War 1756-1763 kweminyaka esixhenxe leyo: izizathu kunye neziphumo

Kweminyaka esixhenxe leyo War 1756-1763 gg. Yaba kwesiphumo inani ukuphikisana phakathi kwamazwe aseYurophu. Oyena nobangela ngokuvunyiweyo yaba mbuzo kwisahlulo indawo ephakathi mazwe mabini. Ukongeza, ukuziphatha impi kwakungenxa ngokutsha imikhosi kwilizwekazi kunye yaphula eseleyo yemveli. Njengokuba amandla amatsha kwaye Olwa ngobunkokheli wenza Prussia, leyo lwandiswa emva ukulawula kwitrone umlawuli onesiphiwo Frederick II ngo-1740. Oku kwabangela inkxalabo phakathi eziliqela uthi waseYurophu, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni ekuqaleni imfazwe.

isimo jikelele yezopolitiko

Kweminyaka esixhenxe leyo War 1756-1763 gg. Kuye kwavela ngenxa iingxabano phakathi amagunya emikhulu yaseYurophu. Isibakala sokuba ngexesha elifanelekileyo, la mazwe mabini wawalwela ilungelo ukuba abe njengenkosana kwiqonga lelizwe jikelele. France kunye England wangena ixesha elide impixano, awayenzayo ungquzulwano engaphephekiyo lwezigalo phakathi kwabo. Ngeli xesha, omabini mazwe laqalisa ukoyisa bobukoloniyali, kwaye phakathi kwabo kwavela iimpikiswano zochuku ngenxa lahlule imimandla iyonke yempembelelo. Kwiqonga ezingundoqo ngxabano waqala North American kunye nendawo Indiya. Kula mazwe, emacaleni aso omabini aphikisanayo senze rhoqo yokumisela imida kunye neendawo ngokutsha. Kuyinto la ukuphikisana ziye kwakhokelela kungquzulwano emkhosini.

IMVELAPHI zicinywe

Kweminyaka esixhenxe leyo War 1756-1763 gg. ngenxa yokukhulisa karhulumente Prussia. Frederick II wenza imfazwe-ufanelwe impi kakhulu imigangatho apho wenza inani sokuwa, ngenxa kweliphi ilizwe lakhe nemida ajikelezayo. Oku kwanda kungenxa Austria, ukusuka apho wathabatha kumazwe Silesian. ESilesia wayengomnye kwimimandla izityebi kaRhulumente, kwaye oku ukulahlekelwa umonakalo ebalulekileyo kurhulumente. Akukho nto, ngoko, ukuba uKumkanikazi Maria Theresa wayenomdla ngokubuya amazwe elahlekileyo. Kwezi meko, umlawuli Prussia ukuya kufuna inkxaso evela eNgilani, nto leyo, wafuna ukufumana izinto zaseYurophu (Hannover), yaye waba nomdla ekuxhaseni ekulondolozweni kula mazwe ngokwabo.

Kweminyaka esixhenxe leyo War 1756-1763 gg. kwaye isiphumo kongquzulwano phakathi England ne yaseFransi ulwahlulo kwamazwe colonial, njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngentla. ilizwe lethu liye wayefanele ukuba bathathe inxaxheba ngeziqu exhobileyo. Isibakala sokuba amabango karhulumente Prussia esengozini iinkalo nempembelelo ePoland, imida lweBaltic. Ukongeza, iRussia ekubeni 1740s. Lihambisana kunye nenkqubo Austria iSivumelwano. Ngenxa yesi sizathu kwabakho rapprochement zelizwe lethu kunye neFransi, ngaloo ethathe imilo anti-Prussia womanyano.

Ukuqala longquzulwano

Izinto ezibangela le minyaka isixhenxe War 1756-1763 gg. sizimisele nobukhulu bayo ububanzi. Ekuhambeni kwamagunya waseYurophu batsaleleke kulo mlo. Ngaphezu koko, walibumba ezininzi fronts iimfazwe: Continental, North American, amaNdiya kunye nabanye. Oku umkhosi ngxabano bume ukuvimba ukulingana kwamandla eNtshona Yurophu walitshintsha imephu yezobupolitika.

Kweminyaka esixhenxe leyo War 1756-1763 gg. Baqalisa uhlaselo uKumkani Prussia Saxony. Ukuze kubalwe le mlawuli yaba oku kulandelayo: sihlelwe ukwenza apha njengesikhundla yokuhlasela kwi utshaba. Austria, kananjalo, wayefuna ukusebenzisa njenge ummandla elifumileyo makasizalise umkhosi yaye yabeka ukuba basebenzise izibonelelo zalo zoqoqosho eziphathekayo. Yena angaphumelela kuhlaselwa Saxon awuthimba la mazwe. Emva kolo loyiso, uKumkani Prussia awaqhubana uthotho libethwe Austrians, wada wathabatha ngexesha elithile Prague, kodwa umkhosi kamva waseOstriya babulala ukoyiswa kwisixeko Kolin. Noko ke, umkhosi Prussia boyisiwe kwi Leuthen, kanjalo abuyisele intsalela lokuqala imikhosi.

kuqhubekayo ekulweni

Ukungena emfazweni nxamnye France nzima kakhulu imeko yokumkani Prussia, kodwa nakuba kunjalo wakwazi ukuba utshaba lwakhe entsha lasePoland eqatha Rossbach. Emva koko kwalwa ilizwe lethu. umkhosi Russian yayigqalwa omnye yomeleleyo eYurophu, kodwa akaba nako ukuqonda inzuzo yayo kwiinkalo ezininzi ngenxa yokuba iinjengele iminyaka esixhenxe imfazwe 1756-1763 gg. ayiphumelelanga ukuze bakwazi ukulisebenzisa ngokupheleleyo izakhono zalo. Xa kuqala idabi umphathi inkulu Apraksin, nangona uloyiso phezu utshaba, ngesiquphe wanika umyalelo baleka. idabi elandelayo Fermor wakhokela eliNgesi. Phantsi kobunkokheli bakhe, imikhosi Russian wathabatha inxaxheba enye amadabi lalawo ngexesha kumadabi ngomnyaka wesibini imfazwe. Idabi akazange azise okanye icala uloyiso isigqibo. Battle Zorndorf omnye koogxa bakhe ngokuthi impi eyinqaba.

Uloyiso ingalo Russian

War 1756-1763 gg kweminyaka esixhenxe leyo., Ezivela kakhulu landa kwizikolo ngokunxulumene inxaxheba weRashiya, ngomnyaka wesithathu sophuhliso yayo singene kwisigaba isigqibo imfazwe. Oku kwenzeke ubukhulu becala ngenxa esemthe- iphumelele ngumkhosi Russian phantsi kobunkokheli umphathi entsha Saltykov. Yena abakrelekrele kakhulu, nayo ethandwayo kakhulu phakathi kwamanye amadoda. Kwaba phantsi kobunkokheli bakhe, umkhosi Russian iphumelele uloyiso yayo neyimbalasane e Kunersdorf. Ke umkhosi Prussia wahlulwa, kwaye phambi kokuba ukumkani wavuka isoyikiso sokwenene zifake ikomkhulu lalo karhulumente. Endaweni yoko, umkhosi encedisayo lweMedia, njengoko angalawuliyo anti-Prussia lizwe waqalisa yokummangalela omnye phula iimbopheleleko.

Le enye ikhosi amanyathelo

Noko ke, uFrederick II imeko kwakunzima kakhulu. Koko wabakhuthaza ukuba British uncedo, simcele ukuba asebenze umlamli ngexesha World Congress. Kweminyaka esixhenxe leyo War 1756-1763 gg. ngokufutshane malunga ingxelo kwenziwa ngokunxulumene edabini ngasentla kunjalo waqhubeka ngenxa kwisikhundla Russia kunye Austria, eyenzelwe ukuba umdlali yakhe kuvuthelwa esithatha lokugqibela. King of Prussia kwabangela umonakalo Austrians, kodwa yonke imikhosi yagqabhuka ukungalingani. umkhosi wakhe wayeka amandla ayo, nokwadala ihambo impi. Ngowe-1760, imikhosi Russian kunye waseOstriya ahlala ikomkhulu isimo sakhe. Noko ke, kwanyanzeleka ukuba ulishiye, ndakuqonda ukuba indlela kakumkani. Kulo nyaka, imfazwe yokugqibela ezinkulu yemfazwe, apho uKumkani Prussia nangoku kwaphuma ophumeleleyo. Kodwa ndiyimfe; kuba mnye ulwe waphulukana phantse isiqingatha yomkhosi wakhe. Ukongeza, izimpi zesekondari abachasi bakhe baba nempumelelo.

Isigaba sokugcina

Izinto ezibangela le minyaka isixhenxe War 1756-1763 gg. ifuthe iimpawu imfazwe. Enyanisweni iimfazwe ezinkulu eYurophu zenzeka phakathi Prussia kunye Austria, kunye inxaxheba lizwe lethu. Noko ke, ngokunxulumene ukufa ukumkanikazi Russian yaba utshintsho elibukhali kumgaqo amazwe xa ezihlangwini zayo. Lo mlawuli omtsha babuya uKumkani Prussia onke amajoni Russian awuthimba umhlaba, zisayinwe kuye ngoxolo umnqophiso le manyano nkqu wathumela ukuba ukunceda izindlu zalo emkhosini. Olu tshintsho engalindelekanga ngokoqobo kusindiswa Prussia ekubulaleni lokugqibela.

Noko ke, wanyukela etroneni uCatherine II ububhangisile sivumelwano, kodwa nangona kunjalo, namanje akukabi nentembelo ngokwaneleyo kwikomkhulu, akazange bahlaziye umlo. Ngoko ke, ngeli xesha phantse ekupheleni kweminyaka esixhenxe leyo War 1756-1763. Russia wathabatha inxaxheba ngenkuthalo kuyo, kodwa akazange enze naliphi na iinzuzo indawo. King of Prussia, baxhamla leli khefu, i Austrians izithonga ezinzulu eziliqela, kodwa kwacaca ukuba izimali zelizwe bakhe uya kuzinyothula na nokuqhubeka amadabi wamagazi.

phambi American North ngxabano

Ukulwa ayiphelelanga kwilizwekazi yaseYurophu. A umzabalazo komsindo zenzeka eMntla Merika, apho British wadibana amanqwanqwa isiFrentshi yempembelelo. Kule minyaka mihlanu phakathi macala ezimbini ngumzabalazo wabongamela zamazibuko, izixeko neenqaba. War kweminyaka esixhenxe leyo 1756-1763, elifutshane leyo bathi kuphela ngokunxulumene ingxabano amagunya kwilizwekazi laseYurophu, itshayelwe, ngoko ke ilizwe naphesheya. Longquzulwano kakhulu komsindo zenzeka ngenxa Quebec. Ngenxa yoko, France woyiswa andabikho Canada.

Izenzo e India

Umzabalazo phakathi la magunya kwaye ziphuhliswe e-India, apho British gqolo wawagxotha French ukusuka kwizikhundla zabo. Kuyinto isici umzabalazo kwaba bobabini umhlaba phezu kolwandle. Ekugqibeleni, amajoni aseBritani bayiqhuba French ukusuka kwizikhundla zabo-1760. Le mpumelelo iye similise eNgilani wasinyibilikisa enkulu colonial, yaye ekugqibeleni axhatshazwe India ngamandla alo.

imiphumela

War kweminyaka esixhenxe leyo 1756-1763, iziphumo ziye zatshintsha imephu Europe kunye intsalela imikhosi phakathi amagunya emikhulu iye mhlawumbi emkhosini nezopolitiko ukungqubana ezinkulu kweli lizwekazi kwi kwinkulungwane yama-18. Iziphumo kokuyaphula esinzulu kwakhokelela ngokwabiwa ngokutsha kwemida yeengingqi zamakoloniyali kunye nemigangatho nempembelelo phakathi kwamazwe. Neziphumo eziphambili lomzabalazo yaba inguqu eNgilani ibe inkulu ubukhosi yobukoloniyali kwi ukuhlasela. Eli lizwe liye licinezelwe indawo yayo nembangi eFransi waza wathabatha nendawo ephambili ukusasazeka kwezigaba impembelelo.

Ngokwemiqathango yesivumelwano

Iziphumo kweminyaka esixhenxe leyo War 1756-1763 gg. negalelo, ubukhulu becala nokunikezelwa imimandla. Ngomnyaka lesiphelo lwemisebenzi yokulwa watyikitywa isivumelwano phantsi apho France walahlekelwa Canada, ukunika kule ndawo yayo, nayo leyo yenza inani nezinye iinzuzo ezinkulu indawo. indawo France emva kwesi sivumelwano kushukunyiswa kakhulu. Noko ke, yintoni abaninzi baye negalelo izizathu yangaphakathi: kweli lizwe iye utsha nengxaki enkulu, nto leyo kumashumi ambalwa kwi revolution.

Kulo nyaka, Prussia kunye Austria asayina isivumelwano wahlala phantsi nalapho eSilesia kunye namanye amazwe. Ngenxa yezi imimandla ephikisana kuzo zombini ezi meko ixesha elide baba neentlobano ezikhohlakeleyo. Kodwa Frederick II phantse nangoko emva kwemfazwe wathabatha ikhondo rapprochement ne-Russia. War kweminyaka esixhenxe leyo 1756-1763, izizathu, iziphumo apho wagqiba uphuhliso yamagunya yaseYurophu kangangenkulungwane phambili, kukho ubudlelwane ezintsha zahanjiswa mdibi kunye nezibophelelo. Kuba Russia, umphumo ibalulekileyo kukuba lazuza yamava ekuqhutyweni ezingentlanga kokuyaphula amagunya aphambili kweli lizwekazi. Yafika evela nxaxheba ngexesha iinjengele imfazwe Catherine kaThixo, nto leyo yayisinceda inani zoloyiso okhanyayo lizwe lethu. Nangona kunjalo, akukho ngeniso ubukhosi indawo akazange. Umlawuli omtsha akazange athi imfazwe uKumkani Prussia, nangona ulwenze umnqophiso kuqhogana kunye naye, esayinwe ngasendodeni yakhe.

imeko-bume yamaqela

Eli nani likhulu amajoni ezilahlekileyo kule mfazwe Austria. Ilahleko utshaba yayo engundoqo sehle. Kukho imbono yokuba ngenxa yemfazwe, yaza yabulala abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezibini. Ukuze bathathe inxaxheba emfazweni walomeleza ukusebenza UK of amakoloni zayo North American. Ingakumbi, banda irhafu, wadala zonke iintlobo ngeentlobo zemiqobo kuphuhliso lwezamazhishini kweli lizwekazi, nto leyo, kwakhokelela ekubeni ukwanda ngokukhawuleza yokunganeliseki le bezithanga, ekugqibeleni waluthabatha iingalo, ukuqala imfazwe inkululeko. Ababhali-mbali abaninzi ufuna impendulo yombuzo eye wavumela ekugqibeleni Prussia aphumelele, nangona izihlandlo eziliqela nomlawuli walo kwi imeko enzima kakhulu, nto leyo eye zisoloko zigrogriswa ukoyiswa yakhe yokugqibela. A Inani leengcali ichonge zizathu zilandelayo: ingxabano phakathi namahlakani, ukufa Russian uKumkanikazi nkqubo vula engalindelekanga amazwe. Noko ke, eyona nto ibalulekileyo kufuneka iqatshelwe, Kakade ke, isizathu kuqala. Ngayo kuloo maxesha ezibalulekileyo kwaye awalithabathayo Amanyeneyo nako ukufumana ulwimi, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni ingxabano phakathi kwabo, ukuze kungenelwe kuphela umlawuli Prussia.

Kuba uloyiso efanayo kakhulu Prussia kubalulekile kakhulu ukuba zombini nkqubo basekhaya angaphandle kuphuhliso. Emva kwemfazwe, waba ngomnye amagunya aphambili e-Europe. Oku olukhawulezisiweyo inkqubo ubunye zamazwe ngokwahluka-German ibe iziko bengatshatanga, kwaye phantsi kobunkokheli beli lizwe. Ngoko ke, urhulumente uye waba isiseko kwilizwe elitsha yaseYurophu - Germany. Ngenxa yoko, sinokuthi yayiphuma kuThixo imfazwe leyo kumazwe ngamazwe, njengoko isiphumo kunye neziphumo zawo nefuthe kuphela kwi imeko amazwe aseYurophu, kodwa kwakhona kwi imeko amathanga kwamanye amazwekazi.