Ukwahlula kweendawo eziqhutywayo nge-EMP. Injongo yokuhlelwa kweendawo ezinobungozi kunye nezixhaphazayo

Ingozi, ukusuka kwindawo yokujonga ukuqhuma nomlilo, indawo yendawo yokuvelisa okanye indawo yokugcina. Apha, phantsi kweemeko zokusebenza eziqhelekileyo, kukho ukudibanisa kwegesi ezinokutsha okanye iimpompo emoyeni. Udidi olukhethekileyo lweendawo eziqhubisayo lubangela ukuba uqinisekise uhlobo lwezinto zombane kunye nezinye izixhobo. Kananjalo ukhethe izinga lokukhusela ukunciphisa ingozi yokuqhagamshelana nomxube womoya otshabeneyo kunye neentlambo zamashishini kunye nezixhobo. Ezi nyathelo zokukhusela ezidibeneyo zichaphazeleka kuphela ekusebenzeni phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo. Ukuba sithetha ngokuvela kwemeko engxamisekileyo, ke iindlela zokuqala zokulinda zilahlekelwa intsingiselo.

Izikhokelo ezisemngciphekweni

Kwiimeko ezininzi, ukutshabalalisa kubangelwa kukusebenzisana kwezinto ezintathu eziphambili:

• Ubukho bombane ngokuhambelana nomoya, uthuli okanye igesi;
• Ifakwe emoyeni i-oxygen;
• I-igniter eyenzeka ngexesha lemveliso.

Injongo yokuhlelwa kweendawo ezinobungozi kunye nokuqhaqhaqhawulayo kukuhlukanisa phakathi komda wokuxinwa kwemida engaphantsi nephezulu. Ukongezelela, ukwahlula igumbi ngokwezinga leengozi, elineenkcukacha ezithile. Ezi ziquka:

1. Umlinganiselo wokushisa, okwaneleyo ukutshaya.
2. Ukukhawuleza kokusasazeka komlilo kunye nentambo.
3. Umlinganiselo omncinci we-oksijini okhokelela ekuvukeleni.
4. Ubunzulu bezinto ezikhoyo kwiimithwalo kunye nokunyakaza.

Ngenxa yengozi, kukho amandla okuqhuma kunye nesenzo sokutshatyalaliswa ngaphambili. Umlilo usasazeka kwaye, ngokuxhomekeka kwisantya, ubhubhisa iinkcukacha zonxibelelwano, izakhiwo, imigca yamandla. Amaqumrhu okutshatyalaliswa anceda ukubonakala nokusabalalisa iziqhekeza, inobungozi ebomini babantu, ukukhululwa kwezinto ezinobungozi kunye neetyhefu ezingcolisa imo.

Umxholo wodidi

Ukwahlula kweendawo eziqhutywayo zendawo ngokwemigangatho kubonisa ukulungeleka kwemoya yokuqhuma kwintsebenziswano kunye ne-spark okanye i-arc. Iindawo eziyingozi kuyo zibhekwa njengemixube ekhuselekileyo kwimimandla yendawo ehlukileyo kunye nesethi yemimiselo yokuvelisa. Kule meko, udidi oluhlukeneyo lobushushu luqwalasela umphumo wokutshatyalaliswa kokuqhagamshelana kunye nomhlaba ovuthayo. I-gesi nganye, umphunga okanye uthuli lomnxeba otshayolayo unomlinganiselo wokushisa owenziwe ngumlilo. Ngokufikelela kwayo, ilangabi libonakala.

Ukwahlulelwa kwemimandla yengozi yomlilo

Iindawo eziyingozi zokulwa nomlilo zahlula kwiiklasi ezilandelayo:

• Izinto ezi-P-I. Ichongiwe kwiindawo ezinokuxinwa kwezinto ezinokutsha ezinokutsha ezinomlinganiselo wenkcazo yefowuni engaphezulu kwe-61 ° C.
• IiP-II iiNdawo. Ziye zahlukana kumagumbi aneemveliso eziphezulu zefibesi emoyeni kunye nobutyebi lobuchwepheshe bezinto ezinokutsha.
• Iindawo zeP-IIa. Ukwahlula kwazo kwiindawo eziqhubisayo zichaza indlela yokubeka izinto ezinokutsha ezinokutsha komlilo ongaphezu kwe-1 mJ nge-m2.
• Iindawo zeP-III. Zitholakala emva kwodonga lwendawo kwaye zigcinwe kuzo izinto ezinokutsha ezinokutsha, izixhobo zamanzi kunye nezixube ezinokutsha.

Ukwahlulelwa kwemimandla eqhutywayo ngokwe-FZ-123

Olu hlobo lokwahlula lwenziwa ngokuxhomekeka kubude bokuba ubuxhakaxhaka obunobungozi kwigumbi kunye nokuphindaphindiweyo kweziganeko ezinjalo:

1. Kwiklasi ye Zero. Ucinga ngamagumbi aneenkalo eziqhelekileyo zomxube otshayolayo kwiyure enye.
2. Lokuqala kwiklasi. Iquka indawo kunye nokukhululwa ngexesha lenkqubo kwinkqubo eqhelekileyo yeziphefumula ezinokutsha nezigesi, ezenza iingozi ezibandakanya umoya.
3. Iklasi ye sibini. Ichonga indawo ngaphandle kokukhululwa kweegesi ezinobungozi, iimpompo kunye namafu athuliweyo kumgangatho wokuvelisa umgangatho. Kodwa kukho ingozi yokufumanisa ingozi yabo ngenxa yengozi.
4. Iklasi yeshumi elinesibini. Unika umxube ophantsi rhoqo wobunqambi obunobungozi emoyeni kunye nomda wokunciphisa ophantsi.
5. Ibanga elinamashumi amabini ananye. Apha achazwa indawo kunye nokukhululwa ngexesha lokuveliswa kothuli olunqanyuliweyo okanye iifleyi ezinamafutha ezininzi.

Iindlela zokumisela iindidi eziqhelekileyo zokumisela iklasi yegumbi zilawulwa kumaphepha kunye neenkcukacha zobuchwepheshe bokukhusela umlilo.

Ukwahlukana kwemida nge-PUE

Ukuhlelwa kwemimandla eqhutywayo ngokwemiqathango yokufakela ukufakelwa kombane kunikezela isahlulo sendawo esilandelayo:

• Iklasi B-1. Ichaza imihlaba yamagumbi apho izixhobo ezinokutsha ezikhutshwayo zikhutshwa ngolo hlobo olunokuxubusha oluxubayo emoyeni ngexesha lenkqubo yokuvelisa. Umzekelo, xa uhlambulula izixhobo okanye utshintsha izinto ezibonakalayo.
• Iklasi B-1a. Kumagumbi kumjikelezo oqhelekileyo wemveliso, akukho zixhobo ezinobungozi ezinokutsha ezikhutshwayo. Ukubonakala kwabo kuhambelana kuphela nokuvela kwimeko engxamisekileyo.
• Iklasi B-1b. Idibanisa indawo ekhoyo kwindawo apho izinto eziyingozi zabiwe kuphela ngenxa yengozi. Kule meko banesiphunga elibukhali, umlinganiselo ophantsi wokutsha, ukugxila kwingxenyana enkulu yevenkile.
• Iklasi B-1d. Iqulethe uluhlu lwamagumbi angaphandle kwendawo. Eli candelo alibandakanyi i-ammonia compressors kunye nokukhethwa kwezixhobo ezithile.
• Iklasi B-II. Ubalwa ngamagumbi anokukhululwa kwinkqubo yokuvelisa ubuninzi beemfucu ezinokutsha kunye nothuli, onokukwazi ukudala imixube emoyeni, ekhokelela ekuqhubheni.
• Iklasi B-IIa. Ichaza indawo apho izimo zengozi yokuqhuma ezichazwe kwiklasi yangaphambili aziphakamanga ngexesha lokusebenza kwezixhobo eziqhelekileyo. Ukunyuka kwabo kunokwenzeka kuphela xa kwenzeka ingozi okanye ukulimala kwezixhobo.

Iindawo kwiimitha ezintlanu ukusuka kumatshini okanye kwisixhobo esinqamlekileyo kunye nezitshilo, eziyingozi ukusuka kwindawo ekujonga ngayo ukuvela komlilo okanye indawo yokuqhuma, ngelixa imveliso idinga amalangabi avulekileyo okanye izingxenye ze-incandescent, udidi lweendawo ezinobungozi kunye nomlilo yi-PUE ayicingi njengigumbi lokuphucula. Ukudibanisa kwabo kubandakanya ukuhlelwa kwendawo, kuxhomekeke kwitheknoloji esetyenziswe kweli nqanaba lomveliso. Iindawo kwiintengiso kunye ngaphandle kwendawo apho izinto ezisetyenziswayo, ezityayo kunye neziqinileyo zisetyenziselwa ukufudumeza kunye nokutshiswa kwiibilisi okanye ukulahlwa ngotshanje aziqwalaselwe njengeendawo eziyingozi. Kwaye ukuhlelwa kweendawo eziqhutywayo ngokubhekiselele kwi-PUE kubo akunanto.

Ukwahlukana kwemida ngeNBA

Indawo eyingozi ekwahlula indawo ezinobungozi nomlilo njengeqela "A" ziyaziwa ngokusetyenziswa kwamanzi kunye neegesi ezinomlinganiselo wokutshabalalisa ongekho ngaphezu kwama-28 ° C okanye ukukhululwa kwazo. Uxinzelelo lomxube awudluli kwi-5 KPa. Oku kusebenza kwiindibano zokusebenzela apho kukho izixhobo ezinokuqhuma. Bangela ukuba iifutha zidibanise nemimandla yomoya.

Izakhiwo zeqela elithi "B" zihluke ekusebenziseni izinto ezinokutsha ekuveliseni okanye ekuveliseni ubuchwepheshe beengqungquthela zothuli kunye namafayili. Ukuzibulala kwabo kubonakala kwiqondo lokushisa elingaphezu kwama-28 ° C. Isalathisi soxinzelelo lwengqungquthela yokutshatyalaliswa kwiimeko ezinjalo zidlula i-5 KPa.

Izindlela zokuphelisa okanye ukunciphisa ukuqhuma kweendawo

Ukwahlula kweendawo eziqhutywayo nge-PUE kunye ne-GOST njengabaqali bezoxakeka ngokubhekiselele kwizinto ezithile, ezifana ne-steam, i-gas, i-dust formulations ekudibanisaneni nemimoya yomoya okanye ukusebenzisana. Iklasi okanye udidi lwegumbi lixhomekeke kuhlobo lwe-incandescent okanye i-components affected by flame, ukubonakala kokutshatyalaliswa kombane, ukufudumala kokushisa kwamakhemikhali, ukugungqiswa kwamatshini kunye nokutshitshiswa, intambo yeentaba, ukukhanya kwelanga, iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zemitha.

Amanyathelo okwenziwa okhethekileyo ohlobo lobugcisa asetyenziswe ukunciphisa amathuba okuqhuma kunye nemililo kwimveliso. Isicelo sabo sisekelwe kwindlela yesayensi yokufunda indlela yokuziphatha kwezixhobo kunye nezinto ezisetyenziswayo kunye nokutsha. Ukunciphisa izinto ezinobungozi, imisebenzi elandelayo yenziwa kwiindibano zocweyo zokusebenzela, iimpahla kunye nezinye iindawo:

1. Ukuthatha rhoqo iimvavanyo ukujonga ukusetyenziswa kwamakhemikhali kwendawo ejikelezileyo.
2. Ukusebenza umsebenzi izixhobo zikhethwa ngokuqwalasela ukutywinwa, ukhuseleko lwayo luqhutywa.
3. Izixhobo ezinokutsha zomoya ziyakususwa ngokunyanzelisa umoya.
4. Ukubunjwa kwezinto ezinobungozi kuyaphambukiswa kwindawo yokutshabalalisa.

Ukumakishwa kwezixhobo ezikhuselweyo kwi-GOST

Amacebo amaninzi asebenza phantsi kweemeko apho ezinye izinto ezikwazi ukutshabalalisa zikwimeko ejikeleze isixhobo. Ukuthintela ingozi yemoto ngenxa yokutshatyalaliswa koonxibelelwano, ukufudumala kwamalungu kunye nezakhiwo, benza iqondo elithile lokukhusela. Ukuhlelwa kweendawo zokuqhuma kunye nokumakishwa kwezixhobo zokuqhaqhaqhaqhayisa kwenza ukuba kube lula kwiinkqubo ezifanelekileyo ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza ngokuchanekileyo koomatshini, izixhobo, iifuni kunye nezinye izixhobo kumagumbi aneengozi ezahlukahlukeneyo zengozi.

Amaqela ombane ombane okhuseleko

Iqela 1 libhekisela kwizixhobo ezisetyenziselwa kwimigodi engaphansi komhlaba, imigodi, izakhiwo emhlabeni, isebenza ngegesi eyingozi okanye ukutshabalalisa uthuli. Iqela II liquka izixhobo zombane ngokukhusela ngaphakathi okanye ngaphandle. Imisebenzi kwindawo enobungozi, kodwa kungekho phantsi kweemeko ezichazwe kumacebo kwiqela lokuqala. Eli candelo libandakanya izixhobo zorhwebo ngenjongo jikelele.

Iimfuno zokukhuselwa kwezixhobo kunye nezixhobo ezivela kwiimpuphu zilawulwa kwi-GOST R.51330.9-99. Ukwahlula kwemimandla eqhumayo kubonisa uhlobo loomatshini kunye nezixhobo kunye nezixhobo kwigumbi ngalinye. Iimfuno zichazwe ngokubhekisele kwizinto eziphathekayo zezindlu, uhlobo lwamanzi lwekhebula, i-docking kunye neenkcukacha zokuqhawula, izilwanyana kunye nezixhobo zokukhusela. Ukumakishwa ngokuhambelana necandelo elithile lusetyenziswa kwicandelo elibonakalayo elibonakalayo lomzimba. Ipeyinti iyomelele kwaye ayixhatshazwa kwingozi yemichiza.

Iintlobo zokumakisha kwizixhobo

Ukufakela oomatshini kwiindawo eziyingozi abaphawulwe ngayo:

• Iqondo lokukhusela isisombane sombane esivela kukuqhuma.
• Ukuhambelana kwesixhobo kwinqanaba lamazwe ngamazwe.
• Luhlobo luni lokukhusela izixhobo (i, o, n, q, d, s, e, njl njl). Kwinqanaba, i-subspecies (ia, ib, ic) iyimfuneko.
• Izixhobo zeklasi ngeqondo lokushisa.
• Enye yeileta X okanye u-U isetyenziswe. Zichaza ngokulandelanayo, ukudalulwa kweemeko ezikhethekileyo okanye ukusetyenziswa kwecandelo le-Ex.

Izidingo zokukhethwa kwezixhobo zombane

Izixhobo zombane, ngokukodwa ngamacandelo atshabalalayo kunye neebhloko, njengoko kulungelelaniswa ukuhlelwa kweendawo eziqhutywayo, kuphakanyiswe ngaphandle kweendawo ezinobungozi, ukuba akubandakanyi iindleko ezingenakulungelelaniswa nokugqithiseleyo, akubangele ubunzima. Ukuba izixhobo ezinjalo zijoliswe ekusebenzisweni kwiindibano zokusebenzela eziqhubisayo, iimfuneko ezongezelelweyo zifunekayo ukuze kufakwe nokukhethwa kwazo. Kwiimeko ezinobungozi kwindawo yokusebenza yomhlaba, ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zombane zombane kunye nokulungelelaniswa kukukhawuleza kumaxesha xa ukusetyenziswa kwabo kule ndawo kulungelelwanisiweyo.

Izixhobo ezikuloo ndawo yempembelelo enobundlobongela obuthuli, i-gesi, umswakama, ikhuselekile, njengoko ukuhlelwa kweendawo eziqhutywayo yi-PUE, kubangelwa ngaba baqalisi abakhuselekileyo. Izixhobo ezifakwe kwiimeko zangaphandle kufuneka zikhuseleke kwiimpembelelo zomoya, ukunyakaza, i-glaciation. Ukuba umatshini wombane unikezelwa ukhuselo ngokubizwa ngokuthi "e", ngoko luyakwazi ukufakwa kuphela kwisixhobo apho kungayi kubakho ukunyakaza nokugqithisa. Ezi zixhobo zombane zikhuselwe ngokufakela ngokutsha kunye nokucima xa kuninzi.

Izixhobo zombane ezijoliswe ekusebenzeni kwindawo ethile zingasetyenziswa kwigumbi kunye nale parameters okanye ngeeparitha ezingaphantsi. Awukwazi ukuyifaka kwiindawo ezinobundlobongela. Ukuba imfuneko yokufakela isixhobo kukuqinisekisa ukutshabalalisa kwegobolondo kunye noxinzelelo, ke inkqubo yokuphucula umoya ilawulwe izixhobo zokulawula. Kule meko, ukufakwa kwenziwa ngokuhambelana neemfuno zeGOST kulo mshini:

1. Xa kudala izibonda zeziseko zeziseko, akufanele zenze iindawo ezinqabileyo ngezinto ezinokutsha ezinokutsha ezingenakukwazi ukubetha.
2. Iipayipi zegesi ezinikezela iindawo ezijikelezayo zomoya kumfaki zifakwe ngaphandle kweendawo eziyingozi.
3. Iimfayili zegesi ezifanayo zenziwa phantsi komgangatho, ukuba ukwakhiwa kwazo kukhuselekile kwi-ingress yezidalwa ezinokutsha.
4. Xa ifowuni yokusebenzisa umoya isetyenziselwa kuphela izixhobo zohlobo oluchazwe kwimimiselo yokufaka, ukusetyenziswa kwezinye iintlobo akuvumelekanga.

Imishini yamandla, ngaphakathi apho ioli yeoli isebenza khona kwaye kukho iziganeko ezihamba ngoku, ziyavunyelwa ukuba zifakwe ngaphandle kokutshutshiselwa kwamatshini kunye nokugubhazela okuvumela ukutshisa ioli.

Iimpawu zokukhethwa kwamashishini kagesi

Ukwahlulelwa kweendawo zokuqhuma, ngokwemigaqo yokufakela izixhobo zombane kwindawo yengozi yokuvelisa, umda we-voltage unikeza i-10 kW. Kwaye inqanaba lokukhuselwa ekutsha, ngokuhambelana neGOST 17494-1987, limele ngemigangatho ephezulu. Ukuba iinqununu zomntu ngamnye zixhobo zineendlela ezikhuselekileyo zokukhusela, ngoko ke iinkcukacha zenziwa ngokuhambelana neetafile.

Xa kufakwa izixhobo kwicandelo B-I, B-I, B-II, udidi lweendawo eziyingozi ngokubhekiselele kwi-GOST ichaza ukufakwa kwamagesi kagesi ngaphandle kwendawo enobungozi, emva kwodonga olungenanto kunye neengubo ezingenakubalwa nomlilo ongagqithanga umlilo ongama - 0.75 iiyure. Ukuphuma kwendawo yokuphumayo kunye nokukhupha umoya wokuphuphuma umoya kunye nomthamo wokuphunga izixhobo zomoya womoya ngaphakathi kwigumbi amaxesha amahlanu ngeyure yokusebenza. Ukuhamba kwidonga lokudonga kufakwa kwi-gland ngesitywina.

Ekugqibeleni, ku funeka kuqatshelwe ukuba ukusebenza kwimimandla engozi kunye nokuqhubhisa umonakalo kungabonakali kakhulu kwaye kungabangela ukuba imeko yongxamisekileyo, ukuba ulawulo lwenhlangano lukhathazeka ngokuthobela yonke imimiselo nemithetho yokufaka izixhobo zokufakela kwiindidi zemida. Okokuqala, ukuzaliseka kweemeko kuba yinto ephambili yokunyusa ubomi kunye nokugcina impilo yabasebenzi beeworkshops kunye namashishini.