Ivan Fedorov Monument eMoscow. Inkcazelo lesikhumbuzo Ivanu Fedorovu

Yenziwe ngo-1909, elo lesikhumbuzo ukuba ngoovulindlela Fedorov - yenye nokutsala eMoscow, apho amakhulu abakhenkethi kunye nabahlali zithunyelwa yonke imihla.

Ivan Fyodorov

Ivan Fedorov waba oyinzalelwane yoBukhosi baseRashiya. Nangona wazalwa kummandla ka eMoscow mihla , phantse bonke ubomi bakhe wachitha emazweni Grand Duchy of Lithuania, kunye Ukraine, eLviv, ngelo xesha eyayiyinxalenye kwiphondo Russian kwaye i-Commonwealth. Kangangexesha elide wasebenza kwi Moscow indlwana, vula kwi imali wokumkani, edume uIvan Fyodorov, umshicileli kuqala. lesikhumbuzo lwakhe ekuqaleni kwakhiwa kufuphi isakhiwo.

Noko ke, loo nto ithathwa ngunozala wokushicilela. Ithuba Ubukumkani Russian of Ivan IV okokuqala wapapasha incwadi yenkolo, "Umpostile." It Fedorov fanele ukuba okokuqala kwimbali koko chaza indlu kushicilelwa.

Wazalwa umphengululi phakathi kweminyaka 1510 no-1530. Kukho luguqulelo ukuzalwa kwakhe kummandla wesithili Vileyka, ummandla Minsk.

Ngoko ke, namhlanje iinkumbulo mfutshane kakhulu. Abanye abaphengululi bakholelwa ubomi Fedorov ukuba Wabufunda Krakow waza waba bachelor. I-University City irekhodi kuyo.

Ekuqaleni wafuna ukuba azinikele enkonzweni kaThixo yaye ingqalelo umdikoni kwi ibandla St Nicholas yesicelo Gostunskii.

Ukutshintsha imisebenzi

Ukuba Fedorov wasebenza Yoshicilelo eyadini Ivan IV, ze data engafakwanga affirmative. Kuthiwa nguye kokupapashwa iincwadana eziliqela engaziwa esikhutshwe eMoscow.

Kanye ngonyaka 1563 omnye 1564 asebenza Fedorov kunye nomncedisi wakhe Petrom Mstislavtsem kwincwadi "Umpostile". Kule ncwadi, lo kuqala ukubeka isitampu yakhe Ivan Fedorov. nengcwaba lakhe imele kwiphepha lokuqala "uMpostile." Emva konyaka, umshicileli lokuqala ipapashe incwadi entsha - ". Breviary"

Ubomi e Lithuania and Ukraine

Emva kokuba ukuhlaselwa izinduna printshop Fedorov kunye neqabane lakhe basaba Duchy of Lithuania. Apho bahlala Chodkiewicz, Hetman yaseLithuania, kwaye uqala ukusebenza naye. Getman baze bavula indlu yoshicilelo kubo.

Ilifa baphambuka, nalapho zifumaneka ke, kukho incwadi 'ukufundisa ivangeli "yaye" Psalter kunye Chasoslovtsem ". Uhlelo lwesibini "Umpostile" kushicilelwa Fedorov sele eLviv. Ngenxa yale ncwadi, wabhala kunye nokupapasha yakhe intetho xingheniso. Xa simemo ePrince of Ostrog wahlala iminyaka eliqela kulo mzi, apho zabavakalisa iBhayibhile yokuqala yehlabathi Church. Ndaba ixesha kutyelela eVienna kunye Krakow. Kangangexesha elide, ndandidla ngokubhalelana izikhanyiso abadumileyo yaseYurophu yenzululwazi.

Wafa eLviv, apho yangcwatywa.

yokuprinta

Njengoko ngumlungiseleli Church of eklasini asezantsi, Ivan Fedorov ukhethe ukuprinta ixhaphakileyo ngelo iitekisi zonqulo xesha. Waphinda wapapasha iincwadi eziliqela kwigrama, khon 'ukuze wonke umntu akwazi ukufunda nokubhala.

Neendlela zokuqala ezenzelwe iincwadi phantse kwimilinganiselo mihla. Okubhaliweyo kwiphepha elinye wabeka imigca ezingamashumi amabini anesihlanu. Sekukancinane twatse ifomati A4 mihla. Incwadi yokuqala eshicilelweyo uye iiheader neefooter, ukwasikhombisa bade kombhalo kwaye umbhalo njengefashoni ngelo xesha eYurophu. Bathabatha phezu kwaye apho Ivan Fedorov. nengcwaba lakhe ubonisa umqulu iileta efanayo.

imibala ezimbini zazisetyenziswa ngexesha yoshicilelo. Phambi kokupapashwa ncwadi ukufunda ngocoselelo esi sicatshulwa, ukulungisa iimpazamo, ukutshintsha ezinye izafobe zentetho. uvulindlela nganye entsha isahluko ezihonjiswe vignettes yoqobo kunye nemigca zokuhombisa.

machine

Kweli isixhobo cishe, kulandele imini nobusuku ndisebenze Fedorov, phantse akukho data. Emva kokufa umvakalisi kuhlala inkcazo oko kuphela. Lo matshini elalenziwe technology Italian. Baya kuye iinxalenye ngomthi isivumelwano. Iileta iphepha icinezelwe nge kwipleyiti, copper enkulu elijikelezayo iqhosha lemenyu. Kuye kwafunyanwa kwindawo enye kwisakhelo oonobumba. Machine ubunzima malunga 104 eekhilogram. lula ukuba zisetyenziswa Ivan Fedorov. Le lesikhumbuzo usichaza umatshini we imboniselo enkulu.

History of the lesikhumbuzo

Kuthetha ukuqinisekisa ukuba phambili imemori enkulu Ivan Fedorov, baza baqalisa ukuqokelela ngo-1870. Lwabasunguli ndibano kwakukho abameli Moscow Zakudala Union. Nangona imali uze ufake kunye kunokuba ngokukhawuleza, umbuzo kanye abaza kusebenza kwi imikrolo, kwavuleka.

Monument Ivan Fedorov, apho uvulindlela omiyo ukuphakama kwakhe ngokupheleleyo, yasungulwa ngo-1909. Imali eqokelelweyo iminyaka engamashumi amathathu anethoba. Phambi kokwakhiwa lesikhumbuzo kwaye iqokelelwe-29 000 engange, isixa semali ngaphambili ngelo xesha. bezakhiwo yoKhuphiswano kunye abakroli okwesihlandlo sokuqala akuphumelelanga. IKhomishoni akayithandi nayiphi na imisebenzi ukhetho olucetywayo.

Emva Ukukhetha ngenyameko yomsebenzi ilungileyo amagcisa of Russia kunye namanye amazwe babebhaliswe nomkroli Sergey Mihaylovich Volnuhin kunye umyili Ivan Pavlovich Mashkov. leeprojekthi ezivavanyiweyo Klyuchevskii ngokuphumelela mbali kunye opeyintayo Apollinaris Vasnetsov.

Inkcazelo lesikhumbuzo Ivan Fedorov

Ivan Fyodorov wema phezu ilitye lesikhumbuzo kwindawo ethile ayithandayo xa besebenza. Ngesinye isandla uye eshicilelweyo ibhodi neqela iileta. Ngamanye isandla sakhe obukaYesu uye wenza nje iphepha ukusuka kwincwadi ethi "The Umpostile." Le Umfanekiso yenziwe ngobhedu.

akayi kuba ngokupheleleyo Inkcazelo lesikhumbuzo Ivan Fedorov ukuba aniyixelanga iingubo zakhe. Nangona nompapashi kwaye waba ngumntu ngokomoya, abakroli abasemifanekisweni isinxibo sakhe njengesiqhelo ngaloo maxesha: ingubo ende buttoned amaqhosha, ngaphandle apho umntu angabona iblukhwe Mfuleni izihlangu.

Hair phayona ubotshwe ngentsontelo, ukuze aphazamise ngexesha lokusebenza.

Kwinqwanqwa ke zinokuhonjiswa ingubo iingalo Fedorov in ngesandla kunye isihlangu ne-inishiyali. On top of oonobumba ibonisa incam encinane, ngathi utolo. Phantsi nomfanekiso Inkosi utyikityo "Nikoly Chudotvortsa Gostunskogo umdikoni Ivan Fedorov".

Le nomkroli ayikwazanga ngoyaba ethi "Umpostile" wabeka umhla wokuqala ka ezabelwe lona phantsi igama lompapashi.

indawo

Indawo apho isikhumbuzo Ivan Fedorov, andinyulanga ngengozi. Ngakuye yaye kanye indlu ushicilelo, apho inkxaso Ivanom Groznym. Kukho wabonakala ethi "Umpostile" kuhlelo lokuqala. Eyadini yasekwa ngo-1553, yaye enye Fedorov waqalisa ukusebenza apho.

Xa uPeter Omkhulu kule ndawo waqala ukuzivakalisa iphephandaba "Vedomosti".

Kodwa ukuba nabakhenkethi baza kucelwa apho kukho ilitye Ivanu Fodorovu, babiza indawo eyahlukileyo kakhulu. Isizathu sokuba oku ukudluliselwa lesikhumbuzo kunye koseko. Ngowe-1934, kwizitalato eMoscow baqala ukwandisa, azitshabalalise izakhiwo ezindala. Kitai-Gorod udonga zithathiwe, kwaye kwagqitywa ekubeni ukususa nomfanekiso.

Kwaye kule minyaka 90 litye lesikhumbuzo wafuduselwa Metropole Hotel. Ukusuka umsebenzi Fedorov, xa Mint likhulu kakhulu, kwakukho inqaba encinane kuphela. Apho, kwindawo eyayisakuba "ekunene" Ivan Fyodorov wasebenza. Utyelelo kwi lesikhumbuzo kubanjwa ngomhla zeveki kunye veki, yaye kukho utyelelo kwi kophahla.

In memory of Fedorov

Moscow lesikhumbuzo - asiyiyo ukubhekisela kuphela kulo wangumfo onesidima, ubuso yokomoya utitshala. Ngowe-1997, iyimyuziyam imbeko Ivana Fedorova lavulwa Potocki Palace. Kuyenzeka ukuba afunde banzi ngale ndlela ubomi umdali iincwadi, ngokunjalo malunga nendlela inkqubo yoshicilelo ekuqaleni wakhetha zeziphi iincwadi ukushicilela yaye kutheni ixesha lokuqala apapasha iincwadi zonqulo kuphela.

Kufutshane museum yi "ixabiso" njengomntu Ivan Fedorov - nguvulindlela. Le lesikhumbuzo yenziwa nomkroli Anatoly Galyanom.

Ngowe-1998, xa Emnye-uSergiyo Lavra wawungcwalisa icon, ebonisa umseki iincwadi ngomatshini yakhe. Le oyidingayo iyodwa ngenxa yokuba okokuqala kwimbali iphela Orthodox phezu Kwathi ukuzoba cofa.

Ngo-2009 Fyodorov iye lamiselwa kwi Old Likholwa Church Orthodox, christened yena John Deacon.

Kwaye ngo-2010, igama Ivan Fedorov wawongwa State University of Printing e Moscow, ngomhla kubo lokuzalwa kwakhe asibhozo.

E Lviv, kwi square central kukho sculpture imitha ezintlanu-- wambu ngeengubo ezinde yabefundisi Ivan Fedorov. Monument e Moscow yahluke gqitha kuyo. Monument eLviv yenziwa kufuphi nendawo apho ke yazo.

Facts malunga lesikhumbuzo

• Ngexesha ukuvulwa lesikhumbuzo ngo-1909, oko bazisa bonke abasemagunyeni baloo mzi. kwenziwa mngcwabo. Ngosuku olulandelayo, abadlula bafumanisa ukuba kwakukho isidanga lesikhumbuzo apho kwakukho umbhalo othi: "Ukholo Russian incwadi-shicilelwayo." Ongaziwayo wayefuna zibonisa oko ukutshutshiswa leyo wakrota Ivan Fedorov eMoscow hi ke ngabasemagunyeni.
• Inyange eSoviet Union Ivan Fedorov. Monument eMoscow baboniswa kwi izitampu zokuposa eSoviet ngaloo nyaka, ukukhumbula iminyaka engamakhulu amathathu anamashumi amahlanu emva kokufa kwakhe.
• Le Umfanekiso kunokubonwa ngelixa ebukele le-akukhuthazwa kanye blockbuster eSoviet "ayikwazi kutshintshwa kubanjelwa." Ngakuye Sharapov kunye Anna wadibana.
• Le lesikhumbuzo ibekwe kufuphi Rue St Nicholas. elide Kuye kwaba idume emarikeni yayo ncwadi kunye neevenkile. Phambi kokuba revolution, Nicholas liziko yokwenene encwadini yobomi, ekhaya ukususela kusasa kwada ubusuku bonke elite eMoscow.
• Kumaxesha Soviet, lo lesikhumbuzo wazihlanganisa ngqo iincwadi. incwadi yakhe wathathela kwiimarike zentengiso kunye noovimba ezintsha.
• Fedorov lesikhumbuzo zazibonakala Okhotny Ryad.
• UMdali imveliso ithathwa ukuba ube ngukhokho Volnukhin Nouveau kunye Umqondiso kwi sculpture Russian. Ngaphezu kwakhe, wasebenza iminyaka emibini.
• Unanamhla oku ithe walondolozwa nakuphi na ukukhankanywa ukukhangela indlela Ivan Fedorov. Monument ngokuyinxenye wanceda ukudala I. zabelin, mbali Russian, ngubani wakhokela nomkroli, ugxininise kwixesha ekulihlaleni kumshicileli.