UMlawuli uTrajan: engobomi emfutshane, olunomdla, iifoto

Phantsi uTrajan, owayelawula kwiminyaka 98-117., The uBukhosi baseRoma ifikelele bade. Lo mlawuli waba iimfazwe ezininzi ngempumelelo kunye nabamelwane balo, benza ekwakhiweni izixeko kunye amazwe kumazwe amatsha. Wakwazi ukufumana ulwimi olufanayo nawo onke amacandelo oluntu yamaRoma, kangangokuba ubukhosi phezu engamashumi amabini edlulileyo awayifumana kuzinzo nasempumelelweni.

imvelaphi

Lo mlawuli elizayo uTrajan wazalwa ngo September 18, 53 kwisixeko Italica, kwiphondo Baetica. Namhlanje le ndawo lwe eSpeyin. Kumaxesha amandulo kuye kwatsala zonke iintlobo ababevela. Indawo awazalelwa kuyo mlawuli uTrajan yayingumxholo imbambano okrakra phakathi kweRoma Carthage. waba inkwenkwe ukususela amajoni, ngexesha yeSibini Punic War ukuya AmaTaliyane wagxothelwa odumileyo Scipio. Ekuqaleni, kwafika amadlozi uTrajan Umbrian town Tudera. Ngaloo ndlela, yaba yeyokuqala umlawuli waseRoma, awayevela uhlobo kolonistskogo ngubani na impumelelo ephawulekayo kwiphondo elikude.

uyise yendalo kaTrajan uyirhuluneli yeSiriya. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba 76, uKesare wekamva apho emkhosini. Xa ubukhosi yashukumisa imvukelo Saturninus, yena umphathi we iButho, wathabatha indima ebonakalayo abathintela mvukelo. Ngegalelo lakhe uloyiso phezu ofutha Traian 91, waba ummeli-lizwe. Xa 97th wenziwa umphathi-butho e Upper eJamani, apho kwakukho imfazwe rhoqo bakhona.

Kwakunzima yindlalifa

Owandulela uTrajan etroneni, * uKhesare uNerva, igqwetha ngokuqeqesha weza nenkqubo yezopolitiko, ukuchuma yombuso waseRoma kangangeenkulungwane engaphezulu. Phambi kokuba amandla weSixeko Sikho sisisiwa ezantsi ukusuka kuyise unyana, kodwa lo mgaqo uneempazamo ezininzi, ngenxa ezenzeke Guard kunye Army kwimvukelo rhoqo. Nerve wacebisa ukuze apho umlawuli okweso elimisiweyo ezihlangwini zakhe, ngokuvumelana iimpawu zakhe buqu kunye nokuvuzwa. Kulo mzekelo, indlalifa isenokungabi isalamane kwabamba. Ukuze wenze ukugqithiselwa itrone ezihlangwini osemthethweni uNerva waseka isithethe wokwamkelwa. ngokufutshane ke mathidala ukuba atyumbe ezihlangwini.

Ngowe-'97 zithandwa emkhosini uTrajan, lowo eJamani, yakuva ukuba ukumkani waseAsiriya wagqiba ukumenza. Kungekudala, ngokusesikweni waba luvo co-ibamba. Kwaye kweeveki ezimbalwa ekuqaleni kuka-'98, oko kwazeka malunga ngokufa soMhlekazi. Traian wafunda ngale ndaba e Cologne. Ukuze ukumangala zonke ngamagosa akhe nezihandiba, umlawuli omtsha (njengoko wafumana itayitile princeps) akazange abuyele eRoma, waza wahlala phezu iRhine. Umthetheli mbono wagqiba ekubeni achithe ixesha umsitho, kodwa endaweni yoko waqhubeka nenxaxheba ekomelezeni umda.

Qala nale siganeko imangalisayo loMlawuli uTrajan wajika era zebhola uBukhosi baseRoma. Mbusi lafumana inkxaso jikelele emkhosini, ethe waba yintsika ethembekileyo bamandla ayo. Aba bahlobo ezimbini eziphambili kunye namaqabane abo iinjengele zakhe uTrajan Julius kwiURS Servian noLukiyo noLicinius Sura.

Kamsinya nje oyinzalelwane Italica waba ngumlawuli, ngoko nangoko owaqala ulwakhiwo olukhawulezisiweyo Roads kwimida ngaphaya kodonga lasekunene iRhine kunye iDanube ukuya kuLwandle Black. Kwi-98 no-99 kwi uTrajan umlawuli ukuba ulungise ukukhuselwa imida baseRoma kule ngingqi. Khawuleza yakhe wagwetyelwa: kwimimandla embindini iDanube kaRhulumente umnwe Marcomanni kunye nezinye iintlanga zaseJamani. Yaba Qiniseka kuphela zokhuseleko umda, ekugqibeleni UTrajan wabuyela eRoma. Yaba ekwindla ka-'99.

Ungqubano Detsebal

Military Chief ngoku era baseRoma uBukhosi uTrajan yaba ephikisana yayo kunye Dacians - iqela izizwe Thracian, owayehlala Romania yanamhlanje. I-87 - 106 iminyaka. aba bantu imithetho Decebal. Phakathi amaRoma kunye Dacians zeenkcuba umda kwenzeka rhoqo. UMlawuli uTrajan benza ukwakhiwa zonxibelelwano kwi iDanube kwakhona ukuba indlela emnandi isiqalo ngokukhawuleza imikhosi kule ndawo ebalulekileyo. Kweli xesha kukwanekwa inkulu ungquzulwano kwi nomda Dacia 100 lamawaka amajoni baseRoma bagxila.

Traian igqibile advance ebalulekileyo, enethemba ukuthintela nokuzinziswa Decebal amandla. Esi sicwangciso intshukumo ezaziwa bukhosi. AmaRoma akazange akuvumele ngeenxa zonke kuye abamelwane enamandla, oko kukuthi awase islogani edume "Yahlula kwaye lulawulo". Ngoko ke, lo kokoyiswa Decebal wayefanele ukuba ibe njengenyathelo lokuthintela ezifunekayo uxolo ngakumbi Empire ingqondo. Lower iDanube kunye Carpathians umdla uTrajan kwakhona namarhe iidipozithi otyebileyo kwezimbiwa.

Dacian ukulwa

Ngo-101, iNdlu Yeengwevu wathi imfazwe Detsebal. UMlawuli uTrajan ngokwakhe ndiziphethe umkhosi, waya phezu uhambo olude. main inkampu yawo Viminatsiya e Upper Moesia. Ngoncedo lwe umchankcatho owawuza amajoni amaRoma wawela iDanube, wenjenjeya nzulu kwi Dacia. Ekwindla ka-101, baza bahlasela Decebal inkampu, ibekwe edume Iron Gates Gorge. inkokeli Dacian kwafuneka ukuba siphumele ezintabeni.

Xa amaRoma baqalisa ukuya yayo, iqela bangena Lower Moesia, ushukumisa kwaqala imfazwe kwi Lower weDanube. NgoFebruwari 102, kwabakho imfazwe kakhulu igazi eli phulo. Malunga Adamklissi ngeendleko 4 amawaka amajoni waseRoma uMlawuli uTrajan wawoyisa Dacians. Wokuwonga elaa uloyiso endaweni uziphekuzayo yamangcwaba enkulu yakhiwa zezikhumbuzo omkhulukazi kunye nesibingelelo engcwabeni, apho zaye isitampu amagama kwabafileyo.

Ngo-102, amaRoma Decebal wathabatha kweemeko ezilawulwa yengqongqo yona. Yena nabantu bonke obu bukhosi awuthimba umkhosi wayo umhlaba, ukunciphisa amandla ayo e Dacia, wegqitha izixhobo zomkhosi izixhobo, wamnika yonke defectors nokunakana zibarhwebeshele ukuba legionaries bakhe. eneneni Decebal waba ingumbuso waseRoma yaye zaqala ukuxoxa naye nkqubo bakhe bezinye iintlanga. Ababephila baqala ukubiza uTrajan Dacian In imbeko kwidabi lokulwa. NgoDisemba 102, yena ngokwemveli kubhiyozela hlula olulifaneleyo.

Nangona ngokoyiswa Decebal akayi wayeza siguqe phambi ngamaRoma. Iminyaka emininzi ukuba elungiselela ukruthakruthwano omtsha ubukhosi. Waqala kunyaka 105. Ukusabela kuhlaselo ye Dacians ukusuka eRoma iDanube kuninceda ukusekelwa ezongezelelweyo (of imikhosi 14). Bona kwabalelwa malunga nesiqingatha lonke umkhosi bukhosi.

Enye Imfazwe siya kuwa kuye iminyaka 106. On omabini kokuba azakubalulwa a unobungcwangu ngokukhethekileyo. ngobundlobongela nakumaBharbhari inkani, nkqu Ndatshisa capital sarmizegetusa regia zabo. Ekugqibeleni, Decebal lahluleka lokugqibela, yaye intloko yakhe ndanahlula njenge indebe wathunyelwa eRoma, apho kulisiko yamandulo waphoswa eludakeni. I Dacia Traian eziphanzileyo kusekwa kwelinye iphondo asebukhosini.

Traian-lokwakha

Kwimbali yamandulo kwakukho akwa encinane, ukwakhiwa ngolangazelelo ngokunjalo noMlawuli uTrajan. biography emfutshane yomphathi ezinxulumene ukuvela ezikhumbuzo ezininzi bokwakha. Uqhekekile ezinye basinda. Emva kokuba uloyiso phezu Dacians uTrajan yayalela ukwakhiwa ibhulorho ilitye elikhulu ngapha weDanube. umbhali design yaba odumileyo wezakhiwo uApollodorus yaseDamasko. Le friend 1.2 kweekhilomitha elide wema phezu piers 20 wayengomnye izakhiwo onomtsalane xesha layo.

Amaxesha amaninzi wakha uTrajan got igama lakhe (umzekelo, yayingeyiyo UTrajan Column). Le umtsalane wabonakala phezu Forum Roman kunyaka 113. Kuye kwakhiwa ukuba ukukhumbula uloyiso phezu Dacians. Column yayisenziwa ngamatye anqabileyo nezemarmore Carrara. Kunye kwinqwanqwa iye yafika kukho ukuphakama kuyimitha 38. Ngaphakathi isakhiwo umngxuma bahambisa ngezinyuko ezijikeleze ekhokelela iqonga ukubukela. Masters umboko egcwele imikrolo ebonisa iziqephu iimfazwe Dacian.

ngokujoyina baseNabataea

Ngo-106, i-uMlawuli uTrajan, kwincwadi engobomi bomntu elifutshane ngumzekelo umntu ayiyi lwahlulwe umkhosi, waphethulela ingqalelo yakhe ngasempuma. Ngokuba lixesha lokuqala AmaRoma e Arabia '25, xa hambo ukuya Aelia Gala wahamba. UTrajan yena wayesazi East, njengoko umfana wakhonza Aram. Ummelwane Empire kwakukho i baseNabataea. Nje kulo nyaka oko yaqala ingxabano ebangelwe ukufa kakumkani Rabila. Thamsanqa wancuma Empire. lula amaRoma esaphethe loo mmandla ukusuka Gulf of Aqaba ukuya weHawuran. Kulo mmandla, iphondo Arabia yamiselwa, iingxelo ngqo Princeps.

Biography uMlawuli uTrajan ibonisa ukuba waba ubukrelekrele karhulumente nzulu kunye nobuhlakani enengqondo. Kwimeko kuhlaliwa ngayo baseNabataea, yena ekhokelwa luqwalaselo zorhwebo kunye nezopolitiko. Le nto ke yawatsho ubukumkani yaba ilizwe elincinane lokugqibela kwimida kwimpuma bukhosi. Absorption inika ukhuselo ekhuselekileyo nxamnye ehlasela yi kweYiputa Syria.

Njengoko e Dacia e Arabia nangoko baqalisa ukwakha esebenzayo. Road ubonakele, ukuqinisa kunye nokubekwa kweliso. umsebenzi wabo ukulawula imizila kunye enamanzi kummandla emdeni. Capital kwiphondo yaba Batra, okuthumileyo Traian VI Zhedezny wayenomkhosi. Iziko yesibini ibalulekileyo uPetros. Esi sixeko kukade icangcisiwe, idume iitempile zayo ezintle kunye nezitiya. Uphuhliso kwiphondo negalelo lokuthengisa impahla enqabileyo Indian (ngo-107 wozakuzo Indian wada wafika eRoma).

Traian colonizer

Ababephila wabiza printsipsa yakhe ngokuthi "umlawuli best uTrajan." Eneneni, luhlasela msebenzi negalelo elibalulekileyo kuphuhliso bonke obo bukhosi. Phantsi uTrajan incopho yayo iye yafika umsebenzi lobungqwangangqwili zamaRoma. Wayesebenza kwaye bethetha eMntla Afrika. Ngo-100, le ndawo entsha yasekwa ngo Numidia Tamugadi, apho ngaphambi kokuba kubekho isithuba puniysky yamandulo.

Cities zibonakele lama Trayana wamnika Ubeko efanayo. Baba yinto ecacileyo yoxande. Ifunyanwa phakathi kweli qonga. iimpawu olufunekayo amathanga baseRoma zemiboniso, amathala eencwadi kunye imiqathango (iintsika zithwala kwengeniso oluntu). Abembi bezinto zale mihla ziye ingakumbi wafunda lukhulu kwezi zokuhlala lusekelwe kuMntla Afrika kwakunye amabhodlo mizi ngokugqibeleleyo ezigcinwe yi-lamathafa.

nkqubo yasekhaya

Initiative in amazwe nangaphandle iimfazwe akuthethi ukuba uTrajan akazange abandakanyeke kwimicimbi zangaphakathi. Esinye isizathu sokuba uzinzo umbuso ixesha ukukwazi layo ukuphatha ngobuchule zonke iiklasi kunye elime kuluntu yamaRoma. Okokuqala Princeps wayehluke ngokunxulumene singayekwa iNdlu Yeengwevu. "Okokuqala phakathi kwabantu abalinganayo" - le indlela uMlawuli uTrajan, ngokutsho mpendulo yakhe esemthethweni. Wayesazi ukuba umsindo njani ikratshi xa beza kwimicimbi karhulumente.

Ngelo xesha, kunye Yeengwevu uTrajan kuye lucky. eyandulela wakhe uDomitian ziphelisiwe kule inkcaso ntlanganiso evela Italian endala kunye basebukhosini yamaRoma. INdlu Yeengwevu izele ngabantu abasuka kwiphondo - ezifana njengoko Traian naye ukuba thethana, ngaba kulula kakhulu kunye namalungu eentsapho abadumileyo ikomkhulu likaThixo.

Malunga abakhweli (equity) uMlawuli yaqhubeka ikhondo eqaliswe uDomitian. Olu udidi ilungelo oye wadlala indima ebalulekileyo kubomi yezopolitiko eRoma. Traian ngcembe inkululeko amandla abo entsha. Ngoko le equity transferred ulawulo lwezemali kunye nezinto zinkulu. Princeps wandisa uluhlu kwizikhundla zokuphatha, leyo kungathatha abakhweli.

Ke bona abantu abaqhelekileyo, wakhawuleza wamthanda nomlawuli onjalo ngubani umlawuli uTrajan. iziqephu ezipheleleyo elifutshane biography uPhilip, xa ngezihlandlo ezahlukeneyo basasaza abaqhelekileyo yeminikelo. amawaka aliqela abantwana ukufikelela abangenakwazi ukuba simahla asasaze okuziinkozo. Phantsi uTrajan eRoma ngamaxesha ukulungiselela imidlalo kunye nezinye izinto zokuzonwabisa ezithandwayo abaninzi. Yena kakhulu ukuyenza ukuze ufumane okhohlakeleyo halo, leyo wangena imbali ezininzi ezihlangwini zakhe. Kanye ngamandla, umlawuli ngokuqaqadeka kukubhangisa umthetho, njengako apho abantu bazama ukuba udelele uKhesare.

Armenian impikiswano

Ulungelane i nkqubo esebenzayo zasekhaya kunye nokuphuculwa kwezoqoqosho East phezu kwayo yonke yahlala loo mmandla, elandelwa Traian ngokusondeleyo. Umlawuli waseRoma ehambelanayo naziphi na iziganeko ngaphezulu okanye kangako kumda Asia. Ngaxa lithile, kuba ngunobangela exhalabisayo uTrajan Armenia. Kuyinto bebesondliwa lilungu ngokulinganayo, iRoma kunye Parfia, phakathi eyathi yabekwa. Kulo nyaka 112 etroneni Armenian wahlala Partamazirid. Ke waba oqeshiweyo le Parthian ukumkani Khosroev. Ingxaki yayikukuba kwenkosi entsha endaweni Aksidaresa - ekhonza onyanisekileyo bukhosi.

izinto ezingaqondakaliyo Khosroev ndamcaphukisa eRoma. Oku nako ukuphendula kunye noMlawuli uTrajan. iinyani ezinika umdla malunga izisombululo zakhe ozakuzo, makwazeke mbali mihla ngenxa ukugcina iifayile princeps imbalelwano ingakumbi umbhali negqwetha noPliny Younger. Kuba okokuqala emva kokuvela zembambano Armenian uTrajan wazama ukuthethana nokumkani Parthian ngokusebenzisa thethwano. Khosrow waphikelela, izibongozo ngomlomo ilothe nto.

Ke uTrajan waya kwa-Antiyokwe. Yaba Januwari iminyaka 114. Ngenxa umsebenzi Parthian, udlame yaqhambuka kummandla umda, kodwa awutha ngokukhawuleza * uKhesare efika apho. Traian isithombe kwengeniso kuyo yonke incwadi ngembali yamandulo, yaba emihle, eyomeleleyo kunye ezintle. Ukongeza, waba sisithethi elungileyo kwaye bazi ukuba nempembelelo ngayo abaphulaphuli. Ekudambiseni Antiyokwe, UTrajan wakhokela umkhosi yaye wafudukela Armenia. Partamazirid, yithathe demonstratively anyothule isithsaba sakhe, banethemba lokufumana ukwamkelwa zamaRoma. Isenzo akazange kunceda. Partamazirid umnakekeli ngamandla. Emva isimemezelo, wazama ukubaleka. oqeshiweyo Parthian babanjwa baza babulawa.

ukufa

Kulo nyaka 115 imfazwe kunye eParti. Traian kuqala waya aram, apho, ngaphandle nokumelana kakhulu boyiswa akhonze Hosrana. Ngoko ke umkhosi wamaRoma kwimiqolo emibini bafudukela emazantsi umEfrate kunye vekele. Amabutho esaphethe iBhabheli, kwaye elikomkhulu Parthian Ctesiphon. Ngokutsho iziphumo imfazwe uMbuso amazwe amatsha e-aram. Kulo mmandla, iphondo waseAsiriya kwasekwa. Traian afika nePersian Gulf. Sinovuyo yimpumelelo bomkhosi, waqala uceba iphulo eIndiya.

Noko ke, amathemba mlawuli abakhange kuzaliseka. Xa kokurhangqwa Hatra, waba wagula kakhulu. Kwafuneka sibuyele kwa-Antiyokwe. Apho Traian wabamba icala, nto leyo ikhokelele ngokuyinxenye yakhe efe. Princeps wafa ngoAgasti 9117, kwisixeko Selinus yelaseKiliki.

anika umdla

Abaninzi ubungqina umdla ngobomi bakhe washiya uTrajan. Umlawuli waseRoma, iinyani ezinika umdla malunga apho kwatsala ingqalelo biographers kunye kubabhali zaphawula ezahlukeneyo, imbalelwano eninzi kunye noPliny Younger. imbalelwano kwabo kwaba lesikhumbuzo ebalulekileyo ngexesha elithile. Ngenxa it oko kwazeka ukuba Traian ezinxamnye ababengaphambi zabo ukumelana ngokusengqiqweni ngayo kumaKristu. Wabalela ukwamkela amazwi abangaziwayo kusithiwa ngabaqhekeki kunye ulawulo isohlwayo abo babezimisele ukulahla ngoxolo unqulo lwabo.

Kuba abantu abaqhelekileyo, Traian waba isimntwiso inceba nobulungisa. Xa umlawuli baya ekampini kwithafa Dacia ngamasango ikomkhulu lakhe lifika abaqhelekileyo umfazi waseRoma. Yacela kaTrajan uncedo ukugcina unyana wakhe, ngecala ubuxoki intlebendwane ngolunya. Irhuluneli wayeka umkhosi. Waya enkundleni, wenza izaba zendodana uze kuphela waqhubeka uhambo lwakhe.

ubudlelwane ukwazi kunye uTrajan kunye Yeengwevu. Electors badla ukusebenzisa iipilisi eyenzelwe ngokuvota efihlakeleyo, xakuhlekiswa okanye kuthukwa. Le ukuziphatha wanika umlawuli a lot of amaxhala. Episode ngemiqondiso kubonisa ngokucacileyo ukuba isikhundla njengelungu leNdlu yeeNgwevu phantsi uTrajan zonke iimbeko bakhe njengeholide ethile yezopolitiko.