Ngubani owenze iterediyo? Xa uPapov wasungula umsakazo

Kwiminyaka eyi-119, uluntu alukwazi ukugqiba isigqibo ngaluphi na uhlobo owenze itrediyo. Inyaniso kukuba phantse ngexesha elifanayo le nkcazelo ebalulekileyo yenziwe ngabasosayensi abaninzi bevela kumazwe ahlukeneyo. UAlexandro Popov, uGuglielmo Marconi, uNikola Tesla, uHenry Hertz, u-Ernest Rutherford-bonke aba bantu baxhomekeke kwinomathotholo. Akubalulekanga kubani kubo baqale bavakashelelwa ngcamango ecacileyo, bonke oososayensi abatyalwe ekuphuhliseni isayensi inxaxheba ebalulekileyo.

Ukufunyanwa kwintsimi ye-electromagnetic

Ukuba ubuza isiRussia kunye neYurophu malunga nabani abaqulunqa i-rediyo, iimpendulo ziya kuhluke ngokupheleleyo, owokuqala uya kuthi yiPopov, kwaye okwesibini nguMarconi. Ngubani ochanileyo, enyanisweni, kwaye ngubani ongalunganga? Ingcamango yenkalo ye-electromagnetic yaqaliswa ngo-1845 nguMichael Faraday, yayingenye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo zifunyanwa ngabantu. Kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini kamva, uJames Maxwell wadala inkolelo yensima ye-electromagnetic kwaye yafumana yonke imithetho yayo. Inzululwazi ibonise ukuba: ukukhanya kwemitha yombane kunokusasazeka kwindawo kunye nesivinini sokukhanya.

Impumelelo kaHerz

Ukuvulwa komsakazo kwenzeka ngokukhululekileyo kuHenry Hertz. Usosayensi onobulumko ngo-1887 wenza i-generator kunye ne-resonator ye-electromagnetic oscillations. Kwiminyaka kamva wabonisa ebantwini ubukhona bee-electromagnetic amaza asasaza kwijubane lokukhanya kwindawo ekhululekile. Ezinye izazi-mlando zifuna ukuba umsakazo wenziwe nguFaraday, uMaxwell noHertz. Owesibini nowesibili bafumanisa ubukho bamagagasi okombane, kwaye uHeinrich wadala isixhobo.

Ingxaki kukuba i-design yeHertz yayisebenza kuphela ngamamitha ambalwa ngaphandle, i-spark kuphela ibonakala kwi-receiver, kwaye kwandula ke emnyama. Esi sixhobo sasingafanelekanga kunye nokuphuculwa okufunekayo. Unjiniyela onobuchule kunye ne-experimenter ayifuni ukuphucula ukuveliswa kwazo. Ngelishwa, uHertz wafa eneminyaka engama-37 ngo-1894, kungekudala ngaphambi kokufunyanwa kukaMarconi noPopov.

Ukufana kovavanyo lukaMarconi noPopov

Ukuba ziqwalaselwa ngombono wobugcisa, ngoko uPopov noMarconi abazange bafumene nantoni na entsha, kodwa basebenzisa kuphela izixhobo zabanye ososayensi ukuba benze isixhobo esiphuculweyo. Ukuqulunqwa kwe-Hertz, izazinzulu zongezelela umgangatho kunye ne-antenna, kunye nokufumana impawu ezingcono, umnxibelelwano wafakelwa - ityhubhu yeglasi enefayili ephakathi. Esi sixhobo saqulunqwa ngu-Edward Brangly, kwaye sazaliswa ngu-Oliver Lodge. Iingcali zenzululwazi zazingenomdla kwisicelo esisebenzayo somququzeleli, kodwa uMarconi noPopov basebenzisa indawo esikhundleni sokuthi usebenze ngokutsha. Kuye kwenzeka ukuba isiRashiya kunye nesiNtaliyane benza into efanayo, kodwa ngubani wabo ocinga ngale nto yokuqala, engaziwa. Kakade, eRashiya bakholelwa ukuba badala iPopov Radio.

Biography of Popov

UAlexander Stepanovich Popov wazalelwa kwii-Urals ngoMatshi 16, 1859 kwintsapho yomfundisi. Ekuqaleni waphumelela kwiiklasi zezemfundo eziqhelekileyo zeemfundiso ze-seminary, kodwa ekubeni wayekhangwa yi-electronics, le ndoda iya ePetersburg, apho yangena eyunivesiti yecandelo le-physics ne-mathematics faculty. Ekuqaleni wayesebenza njengombane oqhelekileyo, kwaye ngowe-1882 uPopov wabhala waza wavikela isicatshulwa sakhe kwimishini yamandla kagesi.

Emva kokugqiba eyunivesithi, uAlexander Stepanovich wayelungiselela ukufumana i-professorship. Ngowe-1883, isosayensi yaqala ukufundisa eKronstadt kwiSebe legosa legosa. Ngendlela efanayo, uPopov wenza umsebenzi wokufundisa ootitshala kwiSikolo soBugcisa seSebe leMaritime. Emva kweminyaka engama-8, uAlexander Stepanovich wamenywa kwi-Electrotechnical Institute yaseSt. Petersburg ukuba asebenze njengoprofesa kwiSebe lezeMpilo. Ngo-1905, uPopov waba ngumlawuli weli ziko. Inzululwazi enkulu yasweleka ngoJanuwari 13, 1906, isizathu sokufa kwakhe kusondele kwakuyi-sterebral hemorrhage.

Inzuzo yePopov

UAlexandro Stepanovich wabambisana ngokubambisana ne -navy, kwaye yayikulo mkhumbi ukuba wenza i-radiyo. U-Popov wayehlala enomdla kwiimvavanyo zikaHertz, ngoko ngo-1889 wafunda uluhlu lweentetho ezihamba kunye nemiboniso malunga nesihloko sophando malunga nolwalamano phakathi kwamagetsi kunye nokukhanya. Usosayensi wathintela ezintlanganisweni ukuba olu lwazi lunokusetyenziswa kwisenzo, oko kwabangela umdla kubunkokeli be-navy.

UAlexander Stepanovich unokuthiwa ngumntu wokuqala eRussia, ongenakukuqonda kuphela ukubaluleka kovavanyo lukaHertz, kodwa wafumanisa nokuba lusebenza ngokufanelekileyo. NgoMeyi 7, 1895, xa uPapov esungula umsakazo waza wabonisa isakhiwo esakhiweyo kwintlanganiso yamafilosofi aseRussia, akukho nto yaziwa malunga nokudalwa kukaMarconi. Ngomhla we-Meyi 7 eRashiya kuthathwa njengomhla wokudalwa kwerediyo.

Wonke u-1895 uPopov ozinikezele ekuphuculeni umsakazo, wenza iimvavanyo ekufunyeneni nasekuhanjisweni kwamagagasi okhethwa ngumbane kwiimitha ezingama-60. NgoJanuwari 20, 1897, isayense yaseRussia kwafuneka ikhusele ilungelo lakhe lokuveliswa kwenkqubo. Kwiphephandaba elithi "Kotlin" inqaku liboniswe "I-Telegraphing ngaphandle kwezintambo", emva kokufunda malunga nokulinga kukaMarconi, uPopov wabhala. Inomathotholo yokuqala yenziwe nguAlexander Stepanovich, wabonakalisa entwasahlobo ka-1895 kwaye waceba ukuqhubeka esebenza ekuphuculeni kwakhe, kodwa akazange abhale incwadi yakhe nganoma iyiphi indlela.

Umgaqo wokusebenza komsakazo wokuqala wenomathotholo

Abaninzi bezinto abazifumananga zifumene izicelo zezinto zabo zokwenza izinto, kwaye abantu abaqaqambileyo abanamakhono akhethekileyo kunye nokucinga okungaqhelekanga banokuguqulela ingcamango yenzululwazi ukuba ibe yinyani, yiyo le ngqiqo eyenziwa yiAlexander Popov. Inomathotholo, eyenziwe yenzululwazi enkulu, iqulethwe kukufumanisa kweenjini ezahlukeneyo kunye namafilimu. Ngoko, uPopov wasebenzisa umququzeleli njengomqhubi, wacinga ukusebenzisa le fowuni njengefowuni kunye nerekhoda engenazo. UAlexandro Stepanovich wahlanganisa ndawonye, intsimbi kunye ne-antenna, ekwakheni idivaysi yokwamkela amaza kunye nokukhupha umbane. Ngomncedisi womsakazo, inzululwazi inokuhambisa isicatshulwa esinentsingiselo ngempawu ezizodwa.

Kutheni eYurophu ngumsunguli wenomathotholo uMarconi?

Oososayensi abakwazi ukuza kwisivumelwano esisodwa kumbuzo othi ngubani owasungula umsakazo. UAlexandro Popov wabonisa indlela yakhe yokuqala ngoMeyi 7, 1895, kwaye uGuglielmo Marconi wafaka isicelo sephepha lobunikazi ngoJuni 1896. Ekuboneni kokuqala, kubonakala ngathi yonke into icacile, isundu kufuneka sinikezwe ososayensi waseRashiya, kodwa kungekhona into elula. Inyaniso kukuba uPopo akazange azame ukuxelela uluntu ngokubanzi ngophando lwakhe, kodwa kuphela isangqa esincinci labantu - izazinzulu kunye namagosa omkhosi wamanzi - wabaxelela malunga nabo. Wayeqonda ukuba kubaluleke kangakanani lo msebenzi kwilizwe lakhe, yingakho engazange akhuphe ngeempapasho eziprintwayo, enze inxaxheba efanelekileyo.

UGuglielmo Marconi wakhulela kwilizwe lonkokheli-mthetho, ngoko wazama ukuhlanganiswa ingqalelo kwimbali okanye kwenzululwazi, kodwa ngumthetho. Akazange aqalise nabani na, kodwa kuphela xa ukuveliswa kwakukulungele, wafaka isicelo se patent. Ewe, imbali ayinanto yokwenza kunye necala elingumthetho, kodwa ke ezinye iimbali-mlando zithatha icala kunye noMarconi. Ilungelo lobunikazi linikezelwe ngoJulayi 2, 1897, oko kukuthi, iminyaka emibini emva kokubonakaliswa kukaPapov. Nangona kunjalo, uMarconi wayenombhalo obeka phambili, kwaye usosayensi waseRashiya wayevalele kuphela kwiprinta eprintiweyo.

Ukuphumelela kwamaMerika

Kwimpikiswano malunga nabani abenza umsakazo, ngo-1943 amaMerika angenelela, kuba nabo babe neengcweti ezweni labo abadala ummkeli. I-United States yacaphukiswa kukuba iYurophu kunye namaRashiya babelana ngokuqala phakathi kwabo, kuba nguwabo basekhaya uNikola Tesla, onguchwepheshe onguchwepheshe wesazi kunye nososayensi, wayengowokuqala ukufumana ukufumanisa okunjalo. Ukunyaniseka kwale ngxelo kuboniswe enkundleni.

UTesla unelungelo lokuthumela umthamo we-radiyo ngowe-1893, kwaye emva kweminyaka emibili-umsakazo womsakazo. Isixhobo somsayense waseMerika singaguqula isandi somsindo kwisixhobo somsakazo, siyigqithise, siyiguqule kwakhona ibe sisandi somsindo. Oko kukusebenza njengezixhobo zanamhlanje. Iiplani zePopov kunye noMarconi zilahleka ngokucacileyo, kuba ziyakwazi ukuhambisa nokufumana iimpawu zomsakazo kuphela nge- Morse code.

Ngubani omele anike isundu?

Yiyiphi inzululwazi eyona yokuqala eyakha umsakazo? Impendulo yalo mbuzo ayibaluleke kakhulu, into eyona nto kukuba iinjongo ezingcono kakhulu zoluntu zisebenze ekudaleni ukulungelelanisa ezintsha, zatyala imali zabasebenzi kunye nolwazi kuyo. UMarconi, uPopov kunye noTesla abangekho nxu lumene nomnye nomnye, bahlala kumazwe ahlukeneyo nakwiizwekazi ezahlukeneyo, ngoko akukho mntu akazange athathe iimbono. Kuvela ukuba imbono yokudala isayensi yerediyo yaba malunga nexesha elifanayo. Olu dibana lweemeko kwakhona kwakhona luqinisekisile umthetho we-Engels: ukuba ixesha lokufumanisa lifikile, ngoko ukufumanisa okuqinisekileyo kwenziwe ngumntu.