Inkcubeko Russian kwisiqingatha sokuqala kwenkulungwane ye-19 (short)

inkcubeko Russian kwisiqingatha sokuqala kwenkulungwane ye-19 - indima ebalulekileyo kuphuhliso imilinganiselo yokuziphatha kuluntu Russian. Kuyamangalisa ukuba scale yamkela inkqubo yokuyila izinto, ubunzulu umxholo wayo kunye nobutyebi. Ngokuba kangangesiqingatha senkulungwane uluntu yenkcubeko liye lantinga laya kwinqanaba elitsha: elizintlontlobo kunxulumano, polyphonic, unique.

IMVELAPHI imvelaphi kunye nophuhliso kweenkcubeko "age yegolide"

Uphuhliso kwenkcubeko Russian kwisiqingatha sokuqala senkulungwane ye-19 kubangelwe iqondo eliphezulu nomdla wesizwe. imfundo yobuntu wabuyela phantsi uCatherine II, wabanika amandla okuqhubela kuphuhliso lwemfundo, uvula nobuninzi zamaziko emfundo kunye nokuxhotyiswa ulwazi olutsha.

Watyhala kwemida State apho kwakukho iintlanga ezahlukeneyo malunga 165 kunye nezithethe zabo kunye nengqondo. Ukuqhubeka ngokwesithethe ababengaphambi kwakhe, matiloshe ezintsha discoverers.

Russian-French War of 1812 nempembelelo ukuyilwa izimvo ubuzwe, imilinganiselo yokuziphatha yabantu Russian. Art inkcubeko Russia kwisiqingatha sokuqala kwenkulungwane ye-19, kutsale umdla ubuzwe limelana eluntwini.

Noko ke, imeko yezopolitiko kweli lizwe abazange ukunika inkululeko epheleleyo ukuphumeza zonke izimvo zobugcisa. Imvukelo Decembrists kunye nemisebenzi kwezo ndawo zikuzo emfihlekweni ngenkani abalawuli Russian kuthintela kwii-izimvo eziphambili kuso nasiphi na isigaba yenkcubeko.

isayensi

Ukuphuculwa Imfundo zikaRhulumente wabona inkcubeko Russia kwisiqingatha sokuqala senkulungwane ye-19. Chaza oko kubizwa ngokuba kufikwa. Kwelinye icala, ukuba kuvulwe izikolo ezitsha, kwelinye - zaqaliswa amanyathelo angqingqwa iSABC, umzekelo, owakubhangisayo okunene izifundo-bulumko. Ukongeza, iiyunivesithi kunye nezikolo igrama rhoqo zibe phantsi kolawulo olungqongqo lwe-Ofisi yoMphathiswa weMfundo.

Ngaphandle koku, inkcubeko Russian kwisiqingatha sokuqala senkulungwane ye-19 waphawulwa uvale enkulu kuphuhliso yenzululwazi.

Biology and Medicine

Ebibekiwe ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-19, izinto le enezityalo nezilwanyana ifuna zokwazisela kunye nophuhliso neengcamango ezintsha. Ezi ukwenza zemvelo Russian KM Baer, IA Dvigubsky, IE Dyadkovsky.

ingqokelela osisityebi zezityalo nezilwanyana ziqokelelwe evela ehlabathini lonke. Kwaye ngo 1812 yaba ukuvulwa Botanical Garden eCrimea.

A igalelo elibonakalayo kuphuhliso yamayeza wazisa NI Ophaya. Ngenxa yomsebenzi wakhe wazincama zehlabathi bafunda ukuba uqhaqho intsimi yasemkhosini.

Geology and nesayensi

Ukususela ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane walinda kwamaphiko, yokwakheka komhlaba. uphuhliso Its ulamkele onke amazwe Russian.

Eyona mpumelelo ibalulekileyo-zimvo imaphu yokuqala wejoloji eRashiya ngowe-1840. Ngenza ukuba sisazinzulu uphando NI Koksharov.

Astronomy wafuna uvandlakanyo olunzulu kunye yayixakekile kwaye kugcinwa. Kwathatha ixesha elininzi. Inkqubo xibilili kakhulu xa Observatory Pulkovo yasekwa ngo-1839.

Mathematics and Physics

Kwimathematika, benza ezifunyaniswe wonke. Ngoko ke, NI Lobachevsky baduma ngenxa yakhe "geometry non-Euclidean." PL Chebyshev kwaba umthetho amanani amakhulu, MV Ostrogradsky inxaxheba ukukhanda uhlalutyo yasezulwini.

Isiqingatha sokuqala senkulungwane ye-19 ukuze kuthiwe segolide ixesha physics, ekubeni kusungulwe lokuqala kagesi (Schilling PL), isiphumo afunyenwe ngamava izibane yombane (V. Petrov) wasungula electromotor wadalwa (Lenz EH).

bokwakha

Art inkcubeko Russia kwisiqingatha sokuqala kwenkulungwane ye-19, kutsale umdla omkhulu kuwonke. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kuphuhliso saso utshintsho ngokukhawuleza entlobo, ngokunjalo indibanisela yazo.

Xa sesakhiwo ukuya 1840s classicism waba ngukumkani. style Empire anokufunyanwa ezahlukeneyo izakhiwo zeengqukuva ezimbini, kwakunye nakumaziko ezininzi zommandla, ngaphambili isixeko yephondo.

Kuba ngeli xesha luphawulwa kulwakhiwo ensembles ngobugcisa. Umzekelo, i- Theatre Square eMoscow okanye eSt Petersburg Yeengwevu.

abameli abadumileyo yale isimbo udale inkcubeko Russia kwisiqingatha sokuqala senkulungwane ye-19. Architecture kuchazwe kwimibhalo AD Zakharova, KI Rossi, di Gilardi, O Beauvais.

Ubukumkani indawo style Russian-baseByzantium, apho uKristu uMsindisi Cathedral, Izikrweqe (umyili KA Ton) kwakhiwa.

yokudweba

Kuba eli xesha kwimizobo iphawulwa nomdla kwi-avareji ngomntu ngamnye. Amagcisa ukusuka isimbo zemveli yeBhayibhile kunye nangqondo.

Classicism ku peyinta Wayemelwe Karlom Bryullovym, ngubani kwimifanekiso lakhe babonisa ubuqhawe, isidima kunye nobuninzi ndoda eqhelekileyo. Eyona idumileyo yemisebenzi yakhe - i "Imihla Yokugqibela sePompeii," "Le Rider", "Self-Portrait", njl

Eqalile bayahlelwa enkulu opeyintayo A. A. ivanova, umsebenzi omkhulu yombhali, "imbonakalo uKrestu kubantu." Ngaphezu kwayo, wasebenza iminyaka engaphezu kwama-20. Waza wafa, akazange azi kwenzeka ntoni bevuyelela qwa kulo mfanekiso.

Isiseko ngokoqobo wabeka P. A. fedotov, owathi, kunye lemifanekiso uhlobo kunye yezigcawu umxholo zasekuhlaleni. Wonke umntu wayesazi "Cavalier Fresh" okanye "kwezithandani Major".

imikrolo

inkcubeko Russian kwisiqingatha sokuqala senkulungwane ye-19 yaphuhliswa phantsi kwempembelelo imfazwe edlulileyo ka 1812 nxamnye uNapoleon. Azichaphazeleki koku, kunye imikrolo. Famous isikhumbuzo Minin kunye Pozharsky, esimiyo phezu Red Square, igcisa IP Martos wabaza phakathi imfazwe.

Ukuphuhliswa Russian sculpture omkhulu ibiya kuba akunakwenzeka ngaphandle FF Shchedrin, ogama caryatids wavatha isakhiwo Admiralty.

Phakathi kwezinye abakroli abaziwayo xesha II Terebenev ( "Idabi Poltava"), VI Demuth-Malinovsky, BI Orlowski (figure isithunywa kwi umhlathi Alexander), njl

umculo

impembelelo Huge kwangaphambili abacimi abanamava inkcubeko Russia kwisiqingatha sokuqala senkulungwane ye-19. Umculo uye impembelelo intsomi uncuthu lwengoma, kwakunye nemiba yesizwe. Ezi ntsingiselo zibonisa opera "Ivan Susanin" KA Kavos, AA imveliso Alyabiev, AE Varlamov.

MI Glinka lithathe indawo esembindini phakathi abaqambi. Iphinde yavuma isiko elitsha waza wavula nanto phambi olu hlobo loncwadi. Opera "A Ubomi kuba Tsar" ibonisa ngokupheleleyo kakuhle yonke ingqondo zeeMvumi.

inkcubeko Russian kwisiqingatha sokuqala senkulungwane ye-19 yabangela esinye umqambi qwa ngubani laqalisa umculo uhlobo lwedrama engqondweni. it AS "Sikamamlambo" Dargomyzhsky kunye opera yakhe enkulu.

theatre

Theatre Russian avule umnyango ngqondweni, phantse yokushiya midlalo grand kwi indlela yamandulo. Ke kaloku kugcwele khona iintshukumisa zothando, kabuhlungu sebali emdlalweni.

Enye abameli edume kakhulu okusingqongileyo wokubonelwa waba PS Mochalov, abasigcinayo indima Hamlet kunye uFerdinand (Shakespeare).

wenguquko Russian wokwenza, MS weza Shchepkin evela ngamakhoboka. Yena bafaka ingcamango entsha ngokupheleleyo, apho indima yawo imangaliseke kunye eMoscow theatre amancinci yaba iyindawo ethandwa phakathi ngababukeli.

uhlobo sengqiqweni kwindawo yokubonela esi siphendu sibe siphuma ngemisebenzi AS Pushkin AS Griboyedov.

iincwadi

Iingxaki ezininzi ezibalulekileyo zentlalo ibonisa inkcubeko Russia kwisiqingatha sokuqala senkulungwane ye-19. Uncwadi kwaqinisa ubuzwe, ibhekisela kwixesha elidlulileyo sembali eli lizwe. Umzekelo woku umsebenzi creative of NM Karamzin.

Romanticism kule ncwadi yanikezwa ezifana abanegama njenge VA Zhukovsky, AI Odoyevski, ekuqaleni AS Pushkin. nqanaba emva kwexesha Pushkin - i ngokoqobo. "Boris Godunov", "Ntombi I Yomphathi", "I Bronze abamahashe" abhaliwe kweli cala. Ukongeza, MU Lermontov wadala i "uHero Ixesha Wethu", nto leyo ingumzekelo obalaseleyo uncwadi ngokoqobo.

okuchithwa Critical waba sisiseko bobuchule, NV Gogol ( "I idyasi," "uMhloli").

Phakathi kwezinye amalungu iincwadi eziphembelele lasungulwa, kungenziwa ngokuba AN Ostrowski, kunye imidlalo yayo zinjalo ngendlela engaqhelekanga, IS Turgenev, ayezinikele ingqalelo yakhe umxholo belizwe lali kunye nendalo, kwakunye ivuma Grigorovich.

Uncwadi wenze igalelo elibonakalayo kuphuhliso lwenkcubeko eRashiya. Isiqingatha sokuqala ngenkulungwane ye-19 luphawulwa ukuyilwa ulwimi mihla zoncwadi indawo ulwimi enzima ephambili ye-18 leminyaka. Umsebenzi ababhali kunye iimbongi zeli xesha ezibalulekileyo ibenefuthe kuphuhliso olungaphezulu kuphela Russian, kodwa inkcubeko yehlabathi.

Edibanisa kwaye uhlaziye imisebenzi lempucuko Russian kanye zaseYurophu, inkcubeko iRussia kwisiqingatha sokuqala senkulungwane ye-19 wadala isiseko esiluqilima ukuze uphuhliso ezifanelekileyo inzululwazi nobugcisa kwixesha elizayo.