Iphondo uBukhosi baseRoma. Uluhlu amaphondo baseRoma

Nangona Enkulu uBukhosi baseRoma ayisekho, ungacinywayo umdla kweli thuba hlabathi yethu kwimbali yamandulo. Ngapha koko, kodwa ke amaRoma aba iminyanya komthetho mihla kunye nomthetho,-siseko amazwe aseYurophu kwaye azibhala zabo zopolitiko, kwaye namhlanje kufundwe iiyunivesithi yodumo ehlabathini lonke.

Noko ke, nkqu lungiselelo eliqhelekileyo imeko enkulu elidlulileyo akukho ngaphantsi umdla. Ngaba uyazi ukuba yintoni kwiphondo kwe-Emphaya yamaRoma kwasekwa nendlela le yunithi indawo? Ukuba akunjalo, ngoko ufanele ngokuqinisekileyo ufunde eli nqaku! Ngoko nangoko walumkisa ukuba nqaku siza kuthetha malunga eRoma njengoko igunya elinye. Icandelo ukuya eMpuma Empire West kwenzeka emva kokuba iwuthimbe lo sixeko yi amaVisigoth kunye Ostrogoths.

Inkcazelo ngokubanzi

Xa obanzi, i "iphondo" libhekisela ilizwe, ekhutshwe yi ezinye kwigosa eliphezulu bukhosi olawula yayo kuphela. Lo mntu ngaphakathi ilizwe bakhe isihloko imperio. Kodwa bambalwa siyazi ukuba eli lizwi babesanda ezine nezinye iimfundiso. Nazi ke:

• Njengokuba kunjalo odlulileyo, i "iphondo 'ayikwazanga bangathunyelwa kwisigxina esikhethekileyo. Ngoko ke, isihloko pr. Maritima kuthetha ukuba umntu lowo nto, ngumsebenzi umyalelo zezithuthi baseRoma.
• Isimo lazaliswa umntu ophethe umsebenzi obalulekileyo. Ngokomzekelo, pr. curare frumentum olawula ukunikezelwa isonka.
• Ukongeza, i "iphondo 'ayikwazanga nokuba kubizwa ngokuba ummandla utshaba uyiphathisiweyo ethile ngqwayi. Efanayo Macedonia consulibus provincia decernitur, lasekwa ngo ekoyiswa Greece.
• Ekugqibeleni, waye igama nayiphi ezisandula oyisa okanye yanikwa indawo isifungo laseRoma ukuba sele ifakiwe iibheji Romania: «umyalelo ongumRoma."

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba i-Western uBukhosi baseRoma uye wagcina indlela yolawulo wooyise. Yonke into ethethiweyo apha kwaye kwixesha elizayo kuyinyaniso kananjalo ukuba basileus lamaByzantine.

Uphuhliso ngakumbi indlela yobomi 'wephondo "

Sele AD ngenkulungwane yesithathu, amaRoma baqalisa ukwanda okukhawulezayo, nto leyo ekhokelele uBukhosi baseRoma, lo mmandla liye landa, kude bahlukile i "qalisa" Italian. Kungekudala, lonke ilizwe elele kufuphi noLwandle lweMeditera, iye yaba liphondo laseRoma. Ekugqibeleni, 117 AD wayesuke lothotho yimpumelelo emkhosini. Ukuphatha ubukhosi yaba kakhulu kakhulu. Xa iyonke, urhulumente ngelo xesha, kwakukho amaphondo 45, zamadoda mimandla 12 eItali.

Njengokuba liphondo omtsha kwasekwa?

Kuba ke lonke ixesha loloyiso kuqaliswa iinkqubo ezicacileyo "fusion" kwiindawo ezintsha kunye namanye amaphondo ubukhosi: ekuqaleni-ngqwayi, ngubani bababamba umhlaba omtsha, ukuba aqhube ngokucaciswa lokuqala. Okubalulekileyo! Xa bexoxa uBukhosi baseRoma Western, kufuneka kunokuthiwa imida yayo le "nyathelo" phantse wayengekho: yonke imisebenzi ilizwe zaye zenziwa kuphela kunye nolwazi kunye nemvume sixeko (eConstantinople).

iinkqubo zomthetho

IKhomishoni ngamalungu-10, oqeshwe yeeNgwevu, kutyholwa "isicwangciso sebali", bedlula lwemithetho legitimizing umphathi wethutyana. nangoko La maxwebhu aqhotyoshelweyo imiyalelo Yeengwevu kunye ulozhenija umthetho wendawo (ukuba oko). By the ukuthetha ngendlela, oko ukugcinwa mthetho wengingqi okuluphawu yombuso waseRoma.

Yiyo loo nto lonke iphondo uBukhosi baseRoma (kwisithuba yokuqala emphaya) ngendlela ingqiqo geqe.

kweli thuba lokulungiselela

Ekubeni urhulumente womelela ekuhambeni kwexesha, kunye nemithetho ndikungxamele ngakumbi efanayo. Ixabiso umthetho wasekuhlaleni iwela ngokukhawuleza. Ngokukhulayo, "imimiselo amaphondo" baqalisa kulawulwa ngqo Yeengwevu. Ekugqibeleni, ulozhenija basekuhlaleni kuphela lokulawula imisebenzi yolawulo jikelele, lo gama zonke ezinye zinto zithi zijongwe ngumthetho wamaRoma. Relations phakathi ngabemi baseRoma, nto leyo bantu iphondo uBukhosi baseRoma, ilawulwa edictum provinciale, Edict okusisabelo somlawuli, njengoko kupapashiwe nguwo othatha iintambo zolawulo.

"Zamisa" eyayamkelekile kuphela ebudeni bolawulo irhuluneli, kodwa kaninzi kwenzeka ukuba ezihlangwini zakhe kuxwebhu ayikatshintshi lutho. kwiphondo ilawulwa bamabutho imikhosi, namabamba; mabamangalelane kunye propraetor. injongo yabo wayenza Senta, yaye abantu kwezi zikhundla jikeleza kunyaka ngamnye. Ukuba kufunwa yi iimeko, ixesha lokuba sesikhundleni ungandiswa, kodwa isigqibo kuyo sinelungelo lokuthatha onke Yeengwevu efanayo.

Le minyaka yokugqibela bukhosi

Kwiminyaka yokugqibela phambi kokuba ukuwa kwiphondo eRoma aqhutywa consuls kunye bamabutho. Awase amandla elipheleleyo kwiphondo kolawulo. Oku kuchaza indlela kwinqanaba olunganelanga ngokupheleleyo ukonakala ukungafaneleki ngokupheleleyo abaphathi abaninzi abaye benza umsebenzi, besonwabela ubudlelwane obuhle kwirhuluneli. Ngeli thuba, i-Aram enye, kanye kwiphondo izityebi uBukhosi baseRoma kungekudala ophangiweyo neerhuluneli zayo, yaye elo lizwe unina yasisabelo encinane zerhafu eziqokelelweyo. Konke oku olukhawulezisiweyo kuphela ekuweni ukufika urhulumente kanye enkulu.

Uluhlu amaphondo aseRoma yaye iminyaka kwazo

Ngoko ke, thina uluhlu kwiphondo engundoqo apho eMpuma uBukhosi baseRoma. Le Ukuhlaziya lo isiseko ayikho ngokulandelelana, njengoko loyiso bangamalungu ngamaxesha ezopolitiko ohlukeneyo kwimbali yombuso waseRoma. Eyokuqala "ngaphantsi nephiko" yaseRoma wema yeSisili, kwabe emva kwazo - ESardinia kunye Corsica. Kwathi kwi 241 no 231 BCE ngokulandelelana. Emva kokuba yoyiswa ekude kwanekufuphi eSpeyin.

Kwathi kwi 197 GD. N. e. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba iminyaka engama-27 phambi kwexesha lamaKristu eQhubela Spain sabelwa iphondo Lusitania. emva kweminyaka emibini, elo lizwe liye lakhula iphondo Galati. Njengoko ubona, ngenxa isiqalo sexesha elitsha ikhadi uBukhosi baseRoma iyabamangalisa kunye neyantlukwano yayo. Kulo nyaka 120 BC. e. Yoyiswa eGaul Narbonne. Aquitaine, Belgian kunye nephondo Lugdunskoy kunye Numidia yafakwa eRome 50 BC, kodwa eyahlukileyo, izifundo ezipheleleyo ubukhosi yaqala kuphela kunyaka-17 xesha lethu. KwiPhondo Rhaetia kunye Noricum - '15 BC.

Ngoko ke, masikhe uqhubeke. Alpes-Maritimes abazibandakanyileyo ngo-'14 (Kottiyskie Alps yaba yinxalenye eRoma kuphela indawo edume uNero). Malunga nexesha ukumnika eRoma Peninskih Alps ke ukuba ezithile ayaziwa, kodwa umntu kuthathwa ukuba kwenzekani ekuqaleni kweminyaka 200.

Upper ne Lower Jamani iphumelele ngo-'17. Malunga nelo xesha, iphondo yasungulwa eKapadokiya.

Britain, Eastern uBukhosi baseRoma ekugqibeleni yoyiswa kuphela ngo-'43, kodwa beemboniselo lokuqala apho zasekwa kakhulu ngaphambili. Upper ne Lower Pannonia woyiswa malunga nonyaka-10. Ekuqaleni aba kwiphondo olunye, kodwa umlawuli uTrajan (malunga 105 iminyaka) ukuba yahlulwe iinxalenye ezimbini lula ulawulo. Into efanayo kunye Upper kunye Lower Miziey. Oyiswa '29, ngokwahlukana yenzekile ngexesha lokulawula uDomitian, umhla lo mcimbi ayaziwa.

Silwe eThrace yaba liphondo laseRoma ngo-46. Dacia amlandela emva kweminyaka eli-100 kuphela ubudala, yaye emva kwayo - Arabia, Armenia neAsiriya. Ke amaRoma wadala kwiphondo igama ... Asia. KwelaseDalmati Roma "ubuchule" phakathi kweminyaka 159 no 169, yaye iminyaka elishumi ngaphambi kokuba kwiphondo kwabo Afrika yasekwa. KwabelaseMakedoni nabelaseAkaya, woyiswa ngeenxa ngexesha elifanayo (nika okanye uthathe leminyaka). Epir umhla phondo ngqo kwaziwa. Imbali esandukubakho uBukhosi baseRoma ithi msinyane nje ukuba kwenzeka ebudeni bolawulo loMlawuli uVespasian.

"Ukufunyanwa" Eminye

Egypt wawa 30 BC. e. Imbali umdla zephondo kunye Vifiya Pont. Won kwiminyaka 74 phambi kokuzalwa kukaKrestu (ngokudibene amaphondo Cyrenaica kunye eKrete), ukuba landiswa kakhulu emva kweminyaka esithoba kuphela ubudala. Ekugqibeleni, iminyaka esixhenxe emva ekuqaleni ixesha lethu emdeni wabo kwakhona ibangelwa kakhulu. Malunga into efanayo kunye waseLikiya ePamfiliya. Last iphumelele nkqu ukuya kwiminyaka engama-25 phambi kokuzalwa kukaKrestu, kwaye uhlaselo waseLikiya wakwazi ukugqiba kuphela ngo-43 BC. e.

Ekoyiswa eKilikiya Wasolula ukusuka 64 BC ukuya 67 unyaka emva kokuzalwa kukaKristu. Syria aseSipro ayiphumelelanga ukuba bajoyine ngeenxa zonke ngaxeshanye. EMesopotamiya zingabandakanywa zikarhulumente kwasekuqaleni konyaka 115, kodwa ilahleke isibini kweminyaka eli phondo entsha. Buyela ukuba senkulungwane sisiqingatha kuphela kamva.

Kuyimfuneko ukuba ugcwalise kuluhlu lwethu Tingitanskoy eKhesariya Mauritania, nto leyo yaba yinxalenye karhulumente engama-40 emva kokuzalwa kukaKrestu. Ngoko ke, imbali uBukhosi baseRoma kuhlangene ne kokoyiswa kumazwe abatsha ngendlela apho sixeko lalithetha zombini yokwanda baqhubeka, yaye kunomvuzo iintshaba esinamandla.