalem iminyaka emashumi asixhenxe lalize. Imbali yamaYuda, ukugxothwa kwabo eBhabhilon, kule minyaka swikombiso imangalisayo ubuqhawe nokunyaniseka unqulo lwabo nezithethe. IYerusalem ukuba iye yaba uphawu inkululeko, benjenjalo baphupha ukuya emva uze uyibuyisele. Noko ke, amaYuda ithuba wathola kuphela emva kokoyiswa amaBhabhiloni namaPersi. UKumkani uKoreshi wasePeshiya ukuba inzala ka-Abraham ukuba abuyele ekhaya ize yakhiwe iYerusalem.

kweminyaka 88 emva kokutshatyalaliswa umzi ongcwele, ke kancane, ingakumbi endlwini kaThixo, yona eyaqala ukwenza kwitheko kwakhona. Kwiinkulungwane ezintlanu ezilandelayo, kude ukuzalwa kukaYesu, udlule kwenye moyisi ukuya kwenye eYerusalem. Imbali umzi ongcwele kweli xesha - kunzima uphelayo aloo maYuda, ukuba ukuzimela, eye kungabi yimpumelelo. Le IV BC. e. IYerusalem yoyiswa Aleksandrom Makedonskim, yaye kamva - ezihlangwini zakhe uPtolemy I. Nangona ukuxhomekeka kwamaGrike amaYiputa, amaYuda ukuzimela, leyo wavumela amaSirayeli ukuba baphumelele.

Xa BC ngenkulungwane II. e. Iqala Hellenization kubemi zeYerusalem. Temple baphangwe wajika waba ezingcweleni zikaThixo ephakamileyo uZeyus yamaGrike. Oku kubangela amaYuda noqhankqalazo senkxaso yeenginginya nanto leyo yaba kwemvukelo eyayikhokelwa kwaYuda Maccabee. Le bavukeli ukuphatha ukufaka iYerusalem nihlambulule indlu izinto eziphakamileyo zonqulo.

NeYerusalem ngemihla kaYesu Kristu. ixesha amaRoma Byzantine

Embindini ka BC I leminyaka. e. It iya isiba yenye yezona amaphondo wamaRoma, iYerusalem. Imbali umzi ngeli xesha lizele iziganeko ezibalulekileyo senye yeenkolo kunayo kunye nempembelelo hlabathi - ubuKristu. Ngapha koko, ebudeni bolawulo umlawuli waseRoma Octavian Augustus Iisus Hristos wazalwa (eYerusalem yayilawulwa uKumkani uHerode Omkhulu). Wahlala iminyaka 33 kuphela, ngenxa yomona kunye oliqhophololo iinkokeli zonqulo zamaYuda wabethelelwa emnqamlezweni eJerusalem kwintaba Calvary.

Emva kovuko nokwenyuka abafundi bakaKristu ukusasaza imfundiso yakhe. Noko ke, amaYuda ngokwawo akathandanga ukuba unqulo olutsha waza waqalisa ukuba ucudise abazalwana babo, ukuzibiza naye. Ukuqhubeka iphupha wokuzimela kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane mna, amaYuda uvukelo. Kule minyaka mi-4 baye baqhuba iYerusalem de samandla eRoma, lafika koMlawuli Titus, ngubani kabuhlungu ngeenyawo olo qhankqalazo, wayitshisa itempile, wabatshabalalisa umzi. I ambalwa eminyaka ezayo, iYerusalem amanxuwa.

Ngexesha lokulawula yoMlawuli Hadrian kwi eyayilithânga laseRoma ka Aelia Capitolina yamiselwa ngamabhodlo sixeko. Ngenxa ihlekisa umzi ongcwele amaYuda kwakhona Akreqa kwaye phantse 3 iminyaka yabanjwa eYerusalem. Xa isixeko babuyela kumaRoma, amaYuda phantsi intlungu ukufa esalelweyo ukuhlala kuyo, yaye eKalvari waqalisa ukuyakha indlu Venus (Aphrodite).

Emva ubuKristu baba inkolo esemthethweni ubukhosi, iYerusalem kwakhona yakhiwa ngokwemiyalelo loMlawuli uConstantine. babatshababalisa kwiitempile zobuhedeni, nendawo lokubulawa kunye nokungcwatywa umzimba kaKristu wamiswa iicawa zamaKristu. AmaYuda ngoku bavunyelwe ukuba ukutyelela umzi kuphela leeholide ezinqabileyo.

Ngexesha lokulawula labalawuli yaseByzantium ka uJulian, Evdokia kunye Justinian iYerusalem, kwabuya kwatyatyamba, ukuba ikomkhulu ubuKristu. Ukuze amaYuda baphathwa ngcono kwaye ngamanye amaxesha avunyelwe ukuba ahlale nakuwo umzi ongcwele. Noko ke, kwinkulungwane VII, amaYuda emanyene yamaPersi wayithimba eYerusalem, wayitshabalalisa iingcwele ezininzi zamaKristu. Emva kweminyaka eli-16, ikomkhulu yoyiswa amaByzantine zapheliswa amaYuda.

IYerusalem phantsi kolawulo Arabhu

Emva kokufa uMprofeti uMuhammad eyasungulwa abayithandayo inkolo, Islam, ikhokelwe likaCaliph Omar bambambe iYerusalem. Ekubeni iminyaka emininzi, umzi lihlala ezandleni Arabhu. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba zokwazisa mosque, amaSilamsi Abazitshabalalisa kwizindlu nezinye iinkonzo. Kwakhona ukuba amaKristu namaYuda ukuba baphile uthandaze kwikomkhulu ngoku sele iinkolo ezintathu. Ukususela ngenkulungwane VIII iYerusalem kancane ubume capital yalo Arabhu. Ukongeza, de ukufika Crusaders akaphinda iimfazwe unqulo esixekweni.

Kokoyiswa kweYerusalem Crusaders. period Mamluk

Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XI, intloko Catholic Church Urban II laqalisa kokoyiswa kweYerusalem Crusaders Knights. Ekubeni Iyakwazi umzi, i Crusaders ndakuxelela eyinkunzi zazo, nibaxakaxe yonke Arabhu kunye namaYuda. Kwiminyaka yokuqala Knights Templar esixekweni lehla, kodwa kungekudala wakwazi ukuba uzinzise kuqoqosho eYerusalem ngeendleko nabasemzini ezininzi ukusuka eYurophu. AmaJuda amaSilamsi nabo baphile apha kwakhona wavalwa.

Emva kokoyiswa Saladin zonqulo eyinkunzi, kube kanye kwakhona yaba Muslim. Iinzame Omnqamlezo ukuthatha iYerusalem akuphumelelanga. Kwiminyaka 30-40 kwinkulungwane XIII esi sixeko yahlulwa phakathi kwamaKristu namaSilamsi. Kodwa kungekudala amajoni Khorezm wasithimba isixeko niwonakalise.

Ukususela phakathi kwinkulungwane XIII, Egypt yoyiswa Mamluks Muslim. Kwiminyaka 60 ngabam eYerusalem. Ngoxa amaYuda aphinde akwazi ukubuyela kwilizwe labo. Nangona kunjalo, uphuhliso lwezoqoqosho omkhulu umzi kweli xesha akukho ifunyenwe.

IYerusalem yinxalenye Ottoman. City ngabasemagunyeni UK

ngekhulu XVI kwaphawula zebhola ye Ottoman. Sultan Selim Ndakwazi ukoyisa isixeko esingcwele iicawa ezintathu, kunye nonyana wakhe Suleiman kudala wabandakanyeka ekwakhiweni ngokutsha kweYerusalem. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, Sultan wavumela abahambi abangamaKristu ukuba iSixeko oyiNgcwele.

Kwiminyaka kamva, iYerusalem wayeka ukuba waqonda yi baseTurkey njengeziko zonqulo ngokuthe ngcembe ubunile, abe omnye ezinqabeni ukuba uvikele zizizwe zalapho. Kodwa ixesha loqoqosho yayo eyaziwa ngokuba amahla ndinyuka. Ukutyhubela iminyaka, into engundoqo neholo nabasemzini, nto leyo iba ngakumbi nangakumbi. Apha kwakhiwa kwizindlu amaSilamsi, amaYuda kunye Christian ezahlukeneyo.

Ikomkhulu iinkonzo ezintathu bangamalungu baseTurkey de-1917, xa Ottoman, baphulukene iMfazwe Yehlabathi Okokuqala, satshatyalaliswa. Ukususela ngelo xesha de-1948, iYerusalem yayilawulwa eBritani. Urhulumente waseBritani bazama ukunika ithuba lokuphila ngoxolo onke amakholwa, kungakhathaliseki ihlelo. Ukongeza, amaYuda ngoku ahlale imali yabo yamandulo. Ngoko ke, kule minyaka ilishumi ezayo amanani sinyuke, nto leyo ebe negalelo kuphuhliso loqoqosho umzi.

Kodwa Muslims ekuqaleni-30, ukuphawula sokukhula sabantu yamaYuda kunye nokoyika ukulahlekelwa amalungelo zabo, baza baqalisa avuke. Kwiminyaka elandelayo ngenxa ezininzi ungquzulwano Arab-yamaYuda kwisixeko zabulala amakhulu abantu. Ekugqibeleni, amaBritane, ngokuncediswa weZizwe eziManyeneyo isigqibo ukwenza iYerusalem ngumzi simahla, apho aphile amaYuda Arabhu.

Ukubuya amaYuda eYerusalem. iYerusalem yanamhlanje

Ads umzi ongcwele ngamazwe ayiphumelelanga ukunqanda ungquzulwano Arab-Israeli, nto leyo kungekudala kwakhula imfazwe. Ngenxa yoko, ngowe-1948 amaSirayeli yaba lilizwe elizimeleyo, nto leyo eye wemka West iYerusalem, kodwa ngaxeshanye, kwindawo ebizwa ngokuba Old City, kugcwele yePalestina.

Emva kweminyaka iimfazwe ezahlukeneyo kunye nezivumelwano ukuba akukho Arabhu okanye amaYuda azenzeki, ngowe-1967, iYerusalem uhlangane futhi igama ikomkhulu karhulumente kaSirayeli. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba 1988 uSirayeli wabhengezwa likomkhulu karhulumente wasePalestina kwaye nangoku ngokusemthethweni ilungu kuyo. Noko ke, omabini izisombululo nangoku azikhange zikhunjulwe kumazwe amaninzi, kuquka iZizwe eziManyeneyo.

Namhlanje, nangona iingxoxo ezininzi malunga eziluncedo esi sixeko, kuya kuhlala ngabameli eentlanga ezininzi. Ukongezelela ngesiHebhere, Arabic, isiJamani kunye IsiNgesi, kukho kwakhona uluntu Russian. Njengoko ikomkhulu onqulo ezintathu, iYerusalem lizele iicawa zamaYuda abangamaKristu zamaSilamsi Muslim kwakhiwa zaphawula ezahlukeneyo. Ngenxa ukhenketho isimiso yolawulo zeYerusalem namhlanje kwi unyuko.

udonga nibize

Singasathethi edume Western Wall, ujonge imbali nakuwo umzi ongcwele, kuba le ndawo lidla ukuba kutyelela kwafika ngamnye eYerusalem. Ukulila Wall (imbali yakumaYuda yakwazi ukuba njengoko Wall Kapa) - le yinxenye nje ngesakhiwo kaThixo Okwesibini, esekhona. Le kufuphi Temple Mount kwisiXeko Endala. Kukholelwa ukuba kule ntaba kanye eliphuma yamaYuda, uAbraham wayeza kunikela uIsake unyana wakhe.

Nangona intshabalalo ngebhegi kwamadoda omzi, i-Wall Koloni inkani waba uphawu ithemba amaYuda, nobulukhuni. Ukususela kwixesha ekutshatyalalisweni kweYerusalem bamaRoma umlawuli Titus, i-Western Wall yaba yindawo yokuthandaza zokuzila kumaYuda. Kwiminyaka eli-19 (ukususela ngo-1948), i-Arabhu akazange avumele amaYuda kule ndawo engcwele. Kodwa ukuzimela, izigidi zabanquli zonke iinkonzo ngonyaka ngamnye eze apha. Ngokwesithethe samaYuda, isithuba kufuphi eludongeni ezahlulwe sisithuba udonga encinane, ukuba amadoda namabhinqa bathandaza ngokwahlukeneyo. Iyathandwa phakathi abakhenkethi esikweni ukuba ushiye phakathi ngezitena yamandulo amanqaku kunye neminqweno ethile.

Museum "New Jerusalem": imbali weemonki

Kunye nokwamkelwa ubuKristu kwi uBukhosi baseRoma, inzala eYerusalem liye landa. Emva kokwakhiwa kwetempile of the Holy Sepulchre apho abaninzi abalawuli babefuna ukwakha ibandla kumazwe azo ekhaya, ezifana eYerusalem. Ukususela ngoko, yonke etempileni okanye woonongendi, wakha ngokufana wengcwaba oyiNgcwele, wabizwa ngokuba "iYerusalem Entsha". Imbali igcwele enjalo iYerusalem Entsha, kamva kuthiwa luKakayi. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba i-European iKalvari rhoqo zikhutshelwa ngokwayo umzi ongcwele, kungekhona isixhobo itempile.

Kodwa eRussia ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XVII ngu uBhishophu Nikon , kufuphi eMoscow wakha umfuziselo of the Holy Sepulchre eYerusalem, kwakunye eMonastri ebizwa "The New Jerusalem." Imbali woonongendi amakhulu ngaphezulu kwe emithathu enesiqingatha. Kwaba lelo xesha ke, kuloo 1652nd, ulwakhiwo zakhiwo weemonki yaqalwa, apho bekumele ukuba abe ezifanayo ngqo le engcwele zonke iziza zamaKristu eYerusalem. Iminyaka elishumi, Nikon uyalele ukwakhiwa kunye umhombiso woonongendi. Kamva, Noko ke, lo solusapho yeyela lihlazo, kwaye amanqanaba yokugqibela zolwakhiwo woonongendi kugqityiwe ngaphandle kwakhe.

Ukuba omnye kuphela kakhulu entle, kodwa ke yoonongendi bazizinhanha yoBukhosi Russian, ngokuphindaphindiweyo iYerusalem Entsha wazama idima Holdings umhlaba. Kodwa oku kungenziwa kuphela ebudeni bolawulo Peter I. Ngethamsanqa, kunye nendawo enyukayo kwitrone intombi yakhe Elizabeth, leyo uye wahlala phantsi ukusekelwa abucala, woonongendi kanye kwabuya kwatyatyamba. Eli xesha lokuchuma xa weemonki abanini-22 amawaka eka komhlaba kwaye ngaphezu kwama-10 00 amahlwempu, lwalulolwexeshana. Emva kolawulo uCatherine II ngexesha ekurhoxisweni ukulungiswa nobunini mhlaba amabandla nezigodlo eMonastri sele baphulukana nezinto zabo, yaye kwakukho kuphela ngenxa zihamba Nomalizo. Ngethamsanqa, inani labo landa ukusuka komnye unyaka ukuya komnye. Kodwa ulwakhiwo kaloliwe kwinkulungwane XIX kade inani balundwendwe emhla yonyaka ngaphezulu amashumi amawaka abantu.

Emva Revolution, ngowe-1919, ibali "iYerusalem Entsha" lomncedis, njengoko ivaliwe. Kunye kweminyaka emithathu kamva wavula Kunsthistorisches Museum endaweni yayo. Ngexesha kulowo leMfazwe yeSibini yeHlabathi German wavuthela izibonelelo ezininzi kummandla zakhiwo Museum, ingakumbi, i Cathedral yoVuko. Emva kokuba Usindiso ebuyiselweyo izakhiwo ezininzi, yaye ngowe-1959 lo lolondolozo lwembali lavulwa kuluntu.

Emva kokuwa yiSoviet Union ngo-1993-1994, emveni thethwano elide, imyuziyam eyaguqukayo yaba eMonastri. Noko ke, intsimi yalo ziqhubekile ukubakhona Museum kunye Exhibition Complex ogama "iYerusalem Entsha." Namhlanje, njengoko kwinkulungwane edluleyo, balundwendwe emhla ezivela kulo lonke ihlabathi ukuza apha nje ukuba liyakwazisa le lesikhumbuzo emangalisayo lwezakhiwo, kodwa ukuba athandaze.

Ngokuba uthando abantu emfazweni, izixeko ezininzi omkhulu elidlulileyo zitshatyalalisiwe, kwaye ngoku endaweni yazo ezinye amabhodlo. Ngethamsanqa, wahlaselwa ingqukuva eyahlukileyo isiphelo onqulo ezintathu - eYerusalem. Imbali kulo mzi siqulathe elinesithandathu umonakalo omkhulu, kwaye ixesha ngalinye, efana nentaka Phoenix wasentsomini, iYerusalem wavuka uthuthu. Namhlanje, isixeko liyakhula, simema bonke ukubenza ngamehlo abo ukubona iindawo awayephila kulo apho ke washumayela Iisus Hristos.