Kiev-Pechersk Monastery. Holy Dormition Kyïv-Pechersk Lavra

Kiev-Pechersk yoonongendi e Ukraine bazama ukutyelela zonke ngabakhenkethi. Le yenye yoonongendi kakhulu yowokuqala, esavela elinethoba kunyaka amahlanu ananye. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, eli nani lenyuswa laya nommandla wayo, neetempile wakhula, wakha iiseli ezininzi, elinesithandathu anamanci asibhozo anesibhozo, lo weemonki wafumana iwonga Lavra. Safunda iinkcukacha ngemvelaphi ye-Kiev-Pechersk Monastery.

Njani ukuba kwaqala?

Kwinkulungwane elinanye esizeni woonongendi, kunxweme lasekunene umlambo Dnieper (kufuphi eKiev), kwaba ihlathi ashinyeneyo. Ngokufuthi ndafika apha ukuze athandaze, indela Ilarion of kwilali Berestova. Yena wemba emqolombeni apha. Xa Hilarion wamiselwa Metropolitan of Kiev (it was 1051), oko umqolomba ngokufutshane lalize. Kulo nyaka (lo mhla ithathwa njengokuba isiseko Kiev-Pechersk eMonastri) apha ahlala seal Antoniy Pechersky, oko walandelwa kwezinye esakhiweni.

Xa emqolombeni omiweyo iimonki ezilishumi elinambini, kwagqitywa ekubeni kwakhiwe ibandla apha. Antony wemba lomqolomba entabeni ekufutshane. Kwakhona waqalisa umhlambi macala onke esakhiweni. Xa iseli omiweyo iimonki elinambini, ngoko ngaphezu kwayo bakha ibandla Kwingcingane ungowokubongwa Virgin Mary.

Xa weemonki akazange akwazi ukulungiselela zonke ukubenza, Antony wabhenela Kiev prince Izyaslav Yaroslavich, ngubani na okunike imvume yokusebenzisa ummandla yonke intaba ngeenjongo zamaKristu. Ngowe elinethoba ngonyaka amathandathu anesibini ka-Kiev-Pechersk Monastery yakhiwa. Lonke eli xesha, ubomi iimonki umdla abalandeli kunye namaKristu zesiqhelo, kuba yena unezinwe, wazishiya kunye iminikelo yabo. Kwaye iminyaka embalwa ezi Iminikelo kwakwanele ukuze kwakhiwe ibandla entsha esekelwe kunye ebhanyabhanya.

Loonothwal lezomoya woonongendi

Ngokuba lixesha lokuqala ibandla iqhekeziwe yi imvelaphi ephila zamaTurkic - Polovtsy - ngo-1906. Ngelo xesha woonongendi wachithwa, ingqukuva Ukrainian phantse wawa zabahlaseli.

Emva kweminyaka elishumi kuphela Kiev-Pechersk Lavra ubudala waqalisa kakulu. Le umphathi Teoctist kunye Prince Gleb Vseslavich negalelo ekwakhiweni yomgubo ilitye, kwakunye ibandla elitsha. Ngelo xesha linye indawo weemonki kwakukho udonga ebiyelweyo ngokupheleleyo. Ithe ayehlala kwisakhiwo engundoqo, leyo nomqolomba okuyo ngoku isetyenziswa kwigumbi yokungcwaba lendela. Baye bangcwatyelwa ezingontsingontsini iindonga emqolombeni epasejini.

Woonongendi yaba indawo abagulayo, abakhubazekileyo, amahlwempu, iimfuno ekwakumi ngaphandle isishumi bengeniso yakho iyonke. Yayakhelwe phantsi uTheodosius. Hi ndlela leyi, ke lingumqolomba wemba kwilali Foresters, ummandla lawo ekule weemonki. Kususela kwimini eyasekwayo kwaye ukusa kwixesha le Kiev-Pechersk Monastery bakhululwa nabaveleli mabini.

Ukuhlasela Turkish

Nge ikhulu elinamanci mahlanu-nye lamawaka ngu eziliwaka elinamakhulu amabini ngonyaka wamashumi amane woonongendi yaba ukuphanga enzima, uvutha. Okokuqala Turks wonakele wahlala Iimonki, ngoko wayitshisa. Kodwa ke ithe yaqhubeka ukuze baphumeze inkonzo yabo. Emva kokuba ibandla iqhekeziwe kwakhona Polovtsy, kodwa waphinda waqhubeka msebenzi wayo. Kodwa ke, ngelishwa, ngexesha kuloyiso Kiev ehlasela abahlaseli Kiev-Pechersk Monastery. Emiqolombeni yamawa waba yokusithela kubabingeleli, kodwa abazange ukugcina inkoliso esakhiweni.

Ukutshatyalaliswa uLaura wema ukuya kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesine. Ukusuka eli xesha, phantsi umyalelo yenkulu Kiev bakaSimon Olelkovich waqalisa ukwakhiwa woonongendi entsha. Ibandla engundoqo yaba yindawo yokungcwabela buhlile Kiev. In elinesine anamanci seventieth nyaka woonongendi yaphinda yakhiwa ngokupheleleyo, wamomeleza waza waqalisa ukwenza indima mzi Svjatina. Musani ukumoyika Ngoku nkqu kuphangwa Turkish.

Kodwa kwiminyaka elishumi kamva, woonongendi satshiswa kwakhona, kodwa ngoku umkhosi iCrimea. Kwathatha ixesha ukubuyisa iminikelo ecaweni yabantu. Nge amawaka mahlanu anamanci asithoba kunyaka wesithathu uqala liyanda ngenxa esakhiweni. Kiev-Pechersk Lavra yandisa imida sayo sobummandla (izixeko ezibini, iilali mahlanu, iilali elinesihlanu kunye kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo wobugcisa kunye nokuloba) kunye namathuba. Ukususela ngenkulungwane elinesihlanu, lendela kuvunyelwa ukuba baye eMoscow iminikelo. Noko ke, uvavanyo angazishiyi weemonki. One lamawaka anamakhulu asixhenxe, ngomnyaka weshumi elinesibhozo yaba mothuko mkhulu kuye: umlilo watshabalalisa yonke into enexabiso - elayibrari, imibhalo-ngqangi yamandulo, bonke ubuncwane.

Empini amandla

Ubutyebi nozuko woonongendi zange phumzani kuphela abahlaseli, kodwa ke Brest Church Union. Nge lamawaka anamakhulu seminyaka emihlanu asithoba anantandathu yaqalisa amalinge okuqala ukuba ndizinyathele Uniate Metropolitan Laurus. Kodwa ke ithe, lukhuni ngesinyanzeliso angaphandle, ube ukumelana esinamandla Union of Brest. Xa intloko lendela kwakukho Archimandrite Nikifor Tur, owathi, kunye iimonki ungaphumeleli ngempumelelo Uniate ombaxa. Ukusuka kwezi lihlangabezana ayisoze isokole naziphi iimonki okanye umhlaba monastery.

Kuphela ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yeshumi, Kiev-Pechersk Lavra ufuna ukuzimela kwimpembelelo ezo dioceses basekuhlaleni. Yena yabelwa Ecumenical (eConstantinople) UMphathi ubume stavropegic. Nangona ukwanda Uniate Church, Monastery of the Caves waba ligwiba amaKristu Orthodox. Ngenxa imisebenzi archimandrites E. Pleteneckogo kunye Z. Kopystensky iqala abanobuchule ekulweni uniatism ngokusebenzisa kunikezelo polemic, iincwadi zonqulo eshicilelweyo yi cinezela zalo zokushicilela (1616).

Ngokuba amandla uya kulwa le Moscow uMphathi. Isigodlo ilishumi nyaka asibhozo anesibhozo ikhulu, angenise uMphathi eMoscow All Russia. Noko ke, lo mgaqo uya kuhlala Wayeselemashumi alithoba nesibhozo ubudala. Emva koko uye ube ngowakhe weSixeko Kiev.

Imbali woonongendi ukususela 17 ukuya 19

Nangona kwegazi phakathi Uniate Church, Kiev-Pechersk Monastery yaphuhliswa. Ukongeza yoshicilelo phantsi umyalelo uPetros akuMazwe kubonakala isikolo ngenxa iimonki, ekugqibeleni wakhula, waya Kyïv-Mohyla Collegium.

Unyana wombingeleli Ivan Samoylovich ukuba Hetman, eqina wonke ummandla umxakatho ze shaft, kunye nezinye i hetman Ivan Mazepa, enqatyisiweyo udonga lwamatye ecaweni. Ebudeni bolawulo Petra Velikogo iimonki intsimi eyandisiweyo, ukwakha Pechersk inqaba. Nangona kunjalo, lo unyaka emlilweni eziliwaka elinamakhulu asixhenxe elinesibhozo watshabalalisa phantse yonke weemonki. Kiev-Pechersk Lavra waba nako ukuzifumana iminyaka elishumi elinanye kuphela.

zokwakha Great Lavra Bell Tower waqalisa kwiminyaka emibini kamva. Yaba isakhiwo ezinde e Ukraine (ubude ebeminyaka imashumi asithoba anesithandathu kunye iimitha nesiqingatha). Ngomhla kwakhiwe inqaba intsimbi kwathatha iminyaka elishumi elinamine. Le projekthi iphethwe Russian umakhi GI Schedel.

Ngaphandle kwento yokuba kwakhiwe inqaba yentsimbi yalibaziseka (nge ziqinisekiso lokwakha ecwangcisiweyo ukulakhela indlu kwiminyaka emithathu), kwaye umxakatho mali akavumelekanga ukuba kwiiprojekthi ezintsha, kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba, kodwa nommandla wayo bezibandakanya yoonongendi ezintandathu (Chief, Hospital, Kufuphi nemiqolomba Ekude, Holosiivska Kitaevskaya neentlango).

Iimpawu umxakatho izakhiwo

Woonongendi ephambili imi ibandla enkulu. Woonongendi esibhedlele yakhiwa kwinkulungwane yeshumi malunga emasangweni Lavra, ngenkxaso njengabahanahanisi Chernigov Prince Nikola. Icawa ngokwayo wayesele icon i Dormition ye nguMama kaThixo, izixhobo, iindaba ezilungileyo, ithala leencwadi kunye neencwadi ezixabisekileyo, ekumeni kunye ezingcwele Kiev-Pechersk Lavra. Apha ke ilitye ka Prince KI Ostrog, engcwabeni kunye namangcwaba abangcwele.

Akufuphi nakude kweetonela rspolozheny kufuphi enye kwenye. Emiqolombeni zokuqala abunjwe malunga emqolombeni seal Anthony, kwaye eyesibini - iseli malunga yimonki xa Hilarion. Anthony Cave uye ezintathu, kakhulu ezifikelelekayo ethandwayo esangweni elisentshona Holy Cross Church. Xa iyonke kukho ngaphezulu ezintathu adibanayo endlwini, icawe Ukunikwa Virgin kunye Zokutya Pechersk zooyise.

Ukususela kumaxesha amandulo, umqolomba indawo yokufihla lendela, kunye nokulahlwa kamva. iiseli eziphilayo lunamaqoqo ephikisanayo, ekucetywa zokulala kunye nesidlo. Baye nzulu ukulungiselela amakhandlela kunye icon. Ezi zicatshulwa komhlaba ezi loculi. Kukholelwa ukuba ukumba yabo ungamngcwabi Monahov Mark cavers. Kukho kwakhona i window encinane amagama hermits. Okwangoku, ubungakanani izicatshulwa umqolomba sehlile ngenxa reorganizations zakutshanje kwaye kuphela mathathu anamanci asibhozo-amathathu eemitha.

abangcwele ibandla

Ayizizo zonke indela Kiev-Pechersk weemonki ilungelo angangcwatywa emiqolombeni. Ezikude iiseli ukugcina mane-ezintlanu izinto ezingcwele, noMbindi - asibhozo. Ngakumbi kuquka izinto ezingcwele St. uTheodosius, Hilarion, yedwa, Pimena Postnika, Amfilohije, Euphrosyne, Piora, Paphnutius, Pamba, Sisoi, uTheodore Silent, noZekariya, Agafona Chudotvortsa, Longinus, Macarius, uMoses, uPawulos, Arseny, noSilvano, Achille, uBenjamin Gerontius , Euphemia Ilolo, Hypatia, uYosefu lokuGula, Leonti, Mercury, Martyrius umdikoni Paisija Nestor ngongenakwazi, uTito Feofioa, Ignatius Feodora Ostrozhskogo, Pavla Tobolskogo, uVladimir of Kiev, Filaret, hermits Athanasius, Anatoly, ka-Amon, Mardary, Pancrazio, Sophronia . Assia, Martyrius, Lawrence, uGregory, noRufo, anoDiyonisiyo.

Caves ubambe izinto ezingcwele Saint Anthony, Prokhorov Lebednika, uYohane okukhawulezileyo, Juliana, uTheodore, Basil, UPolycarp, Damian, Varlaam, Erasmus, uTito, Tiyofilo, Ionanna, incindi, uMarko gravedigger, Alex Gregory, uSergiyo, Sava, Mercury, Pimen, Nestor Eustratius, Elladiya, uYeremiya, uMoses, uYohane Iintlungu, Onuphrius, bahanahanisindini, Gregory uMenzi-umsebenzi, uMateyu, uOnesimo, uIsaya, uAbraham, Niphon, uSylvester, Kuksha, Macarius, Pimen ngokukhawuleza, Lawrence, eAnatolia, Sisoi, Tiyofilo yodwa, kaOnesiforo, Aref Alypy Simon, Theophanes, Nikon Anastasia, uEfrayim, Avraamiya Zatvornika, Agapito, uLuka, noYohane umntwana, uEliya, Nikon owomileyo, uNikodemo, Spyridon, Isak, Afanasiya Zatvornika.

Zonke iimonki iziqu kwiintsuku ezithile kwikhalenda Julian: i-yesibhozo amabini ka-Agasti kubhiyozelwa iimonki Far Caves, Septemba 28 abazinikele ngayo neemonki emiqolombeni Ikufuphi, njengoko Lavra engcwele ziwongwe leNzila (idla kwiveki yesibini).

Kukho amakholwa, kuba lowo kubalulekile ukuba bachukumise izinto ezingcwele abangcwele. Kodwa abakhenkethi abaninzi banomdla ezinye iinyani ezinika umdla nobomi lendela. Guides badla kuzala kuyo Saints ilandelayo.

• Antoniy Pechersky. Caves Owadala. Ukususela ebuntwaneni, wayengumntu ozinikeleyo yaye ubomi bakhe enkonzweni kaThixo.
• Nestor umkhumbuzi. Seventeen abafana ezichongiweyo umdikoni, umbhali ibandla. Igalelo oluye lwenziwa kuncwadi mandulo.
• Agapit ngaphandle kwentlawulo. Indela unesiphiwo sokuphilisa, oko akuthethi ukuba imfundo lonyango. Wabaphatha ngabantu abaqhelekileyo kwaye abathetheli free.
• Kulya Muromets. Popular hero yamandulo Russian, leyo ilivo uyindumasi, waba imonki waza wangcwatyelwa woonongendi.
• Nikola Svyatosha. Prince, owaba indela. Enkosi kuye wakha yi Isango Trinity Church of St Nicholas, St Nicholas Hospital Monastery.
• Elinambini abakhi imvelaphi Greek. Amagama abo ke ayaziwa, kodwa ibali wokwamkelwa kwabo monasticism wahlukile. Kwinkulungwane leshumi ngokukodwa ukusuka Byzantium ukubuyisela Lavra Enkulu, emva kokugqitywa kwalo baba esakhiweni.
• Barlaam. Boyarsky, unyana waba indela waza wathabatha inxaxheba kungekabekwa woonongendi yokuqala ngamaplanga kwi Anthony Irholo. Kuyaziwa ukuba emva kusiyiwa evela eConstantinople nasePalestina, yonke impahla yakhe ezabiwa Lavra.
• Kuksha. I-Missionary kunye ngegorha. Famous ngesipho lokuphiliswa, ubuchule ukusebenza ebalulekileyo. BeeNtlanga ugugiswe waza wabulawa. Kuthiwa woonongendi iintsika yimililo imini yokufa kwakhe.
• Nikon owomileyo. Ngexesha kuhlaselwa Polovtsy yathinjwa, ungcikivwe iminyaka emithathu. Ngokutsho ukuqikelela bakhe ukuya Caves weemonki, ngokuba polovtsy owenzakeleyo imilenze yakhe. Nangona kunjalo, lo saint waba yigesi wabonakala Laurel. Imimangaliso ezinxulumene nobomi bakhe, ayipheli apho. Xa kwiminyaka embalwa kamva emqolombeni weza Polovtsian ngubani batyakatywa, indela Nikon, ndabona ephila. Ngoko nangoko yena nentsapho yakhe kuguqukela kubuKristu.
• Yevstratii Martyr. Ndiphuma kusapho ezindilekileyo, ngubani na okunike yonke impahla yakhe, yaba indela. Ngexesha kuhlaselwa Polovtsian wathengiswa ebukhobokeni. Long I bahlukunyezwa ngenxa yokholo olungagungqiyo yaye kumbethelela emnqamlezweni. Ngokungummangaliso wahlala iintsuku ezilishumi elinesihlanu, ngoko ulizulumbele elwandle. Noko ke, umzimba ngokuyinqaba wabonakala Laurel.

Imbali kwexesha Soviet

Nge amawaka asixhenxe anamanci asibhozo anesithandathu, emiqolombeni Kiev-Pechersk Lavra ukusuka eMoscow uBhishophu ocande ilifa Metropolitan of Kiev. Ngeli xesha eSoviet woonongendi liyaphumelela enye emva kwenye imo. Ukusukela ngoSeptemba, elinethoba ngonyaka wamashumi amabini anesithandathu ngamandla yiSoviet Ukrainian kummandla woonongendi zidluliselwe kwi-Reserve State. Ukwenziwa imyuziyam kwisixeko woonongendi kwakhokelela lokonakala. Kweli xesha yiSoviet, uninzi lendela badutyulwa okanye entolongweni.

Ebudeni beMfazwe Yehlabathi II amaJamani ukuba lendela kuhlala woonongendi, kodwa ngoNovemba ezitshileyo Ingqiqo Cathedral le Kiev-Pechersk Monastery, kokuba bakhuphe izacholo. Nangona imbali babeke ngoku, exelela nabakhenkethi malunga dubulo umxakatho kuzinze Soviet. Le nkcazelo iye saliwe, xa zazikhutshwa lokurekhoda kwexilongo eyenziwe amaNazi ngenxa kusonwabisa yakhe. Kamva, nto bungqinelwa amaJamani weemonki uqhushumbo kunye nezinye abaphandi kunye izazinzulu.

Emva kwemfazwe, woonongendi yavalwa kwaye azisayi kufumaneka abantu devyatsot iminyaka eliwaka amathandathu ananye. Kamva, kwabakho wave entsha izimvo anti-zonqulo, kwaye weemonki baba elide aphumeze indima yimyuziyam ngaphezu Svjatina. ekhokele babeqhuba nangethuba le emiqolombeni kwaye echaza ngokwenzululwazi ngurhulumente ezingcwele ezithile, kodwa ngazama ukuba amaKristu ukuba zizokunqula iintsalela uze ucele ukukhuselwa abangcwele.

Ngokungummangaliso kuba Orthodox kwaye kunzima enyanisweni eenzululwazi na ukuvela izahluko ezithathu i Imore-ustrimisho kwi kummandla Far Caves Monastery. Ekubeni abasemagunyeni basivumela imisebenzi zonqulo izahluko yakhululwa imore. Yintoni ifakiwe kumafa yayo, oosonzululwazi baye bafumanisa kude kube ngoku, kuqinisekiswa ukuba kubhekiswa esiphilayo kwaye alithethi ucwaningo imichiza.

Modern Kiev-Pechersk Lavra

Iifoto zalo kunye ifom eyintsusa webandla musa zahlukile. amandla Modern wayibuyisela kuphela isakhiwo ukugcina ubunyaniso zembali. Ngowe-1990, wonke ummandla woonongendi ikuluhlu njenge UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Ukususela ngo-1992 ukuya Lavra namhla svyaschennoarhimandritom ngu Metropolitan of Kiev Vladimir Sabodan. Konyaka emva kokuqeshwa kwakhe, waqalisa ukusebenza ngomhla ukubuyiselwa woonongendi. Ngo-2000, i-Cathedral le Kiev-Pechersk Lavra yakhiwa, ndayingcwalisa.

Ngaphandle isigodlo, i Academy Orthodox, yazo, nantsi le Kiev Caves National Park. Kwinxalenye eliphezulu yelifa lakhe ngayo ngowakhe. Ngokuba abantwana Akungenwa ngamali ze abaxhamli, kwaye ezinye kufuneka uthenge itikiti ixabiso okuthile kuphela (kwiminyaka emibini edlulileyo, iindleko itikiti hryvnia ezintathu).

Abakhenkethi ungabona emiqolombeni, iicawa, amangcwaba, iiseli lendela, iinqaba, iindonga, neengcango, amaziko emfundo kunye nokupapasha, ezikhumbuzo, amabandla. Hi ndlela leyi, indawo esemthethweni woonongendi kukho amathuba ukhenketho virtual sikuvumela ukuba ubone ngawakhe Kiev-Pechersk Monastery (iifoto kwiisayithi ezahlukeneyo kwandisa xa ukuphehla isalathisi).

Laurus ukhetheke ixabiso layo zembali, iitempile zonqulo, amavo emangalisayo, izinto zokwakha kubo bonke abantu, kungakhathaliseki ukuba ukholo kunye nesizwe. Le umoya woonongendi likuvumela ukuba ukujonga izinto ezininzi eyahlukileyo. AmaKristu amaninzi bathi ukubuya ukusuka apho abanye abantu. Uyazibuza ukuba lo msebenzi wokholo okanye ienjini, kodwa iindawo ezingcwele kwanceda kwakhona indlela yabo yokuphila.

Dormition Kiev-Pechersk Lavra: zonke izakhiwo

Xa isigodlo kakhulu kwezakhiwo:

• intsimbi Tower (Lavrska The distal, proximal);
• Isango Temple;
• Church (Emnye Gate, Cross oyiNgcwele, Annozachatievskaya, refectory, lo Annunciation, ukuvuka kukaKristu, uMsindisi on Berestove, wokuzalwa of ungowokubongwa Virgin, St Nicholas, "Ubomi-ukupha Spring", "Yonke Fathers ihloniphekile le Caves ');
• ukwakhiwa esibhedlele of St Nicholas Monastery;
• emithonjeni Monahov Antoniya, uTheodosius;
• Tower (Ivan Kuschnika, ukupeyinta, Onufrievskaya, iiyure);
• izindlu (emaqandeni, ezoqoqosho, ushicilelo, Kovnirovsky);
• kwiiseli ze abadala woonongendi;
• nababusi ekhaya;
• neegalari ezo semiqolomba;
• Wall (Debosketovskaya, isixeko);
• Gate (Economic Community of West, South);
• Theological Academy, Seminary;
• Kiev School Culture;
• Metropolia;
• Chapel;
• Monument zakomkhulu Nestor;
• Ingcwaba P. Stolypin.

Ukongeza izakhiwo bobugcisa abakhenkethi asoloko enomdla icons (ukuphakama of the Cross, Janai, Kwingcingane nguMama kaThixo, uNicholas Good, umsindisi, Svenskaya Caves, "Cave Indumiso"), isahluko izinto ezingcwele kukaStefano uMpostile, ka-Metropolitan Pavla Tobolskogo, eKiev ooyise Vladimir kunye Filaret Mirotochivogo. Zonke ezi zonqulo abazizityebi Kiev-Pechersk Lavra (ifoto icons). Woonongendi lisoloko ezixineneyo (iinkonzo ngomthandazo yonke imihla). Ukuze ube nexesha ukubona yonke into, kungcono ukuya khona ekuqaleni kusasa.