Isakhiwo somqala kunye neempawu zayo

Ngokwakheko lomzimba womntu, kunokwenzeka ukuchonga indawo apho iindawo ezihlukeneyo zephysical systems zifumaneka khona, zihlangene neempawu eziqhelekileyo zesimo se-anatomical nezobugcisa. Ezi ziquka, umzekelo, umqala - indawo apho kukho iinkqubo ezimbini - ukuphefumula kunye nokutya. Isakhiwo somqala womntu, kunye nemisebenzi yamasebe akhe, siya kuhlolwa kweli nqaku.

Iimpawu ezinomdlavuza zomqala

Isakhiwo somqala womntu, isikimu esibonakaliswe ngezantsi, sibonisa indawo eqala ngamacangca amabini: umlomo kunye nomlomo, kwaye uphela ngokulandelanayo kunye ne-trachea kunye ne-esophagus. Ngoko ke, enye inxalenye yomqala, ehambelana nenkqubo yokutya, ibizwa ngokuba yi-pharynx, oko kukuthi, i-pharynx, kunye nomnye, into eyinxalenye yesimo sokuphefumula, kuthiwa i-larynx (larynx). I-Pharynx ngumda weemida phakathi komda womlomo kunye nesondlo. Ukutya, ukuchotshozwa ngamazinyo, ehlanjwe ngamathe kunye nokuhlukana ngokwengqesho phantsi kwezenzo ze-enzyme zayo, ziwela kwingcambu yolwimi. Ukucaphukiswa kweentlobo ze-receptors kubangela ukuqhaqhazeka kwe-muscle yesalathisi esithambileyo, okukhokelela ekuvalweni kokungena kwesango . Ngelo xesha, ukungena kwi-larynx kuvaliwe yi-epiglottis.

Ukuxinwa kwemisipha ye-pharynx igxobhoza utywala lokutya kwisigxobhozo, esilula, sishukumisela kwisisu. I-pharynx, okanye i-larynx, njengoko kushiwo ngaphambili, inxalenye yenkqubo yokuphefumula. Ifumana umoya ukusuka kwisigxina se-nasal, nasopharynx kunye ne-oropharynx, ngelixa ihamba ngokufudumala nokuhlanjululwa kweengqungquthela zothuli. Kwi-larynx, equkethe i-cartilage enezibini ezinamaqela kunye ne-non-graved, ene-hyaline, i-fibal elastic-e-vocal cord, phakathi kwabo yintengo yezwi. Inxalenye engezantsi ye-larynx idlula kwi-trachea. Udongeni lwalo lwangaphambili lusekwe ngamacenge e-halftilaginous, awamvumeli ityhubhu yokuphefumula ukunciphisa ububanzi bayo. Udonga olusemva lwe-trachea luqukethe imisipha. Umoya ovela kwi-trachea ungena kwi-bronchi ngaphandle kwethintelo, kwaye ukusuka kuwo ukuya emiphakeni.

Inxaxheba yokukhawulwa kweetoni

Ukufunda isakhiwo somphefumlo womntu, makhe sihlale kumaqoqo amathisiphilisi e-lymphoid, abizwa ngokuthi i-minadalines. Ziyakhelwe isakhiwo esikhethekileyo se-hertological - parenchyma, esasasazeka kwi-stroma, equkethe izicubu ezinxulumene. Kwii-toni zikwakheka kwe-lymphocytes-eziphambili ze-immun-forming elements of defense body against the pathogens. Le nqubo ibizwa ngokuba yi-lymphopoiesis. Ukuqwalasela isakhiwo se-anatomical yomqala womntu onamathoni ahlukeneyo kwiilatines, isiqendu kunye ne-pharyngeal, izazinzulu ziye zafikelela kwisigqibo sokuba eli lungiselelo libonisa umsebenzi wabo wokukhawulela.

Ngaphezu koko, kwi-laryngology kuyinto yesiko ukuthetha ngendandatho ye-lymphoepithelial ephakathi kwe-mucosa emngceleni womlomo nasemqaleni-i-ring Pirogov-Valdeier. Kwi-immunology, i-amygdala ibizwa ngokuba yilungu le-immunity. Bazungeze i-veschebule ye-trachea kunye ne-esophagus, ukukhusela iindlela zokuphefumula kunye nokutya kwe-digestive ukusuka ekungeneni kwe-microflora ye-pathogenic. Isakhiwo se-anatomiki kunye nesimo somzimba somqala womntu, i-lymph nodes ezikhuselayo kunye nomqobo onxamnye nempembelelo enobungozi bendalo yangaphandle, ayiyi kuphelela xa singagxininisi kwizinto ezinjalo zeetoni njenge-lacunae.

Imisebenzi ekhethekileyo yeelacunae

Ezi ziindawo ze-lymph nodes ezithatha kuqala ukuthatha impembelelo ye-staphylococcal okanye i-streptococcal infections eziwela emlonyeni womlomo. Inani elikhulu le-lymphocyte lenza ingozi kwaye igaye ibhaktheriya, ifa ngexesha elinye.

Ukuqokelela kwamaseli e-lymphoid efile kwenza iiplagi eziphambili kwi-lacunae, ukubonisa inkqubo yokuvuvukala eyenzekayo ekuphenduleni ukungena kwendalo.

I-Larinx njengelungu elenza ilizwi

Ngaphambili, sele sibheke ngemisebenzi ebalulekileyo ebalulekileyo ye-larynx: kukuthatha inxaxheba ekuphefumlweni nasekukhuseleni (i-epiglottis ngexesha lokungena livalela ukungena kwireynx, ngaloo nto ikhusela ukungena kweengqungquthela ezinamandla kwi-trachea kunye nokuvela kokuxhatshazwa). Kukho omnye umsebenzi we-pharynx, esiza kuchaza, uqhubeke nokufunda isakhiwo somqala womntu. Ijongene nezinto ezinjalo zomzimba wethu njengokwazi ukuzwakala ukubunjwa kunye nentetho yomlomo. Khumbula ukuba i-larynx ine-cartilage.

Phakathi kwee-carrylages ze-arytenoid, ezinama-appendages, iintambo zamagama-ezimbini ziguquguqukayo kwaye zihamba kakuhle. Ngethuba lokuthula, iintambo zezwi ziyahlukana, kwaye phakathi kwazo kubonakala ngokucacileyo i-gap yezwi, ebonakala ngathi unxantathu ye-isoscel. Ngethuba lokucula okanye ukuthetha, iintambo zezwi zivaliwe, kwaye umoya ophuma emiphakeni ngexesha lokuphumayo uyabangela ukunyakaza kwabo ngesigqi, okubonakala ngathi ngathi izandi. Ukumodareyithwa kwezandi kuyenzeka ngenxa yeenguqu kwiimeko zolwimi, imilomo, izihlunu, umhlathi.

Ukwahluka kwesini kwisakhiwo somqala

Kukho iinkalo ezininzi ze-anatomical and physiological zesakhiwo somphefumlo womntu onxulumene nesini. Kwamadoda kwi-larynx, i-cartilage ijoyina inxalenye engaphezulu-phezulu ye-larynx, eyenza iprotuberance - i-apple ka-Adam okanye i-apple ka-Adam.

Kubasetyhini, i-angle of connection of parts of the cartilage ye-thyroid iyinkulu, kwaye akunakwenzeka ukufumana ukubonakala okunjalo. Kukho ukwahlukana kwisakhiwo sezintambo zamagama. Kwindoda, zide kwaye zikhulu, kwaye ilizwi ngokwalo liphantsi. Kula mabhinqa, iintambo zezwi zincinci kwaye zifutshane, ilizwi labo liphezulu kwaye licacile.

Kule nqaku, iimpawu ze-anatomical nezobugcisa zesakhiwo somphefumlo womntu zihlolwe.