Ifomicube ye-glycerin. Isakhiwo kunye nesimo seelayidi

Inkunkuma elula kakhulu ye- polyhydric, apho kukho amaqela angama-3, i-glycerol. Ifom eqhelekileyo yamacandelo alolu hlobo nguCnH2n-1 (OH) 3. Ukuze kuqondwe kangcono iipropati kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-glycerin kunye nama-homologists, masiqwalasele iintlobo zeemfomula zezinto, apho ngasinye sisetyenziswa kwiimeko ezithile.

Ukwahlula kunye nokutyunjwa kwe-glycerol

Kwi-chemistry ye-organic, i-alcohols yinto efumaneka kwi-hydrocarbons. Ezinye zee-athomu ze-hydrojeni kwiimodlekli zithatyathwa ngenye yeqela okanye ngaphezulu kwama-hydroxy. I-Alcohols ihluke kwinani lama-OH-amaqela (angatshatanga-, aphindwe kabini, i-polyatomic). Abameli abancinci beklasi kunye nenani lee-athomu ze-khabhoni ukusuka kwi-1 ukuya kwe-12 zizinto ezimanzi, eziphakamileyo zizinzi. I-Alkantriols, okanye i-glycerols - zi-alcohols ezine-triatomic eziqulethwe ekubunjweni kwazo ezintathu i-hydroxyls ezibophelelwe kwii-atom ze-carbon. Iimveliso ezikhoyo kweli qela zibonisa iimpawu ze-amphoteric ngenxa yeempembelelo eziphathekayo zeqela lama-hydroxy kunye neengqungquthela.

Ummeli olula we-alkantriol yi-propanetriol-1,2,3 (igama elithi synonymous glycerin). Ifom yezinto ziyi C ₃ H ₈ O ₃ . I-nomenclature echanekileyo igxininisa ukukhankanywa kwegama le-alkane ehambelanayo negama elithi "triol", ukusetyenziswa kweenombolo zesiArabhu ukubeka isikhundla seqela le-OH. Ukubala kwiamolekyu ye-homologs ye-glycerin ivela kwiindawo ezikufutshane ukuya ekupheleni kweketythi ye-hydroxyl. Iintlobo ezinokwenzeka ezinokuthi i -isomerism: isakhiwo seketoni yekhabhoni, isikhundla samaqela ase-hydroxy, optical.

Ukufumanisa i-glycerol

I-Pharmist waseSweden uK. Scheele ngo-1779 xa i-fatonifying fats okokuqala ifumana inkunkuma entsha. Kwiminyaka engama-33 umFrentshi uM.Shevrel wabiza i-glycerin yamnandi.

Ukwakhiwa kwamakhemikhali kwakhiwe nguPeluz ngowe-1836. Umnikelo obalulekileyo ekufundweni kwesakhiwo senziwa nguBerthelot (1854) kunye noWurz (1857), oqhubeka ephanda i-glycerin. I-molecular formula kunye nohlobo lwe-radical lwavumela ukuba isigxina se-glycerin sibe yintlanzi ephezulu.

Isidingo sokuba iglycerol yanda kakhulu emva kwe-1847, xa i-ester acid ester ifunyenwe. Injini yaseSweden uA. Nobel ngo-1875 wakwazi ukufumana uncedo lwe-glycerin-explosive-dynamite.

Ukubunjwa, isakhiwo kunye ne-formula ye-glycerol elula

Ingxelo elula yokubunjwa kwendawo ihambelana nefom ye-glyccerin-C ₃ H ₈ O ₃ . Iketoni yekhabhoni inee-athomu ezi-3, ngasinye sidibene naso kwiqela le-hydroxy. Iimpawu zeChimikhali zibonisa iathom eziyi-atom: iC-carbon, i-O-oksijini, i-H-hydrogen. Ukubunjwa kwe-glycerin kubonisa iifomula ezahlukeneyo (i-molecular, structural). Imizekelo ye-Sharoenergetic ne-hemispherical isetyenziswa kakhulu ekuhloliseni umba. Izakhiwo ezimbini kunye nobubanzi obuthathu obudalwe yimifanekiso yekhompyutheni imifanekiso yendawo ye-molecule ye-glycerin. Basivumela ukuba sibone ukubunjwa, ukulungelelana kunye nomgama, i-angle ye-bond bond phakathi kwama-athomu.

Iimolcular and molar masses of glycerin

Ngokwefomula, unokufumana i-molecular and molar masses, ipesenti yezinto ezinjalo kwixabiso. Kuba kubalwa kuyimfuneko ukusebenzisa i-atomic masses of elements eziboniswe kwitheyibhile lexesha. Ifom yohlobo lwe-glycerin: C ₃ H ₅ (OH) ₃ . Ngokuphindaphinda i-atomic mass (in ae m) yento ngayinye ngenani lee-athomu kunye nokongezwa okulandelayo kwimiqobo efunyenweyo, sithola i-molecular (Mr) kunye ne-molar (M). Ngokuba uhlobo lokubala lukulungele ukusetyenziswa kwefom ye-glycerin-C ₃ H ₈ O ₃ .

• Ar (H) = 1.00794; Inani leema atom kwi-molecule li-8.
• Ar (C) = 12,0107; IAtom - 3.
• Ar (O) = 15.9994; IAtom - 3.
• UMnu (C ₃ H ₈ O ₃ ) = 12.0107 * 3 + 1.00794 * 8 + 15.9994 * 3 = 92.09382 a. E. M.
• M (C ₃ H ₈ O ₃ ) = 92.09382 g / mol /
• Ipesenti yezinto ezikhoyo kwi-molecule yexabiso: H - 8,756%, i-C - 39,125%, i-O-52,119%.

I-formula kunye neyakhelo ye-glycerin

Ukubunjwa kwezinto kunye neamolekyuli yayo kubonisa indlela eqondileyo kunye nengqiqo, kodwa abayikunika ingcamango yendawo apho i-athomu i-glycerin ihluke ngayo. Imodeli yesakhiwo kunye nekhompyutheni yekhompyutheni ibhetele ngakumbi ukufunda isakhiwo se-molecule, izibophelelo phakathi kwama-athomu.

• Ifom yeqhinga le-glycerin yi-C ₃ H ₅ (OH) ₃ . Ukususela ekubunjweni kwe-molecule, amaqela asebenzayo OH ahlukene kwaye ahlanganiswe kubazali. Ngokukhawuleza emva kwesikhonkco sokuvala liqela lamacandelo e-hydroxy kwi-molecule.
• Ifomu elongeziweyo le-formula yomgaqo-nkqubo i-HOCH ₂ CH (OH) CH ₂ OH (glycerol).
• Ifom yokwakheka kwifom ecacileyo ibonisa ilungiselelo le-molecule. Ukuhlahlela phakathi kwee-atom kufanekisela izibophelelo zeekhemikhali.
• Isakhiwo seLasta siqulethe iziganeko ezibonisa i- valence ze-electron kunye nezibini ezithatha inxaxheba kwi-bond formation.

Ezinye iintlobo zemifanekiso ye-molecule zithatha indawo eninzi, ngoko ke, iifomula ezifingqiweyo, umzekelo, I-HOCH ₂ -CHOH-CH ₂ OH, isetyenziswa ngokubanzi, kunye nezakhiwo zamathambo:

Umbuso wee-athomu kwi-molecule ye-glycerin

I-Hydroxyl iyinxalenye ye-polar, ngaphandle koko, i-oxygen ine-electron idibene. Ubukho bamaqela amathathu e-hydroxy bubangela ukugqithiswa kwe-O-H. Umrhumo oyingcipheko we "+" uvela kwiibhanki zekhabhoni, ukuququzelela ukutshintshwa kwe-nucleophili ye-hydroxyl. Iimpawu zobunjwa kunye nesakhiwo, esibonisa indlela yokwakha ye-glycerin, ziqinisekiswa kwiipropati zexabiso. Le ngqungquthela ibonakaliswe ngamabhanti amaninzi e-hydrogen - amabhondi angaphezulu obuthathaka. I-Glycerin ineemeko ezininzi ze-asidi, xa kuthelekiswa ne-ethanol kunye nepropolol. Phakathi kwezona zinto ezibaluleke kakhulu yi-glycerol trioleate. Formula:

• Into elula kakhulu yiC ₅₇ H ₁₀₄ O ₆ ;
• I-engqiqo ebonakalayo-(C ₁₇ H ₃₃ SO ₃ ) ₃ C ₃ H ₅ ;
• Ukuqiqa kunye nemigangatho yesakhiwo kunye nesifuba -

Ukubonakala kweglycerin

Kwiqondo lokushisa kwegumbi, i-propanetriol-1,2,3 iyinxalenye yamanzi engqombelayo okanye emhlophe emhlophe, engenasiphelo, enomnandi ukunambitha. I-glycerin, enzima kwiqondo eliphantsi, iyancibilika kwiqondo lokushisa lika-178 ° C. Iqondo lokubilisa lexabiso kunye nokukhuphuka okulandelayo kuqala ngo-290 ° C. I-Glycerin inzima kunamanzi, ukubala ubuninzi bayo kwi-20 ° C inika ixabiso le-1.2604 g / cm3.

Iipropatithriol-1,2,3

Ifomicube ye-glycerin ayinikezi ngcamango ye-amphoteric udidi lwenkqutyana. Izakhiwo ezinamandla kunye nezibonelelo ezisisiseko zezixhobo zidibene neziganeko ezibonakalayo zempembelelo zama-athomu kwi-molecule, ukuhlengahlengiswa kwiqela le-O-H. Ngaphambi kokuba i-alkali glycerol ixubene kunye nobhedu (II) i- hydroxide , ubuninzi bombala obomvu (enye yeempendulo zokuziphatha) ifumaneka . Ngama-acids, ukuphendula kwe-glycerol kugqitywa ngokubunjwa kwama-esters. Ukusebenzisana kotywala obuthathu kunye ne- nitric acid phambi kwe-H ₂ SO ₄ (umz.) Kukhokelela ekwakhiweni kwe-nitroglycerin.

Ekhaya, amafutha kunye namafutha atholakala nge-glycerine, i-ethyl alcohol kunye nezinye izithako. Inkqubo yokulungiselela idinga ukufudumala ngokucophelela kobunzima kwindawo yokuhlambela ngamanzi, isimo sengqondo sokudala ukukhethwa kwamacandelo kunye neefom zemveliso yesepha.

I-Glycerin kunye neziqhamo zayo zisetyenziselwa i-enamels, iipende, amayeza amaninzi, izindlu zangasese. Into entle efumaneka kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zokutya, kubandakanywa nemveliso yeebhaka. Igama lamazwe ngamazwe okuthakazelisa kunye ne-confectionery flavour - E422. Ngaphandle kwamanye utywala, kunye nama-acter of acids acids, i-glycerol ithathwa njengokuba kunokutshintshwa kwamafutha avela kwi-petroleum. Izindlela zoqoqosho zokusebenzisa iintlobo ezintsha ze-biodiesel ukutshisa imoto ziya kuguqula uqoqosho lwezothutho lwehlabathi. Imeko yezinto eziphilayo iya kuphucula kakhulu, ukuxhomekeka koqoqosho lwehlabathi kwi-oil and gas production will decrease.