Inqununu ... Impawu eziphambili zeNqununu kunye neDominate

Ilifa lenye yezona zinto zinamandla kakhulu kwihlabathi - ubukhosi baseRoma - sisasebenzisa namhlanje. Inkqubo yamaxabiso aseYurophu, amalungelo omthetho akakwazi ukuqondwa ngaphandle kolwazi lweziseko kunye nemigaqo yokulawulwa koluntu kwiRoma yakudala. Yingakho ifa lezopolitiko lobukhosi liqhubeka lisetyenziswe kwiinkalo zomthetho. Enye yeembono ezibalulekileyo eza kuthiwa zivela kwixesha elidlulileyo laseRoma, liyiqununu.

Inkcazo

Ukuvela kwombuso waseRoma wamandulo kubanjwe ngumbono we- Octavian Augustus. Nguye owakha ubudlelwane obutsha bezopolitiko ngokusetyenziselwa ukusebenzisana kwama-archaic kwamandla noluntu. Kwabulela uAgasto ukuba inqununu ibonakala. Le ncazelo ingachazwa nje ngokuba "amandla omgaqo". Ziziphi iinkosana zaseRoma mandulo? Makhe siqwalasele lo mbuzo.

Enyanisweni, inqununu yinto phakathi kwentloko kunye nomlawuli. Amalungelo kunye nenkululeko yamandulo yeentlanga kwakukho umntu onokukhusela - izakhiwo zepolisi ezisekelwe kwimigaqo yedemokhrasi yecawa, ikhona. I-Octavian ekuqaleni kokulawula kwakhe kwafuneka ukuba ibonelele nelifa lomgaqo-nkqubo, nangona ixesha lezithethe zaseRiphablikhi ekuqaleni kwexesha elitsha liye laphela. Phakathi kwekhulu le-1 AD. E. Sele sele ishintshe ukugxininisa kwezopolitiko kumandla akhethiweyo ukuya kummandla wama-absolutism - umbuso wamaRoma waba ngongqongqo kwimvelo kwaye ungaphantsi "wamaRoma" emoyeni.

Amandla eMigaqo

Njengenkqubo yezopolitiko, inqununu yinqanaba elincinci lamagosa kunye nokuphambili kwendawo. Kwilifa ukusuka kwiRiphabliki yaseRoma, into echasayo, kwimeko yamanamhlanje, inkqubo ye-bureaucratic eyenziwa ngamagosa amakhoboka iye ilifa. Ikhoboka ngalinye lalingumntu omnye okanye omnye waseRoma, ophethe isikhundla sikarhulumente. Ocebileyo inkosi, ngaphezulu kwamakhoboka ayengabelwa ukuba asebenze ngokuzibophelela kwakhe. Ngokudlulileyo, inqununu yinkqubo apho izikhoboka zinokufikelela kwiindawo eziphakamileyo zamandla e-Roma mandulo kwaye zilawula ubukhosi kunye namakhosi abo. Kumanqanaba asekuhlaleni, ulawulo lwalwenziwa yibhunga lamagosa, apho eli gunya lalingumzuko ngokwawo, kwaye ngubani ongafumani nayiphi na imali evela eRoma ngenkonzo. Enyanisweni, umbuso wawulawulwa kakuhle, ngelixa uchitha ubuncwane obuncinane bokuxhasa imali.

Ukuvela kokulawula

Abalawuli bexesha elizayo balawula ngokuphumelelayo inkqubo yeOctavian, ukuqinisa umgaqo-mgaqo, kodwa ukuphelisa izithethe zepolisi kuze kube sekupheleni. Ixesha leqununu laphela kwikota yesithathu, xa ubukumkani bekhokelwa nguSeptimius Severus. Ngethuba lokulawula kwakhe, umgaqo wokulawula okupheleleyo komlawuli waveliswa kwaye waqala ukuqaliswa kubomi bezopolitiko. Le nkqubo yekarhulumente yayibizwa ngokuba yintloko.

Iimpawu zobume beNqununu kunye neDominate

Ziyintoni umahluko phakathi kwezi ntlobo ezimbini zeenkqubo zezopolitiko, ezahlula enye inkulungwane? Ngenqununu, ukubonakala kwefom yelizwe emele iRubhuliki ihlala : kukho iziphathamandla ezikhethiweyo, iSenate iya ku. Kodwa ngokwenene iinqununu ziphantse zikumkani. Bonke abakhethiweyo abakhethiweyo balawulwa ngokwenene ngumgaqo. Umlawuli ophakamileyo ngethuba linye wenza imisebenzi yombingeleli, umgwebi ophezulu, umphathi-nqununu, inkundla.

Amagunya eendibano zabantu awancinci. Kwakungabonakali ukuqokelela, kwaye izigqibo zabo ziyakunqunyulwa ngumgaqo naliphi na ixesha. Kodwa ke, i-senate, iintlanganiso zabantu kunye nabamantyi bekhona, nangona indima yabo yayiyinto yokuhlobisa. Ulawulo lolawulo "olusombulula umgaqo - luba ngumthetho" lufumana ubungqina bendalo yonke.

Ulawulo lweSeptimus Severus lubeka yonke indawo kwindawo yalo. Kwakukho kwi-3 leminyaka AD. E. Ukwahluke phakathi kweenqununu kunye nokuphambili kwacaca ngokucacileyo. Iindibano zabantu zidiliza kwaye zize zishiye ubomi bobupolitika bobukhosi. Amagunya oorhulumente wengingqi ayancitshiswa kakhulu. Ulawulo lukaRhulumente lusebenza kumasebe athile, alawulwa ngabahloniphekileyo. Indima yamakhoboka iyancipha, kwaye iziphathamandla zibandakanyeka ngokunyanisekileyo emsebenzini wokusebenzela. Iziphathamandla zixhaswa ngqo kwi-treasury, kwaye ngoku banelungelo lomhlala-phantsi.

Ukubaluleka kweMbali yeYurophu

Inkqubo ibonakala iphumelele kangangokuthi yaqhubeka ibaluleke nangona emva kokuhlukaniswa kolawulo lobukhosi kwiindawo ezisentshona nakuma empuma. Ekuqaleni, esi sahlulo sasibekwe njengenkqubo yenkqubo yolawulo, ekuncedeni ukukhokela zombini iindawo zombuso ngokulinganayo-kokubili eRoma naseConstantinople. Kodwa emva komda waba lukhulu kakhulu, kwaye umbuso omkhulu waqhekeka waba ngamacandelo amabini, okwandisa ukuhlukana komnye nomnye kwiindlela zombini zolawulo lwezopolitiko, nangobomi benkolo nangobomi.

I-Dominata njengoluhlobo lwezopolitiko lukaRhulumente lufumene ukuqhubeka kwalo ngexesha lokubunjwa kwamazwe aseMerika eYurophu. Isiseko sawo sakha isiseko sokwakha i-monarchi epheleleyo yomzekelo waseYurophu.