Xa uxolo akafane yenziwa?

Imbali zaseCaucasus utyebile iziganeko ezimangalisayo yaye kuphazamiseka okubangelwa ukwanda Arab-Iranian, injongo leyo wokuthinjwa ngenkani ez kule ndawo enkulukazi. Ukuzibulala ephawulwe ukusayinwa i akafane woxolo - isivumelwano ekwavunyelwana ngaso nguRhulumente Russia namaPersi (i-Iran) ngo-1813. Esungula ixesha esitsha kubomi kwezizwe abaseAfrika kunye iminyaka emininzi ukuze abakhulule nokungena abamelwane ndlongondlongo.

inqaba Russian kwi Terek

Ukuze uqonde ngokupheleleyo ukubaluleka behlabathi akafane (1813), kufuneka yenziwe ukulandela imbali kwaye nomjikelo ungenelelo Iranian kwaye Turkish waya kummandla eCaucasus. Ukuqala oko kwabalelwa emva kwinkulungwane XVI, xa eRashiya, emva acceding ukuya Astrakhan kunye Kazan Khanate, igqibe inkqubo ukuyilwa lwemo kwindawo enye.

Nangona zonke iingxaki kwelo xesha, ngowe-1567, Tsar Ivan Grozny wafumana ithuba lokwakha kwi Terek iinqaba eziliqela, nemivalo yayo indlela abahlaseli Turkish kunye wasePersi. Yaba sisiqalo inkqubo ukusekwa kobuhlobo nemvisiswano phakathi Russia kunye nezizwe eCaucasus, omnye amakhonkco leyo watyikitywa ngu emva kweminyaka emibini enesiqingatha, akafane ihlabathi.

Ngelo xesha, ulwakhiwo inqaba kwi Terek River iye yabangela imbambano ukuba inzondo kobudlelane phakathi Russia, Iran ingakumbi Turkey, apho baceba ukusasaza ukwanda kwayo yonke ummandla North neAsia. Russia, yena, naye unomdla ukomeleza indawo yayo kulo mmandla ngokweqhinga kubalulekile, kwaye ngokuphindaphindiweyo yabonisa lohlaselo-mkhosi Ottoman.

Abanaluncedo kwi ummelwane kumantla

Ekuzeni ngoko kwenkulungwane XVIII, imeko ngakumbi nangakumbi, waba ngenxa yokhuphiswano ezinzima phakathi Iran Turkey, uzama ngandlela zonke ukuba lizuze khans zasekuhlaleni kwaye ziza kuqala.

Kwiimeko ezinjalo, abemi eCaucasus, ingakumbi Dagestani waba nzima kakhulu, kwaye ngokuphindaphindiweyo ebudeni XVIII kunye kwinkulungwane XIX ezalandelayo, abhenela abasemagunyeni Russian ukuza uncedo lwabo. Kwixa elizayo, lo factor ngu esatyikitywa Gulustan uxolo.

Umnqweno abalawuli abaseAfrika phantsi intonga Russian Tsars

Ngokusekelwe iminqweno abahlali Dagestan ngokwabo, umseki i Romanov Dynasty, Tsar uMikhail Fedorovich, unyaka emva kokuba ukulawula yakhe kwetrone wathabatha phantsi kolawulo Russian yaseAvar, erpelinskogo, Kazikumukh kunye kumykskogo khans ndawonye nabakhonzi imimandla yabo.

Kamva, ebudeni benkulungwane XVII, a khans ezimbalwa balandele kakuhle, igalelo ekomelezeni ngakumbi isikhundla eRashiya eCaucasus. Bonke abalawuli bendawo wangena ngokuzithandela eMoscow phantsi intonga wokumkani, wathabatha imbopheleleko phezu kwawo ukuba baphumeze ukukhuselwa abarhwebi Russian, luze ke ngoko lujoyine omkhosi rhoqo bakhaya zabo. Phantsi kwezi mfuno afumaneka imivuzo Treasury, ngenye indlela, ivalwa.

ndlongo Turkish phantsi ngesebe zemfazwe yenkolo

Ukuba uxolo kanjalo eCaucasus kwaba mfutshane elide. Sele XVIII elilandelayo ekhulwini ingxabano Turkey ukuba ukuqinisa isenzo yayo. Eli xesha isizathu sokuba ukwandiswa ngentsimbi ekhoyo, ngokutsho kwiingxelo zayo iirula, kokurhoxa eziliqela ezizweni abaseAfrika, kwaye ingakumbi abahlali Dagestan, umthetho elifuna. Uloxelela ngayo jihad imfazwe engcwele, baseTurkey lasungula ndlongo evulekileyo.

Eneneni, ekuqaleni impi esebenzayo eyenza Turkey iqatshelwe ixesha buthathaka Iran (iPersi), nto leyo eye yaba njengesiphumo sobunzima bezoqoqosho elide apho. Kuba oko urhulumente ingqalelo Istanbul njengoko ekhuphisana ephambili, mzuzu kwakubonakala kukholekileyo Sultan isisombululo saside imbambano indawo.

iingxabano Territorial kwinkulungwane XVIII

Noko ke, izicwangciso sublime nasePorte (ngokufuthi kwathiwa Turkey) kuthintelwa zonke laseRashiya enye, likhokelwa elo xesha ke uPetros I. okwenziwa ngo 1722. Iphulo I lweCaspian nokusayina umnqophiso woxolo kunye iPersi, waye wajoyina i-Russian uBukhosi Baku, Derbent, Rasht, kwakunye kumaphondo aliqela, yafunwa yi Turkey.

Ke umlawuli wathabatha ngummi nezinye iinkosi eziliqela Dagestani wobukhosi. Nkqu nangona Ottoman akwazi yokutshabalalisa eArmenia, Georgia, yaye inxalenye enkulu Azerbaijan, i-Sultan wanyanzeleka ukuba ingqalelo amalungelo Russia kwi bekufunwa kummandla lweCaspian. Noko ke, amabanjwa izivumelwano bozakuzo nako ukuziphelisa ekhalela iimfazwe, neqwengiweyo Caucasus lonke kwinkulungwane XVIII.

Ngokutyikitya isivumelwano soxolo ne Turkey

Nangona yokuba kule minyaka ilishumi yokuqala yenkulungwane XIX lonke Dagestan kunye nenxalenye esempuma Georgia kuye ngokusemthethweni phantsi kolawulo tsars Russian, baseTurkey, kwaye Iran bakunyathela imisebenzi yabo kwakhona, efuna ukuthatha ithuba neengxaki banamava kwelo xesha eRashiya.

Noko ke, nangona oko, abameli eenkonzo zozakuzo ka-Alexander I ngowe-1812, iye yakwazi ukuba awenze Ottoman isivumelwano soxolo ophela imfazwe Russian-Turkish, eyathatha kule minyaka mithandathu idlulileyo. Ukusayinwa kwale xwebhu ngexesha yanyanzela Turks ukuba ukunikezela esebenzayo eCaucasus. Wawuza ukusombulula yonke imiba iPheshiya (i-Iran), kunye ityala kungekudala thaca.

Isivumelwano, esatyikitywa akafane

Kunyaka olandelayo, eyathatha kwisithuba seminyaka elithoba, ngabokugqibela Russian-Persian imfazwe, apho namaPersi boyiswa, kunye yintloko yabo, indlalifa ukuya etroneni, wasinda ngokulambisa kuthinjwe. iziphumo Enye mbi kumadabi abatyhafileyo abemi beli lizwe kunye nabaphetheyo sigqibo.

Ngenxa yoko, oonozakuzaku Russian bakwazi imimiselo efanelekileyo eMoscow ukuba basayine akafane Uxolo iSivumelwano (1813). Russia ne Iran basayine olu xwebhu kwi-12 Septemba kwi kwidolophu encinane akafane Karabakh, leyo wayinika igama layo yaye ngaloo ndlela phantsi kwimbali wahamba.

Xa indima umlamli kwi-thethwano esenziwa uzowenza British Nkosi Gore Owsley. Kwicala Russian ka akafane uxolo, imiqathango apho eziqulathwe kumanqaku 11, wasayina uLieutenant-General N. Rtishchev kunye Persian - Abul-Hassan Khan.

Yenza usebenziswano kukwamkelwa ndinovuyo zonke izizwe eCaucasus. Oku akumangalisi, kuba ngaphambi kwemfazwe phantsi kakhulu kuqoqosho zabo, apho ukuchacha kunye negalelo akafane uxolo sivumelwano. Shwankathela umongo walo kangangoko kunokwenzeka, ugxininise izibonelelo ezisisiseko eziqulathwe kuyo.

Yintoni naye omnye isivumelwano wasePersi

Okokuqala, wacela ukuba ukuyekwa impi macala kunye nokusekwa kwe uxolo phakathi eRashiya namaPersi. Ngaphezu koko, eli xwebhu ucacisa gca umda ezohlula amaqela amabini ngaphambili zisilwa, yaye adweliswe ke wemka waya kummandla yoBukhosi baseRashiya, eziquka Abkhazia, Imereti, Kakheti, Dagestan, Guria, Samegrelo, Kartli, kwakunye yinxalenye ebalulekileyo ye Azerbaijan yanamhlanje. Kwelinye icala, eRashiya ngokusayina akafane ihlabathi uzibophelele ukuba ukunika uncedo ephangaleleyo wasePersi.

Ukongeza, isivumelwano ubonelela ilungelo iqela ngalinye ukuba zidade ngokukhululekileyo ngaphesheya koLwandle lweCaspian, kwanaleyo kwananwe namabanjwa athinjwe ngexesha lemfazwe yokugqibela. Entsimini unxulumano ezinye lobuchule phakathi eRashiya yoosaziwayo sokumiswa wasePersi kunye nabaphathiswa zachazwa ngokucacileyo.

Ukumisela ulawulo lomthetho entsimini yorhwebo

Of amanqaku elinanye sivumelwano aba imithetho ezintathu urhwebo phakathi kwala mazwe mabini nazo zibandakanyiwe iSivumelwano akafane. Ngokwemiqathango yesivumelwano abonelele inkululeko yabarhwebi zoshishino kumacala omabini kwi zombini imimandla. Ukongeza, siye sizimisele isixa-mali kwifizi, kwaye iqwalasele imiba enxulumene norhwebo vnetamozhennoy.

Nangona isibakala sokuba nemigangatho esemthethweni ihlabathi akafane ngokuchanekileyo ngokucacileyo kwasekwa ukuba sibe nethemba ukunyuselwa ekhawulezileyo xa ingeniso urhwebo phakathi kwamazwe amabini, enyanisweni, kuba kufikile elide ulibaziseko, isizathu apho nokulibaziseka ingenalo novelwano.

I nandzu amagosa Russian kumasiko Astrakhan kunye Baku ngakumbi kule minyaka mihlanu izayo ixhuzulwa intlawulo emiselweyo kudala waphila ixesha layo "uluhlu lweerhafu ayabiza 1755" kwaye ugcina intlawulo ye-23% yeendleko yempahla amazwe.

Isiphelo le uphando akafane iSivumelwano

Imeko nganye ezinga malungu abantu kuphela emva kokuba yabhengezwa ngokusesikweni akafane uxolo umnqophiso ngo-1815. Iimeko, ngokufutshane okhankanywe kumacandelo angaphambili ale nqaku, ukudala isiseko somthetho yokusekwa seluxolweni, nto leyo ekugqibeleni kwakhokelela utshintsho ezintle kwinqanaba yorhwebo. Ngenxa yoko, wafumana lonke uqoqosho.

Ngaphandle kwento yokuba uxolo akafane yenziwa ngokuyintloko ngenjongo kuqheleke unxulumano phakathi Russia namaPersi, yaye waba inani yeziphumo ebezingalindelekanga - kuzo ebezintle nezo zingentle. Kwelinye icala, wabahlangula abantu Transcaucasia evela ngesinyanzeliso basePersi, kwakunye abahlaseli Turkish, negalelo ekupheliseni kangangeenkulungwane feudal ukuqhekeka kunye nokuvela uqoqosho, yaye ngaloo ndlela umgangatho wokuphila indalo. Kodwa kwelinye icala, ngenxa rapprochement yabo baseRashiya yaye Caucasians zisoloko zibangela iingxabano phakathi kwabo ngezizathu zobuhlanga nonqulo.

A imfazwe entsha esinye isivumelwano soxolo

Ukongeza, ihlabathi tywa ngenxa nowokupheliswa isivumelwano Gulustan waba ethe-ethe. Sele ngo-1826, wasePersi, iqhutywe i-United Kingdom, waphula isivumelwano ekufikelelwe ngaphambili, usungule imfazwe omtsha Russian-Persian lweminyaka emibini yaphela kwenye amoyise yakhe.

Xa guns cwaka, kwaye inyathelo wegqitha emkhosini ukuya oonozakuzaku, satyikitywa isivumelwano soxolo, ebizwa Turkmenchay. Ngokutsho amanqaku ayo, eRashiya sigcine wonke ummandla ligqithiselwe kuyo ngenxa yesivumelwano akafane ezisayiniweyo kwiminyaka elishumi eyadlulayo. Ngaphezu koko, ukuba sifunyenwe phantsi kolawulo lwayo Nakhichevan kunye Erivan khanate, kwakunye kummandla Mpuma Armenia. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba kuphuhliso ngokwemiqathango yesivumelwano ababandakanyekayo odumileyo Russian imbongi, umbhali kunye namazwe uAleksandr Sergeevich Griboedov.