Umfanekiso omkhulu: definition. Ezikhumbuzo edume sculpture lakudala nowangoku omkhulukazi

Umfanekiso omkhulu ihluke kwezinye iintlobo zobugcisa. Oku kungenxa yokuba oko ubungcwele injongo kuphela yombhali, kodwa umzuzu omkhulu embalini, okanye ixesha elizeleyo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ezi sayithi zifakwa ngqo apho imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo luthathe indawo, leyo, enyanisweni, ukuba enikelwe.

Elixa ujonga i eqingqiweyo omkhulu kumboniseli ukwenza kwemijikelo. Inyaniso kukuba, ngokungafaniyo imizobo, imifanekiso kunye ezikhumbuzo ukuze ukukhangela esengqiqweni ngakumbi. Ngako oko, ukuze aqhelane ubuchule imfuneko zonke neembono.

definition

Kule mihla, kukho iingcaciso eziliqela imikrolo. Okokuqala, ukuba ilitye, tshe, obelisk okanye enye into elimiswe injongo enye - imbeko kwisikhumbuzo mntu ukuba wenze okuninzi okulungileyo ngenxa isixeko okanye ilizwe.

Okwesibini, yinto sculpture enikelwe ziganeko zembali. Ngokuqhelekileyo, lifakwe ekupheleni iimfazwe. Kukho iimeko apho ezikhumbuzo zibekwa kule minyaka engama esixeko.

Kubomi bemihla ngemihla ukuba Umfanekiso omkhulu - nawuphi na umfanekiso oqingqiweyo, leyo ineenkalo ezinkulu. Kodwa le nkcazelo ayikwazi kubizwa ngokuba uphando, nangona kuthatha indawo.

Enyanisweni, lo sculpture omkhulukazi msebenzi wobugcisa ukuba lunikezelwa ziganeko zembali. Kananjalo kufuneka sakhiwe imbeko babantu enkulu. osemqoka kwayo yi ngomlinganiselo omkhulu, yaye ngokuvumelana nakubugcisa engqongileyo.

Abaphulaphuli ekujoliswe kugqalwa abaphulaphuli abaninzi. Asikwazi athi lesikhumbuzo ingaba sculpture kunye isafobe kuphela, kusenokubakho ngaphezulu. Ngamanye amaxesha wakha combat zihlandlo ngokupheleleyo inxaxheba abantu eziliqela, amaqokobhe njalo njalo.

Imbali Umfanekiso omkhulu

ERashiya, kwakunye kulo lonke ihlabathi kangangeenkulungwane ezininzi, nigqibelele ubugcisa imikrolo. Okokuqala, njengokuba umthi wayesebenzisa, ngoko ilitye. Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yeshumi, e Kiev kukho umsebenzi wokuqala ngesimilo omkhulu. It is a ukukhululeka Virgin Hodegetria.

Kodwa musa ukukholwa ukuba Umfanekiso omkhulu bokuhombisa uqale e Kiev. Into yokuba iinkosi Slavic abaqeqeshwe kwi abakroli Byzantine aneziphiwo. A Uhlobo yaseByzantium ingqalelo owayesele ezithandwa kakhulu.

Iindidi lokuqala sculpture omkhulu nikela umlando yabantu. Bona obumntwisiweyo imfazwe phakathi koothixo, ngabaxumi izixeko okanye zokubeleka, njalo-njalo. Kwaye nje ambalwa eminyaka, kukho revolution kwilizwe zobugcisa. Kukho yezikhumbuzo yokuqala ngayo izicwangciso immortalize abantu okunene ekhoyo kunye nokudala izinto luncedo kakhulu kwiplanethi yethu.

Technology zokukhokhela Umfanekiso omkhulu

Phambi imifanekiso omkhulukazi ziya kufakwa kwi ndawo elibekelwe oko, umsebenzi omninzi. Kukho intaphane ubuchule yokuvelisa, kodwa elowo kubo afana. Le nkqubo iqhutywa amanyathelo 7:

1. Yenza umzobo ephepheni.
2. Ukudala Umzobo graphic, eziya kumelwa sculpture kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo.
3. Ukudala oqingqiweyo encinane umfuziselo impahla ethambileyo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, oku kusetyenziswa yokudlala. Ngaphambili ke akunakwenzeka ukuba ukuzama sculpt ikopi encinane, ngoko yonke eqingqiweyo zenziwa "ingeniso."
4. Ukudala imodeli ukusebenza, apho ebala yonke ngokomlinganiselo, ukuya namalungu amancinane.
5. Ukubala olinganise kwi nokulungelelanisa inkqubo enye. Ngokufuthi imizobo lwenziwa kwakhona, kodwa kuthathelwa ingqalelo kwenziwe umsebenzi.
6. Ukuqalisa kunye eziphathekayo. Isentimitha nomkroli wakha indalo yakhe elizayo.
7. Wenza intshukumo yokugqibela, awalungise iinkcukacha ezincinane ezifana iinwele, amehlo, imilebe kunye nezinye iikona.

Ngenxa yoko, ukudaleka oqingqiweyo encinane kungathatha iminyaka okanye amashumi eminyaka. Ngapha koko, kufuneka ucinge ezininzi iinkcukacha ukwakha wobugcisa.

production ezibonakalayo

Umfanekiso omkhulu ukuze ezenziwe ngezinto ezahlukeneyo. yingqondi yokwenyani unako ukusebenzisa yonke into anayo esandleni. Kodwa ke abaninzi basebenzisa izinto ezilandelayo:

• ilitye Natural - marble okanye zakhiwe. Okokuqala ikuvumela ukuba wenze imigca lithambile yaye neempawu, kodwa ayiqondakali omelana ukufuma. Ngoko ke, ukuba ibekwe emifanekisweni esitratweni lenyengane lungasetyenziswa ngakumbi. Products ombiwe nezinkulu amakhulu.
• ilitye ezingezizo - zizonke. Le nto igalelwe ukungunda. Xa Umfanekiso owomileyo, kuba ugqibile ngokupheleleyo. Xa uhlobo iimveliso musani kwahluka kangako ukusuka marble okanye lenyengane, kodwa abiza kakhulu.
• Metal - sobhedu, ubhedu okanye ubhedu. Indlela yokuvelisa efanayo lwalo elidlulileyo. etyhidiweyo igalelwe ngendlela efanayo, uze ixesha ukuba yome.
• Isichumisi. Le nto ke kulula abakroli. Okokuqala, amanzi kugalelwe umgubo, ngoko umxube yahlaliswa obuthelwe sokubumba. Inkqubo yokomisa kwenzeka ngokukhawuleza, ngokoqobo ngaphakathi sisiqingatha seyure.
• Tree. Kulo mzekelo, ukukrola ukuze liqhephuka iqhekeza monolithic, okanye wadalwa ziindawo ngamnye.

Ukukhethwa kwezinto lujolise kuphela inkanuko nomkroli, manqaphanqapha kokuba ikhethwe ngokweemfuno zabathengi imveliso.

Types of eqingqiweyo omkhulukazi

Umfanekiso omkhulu onamandla ezahlukeneyo yayo. Ungaba emininzi imizekelo eziya enxulumene nale art. Noko ke, kukho iintlobo apho kukho imifuziselo yokuhlela omkhulu:

• ISikhumbuzo. Le imikrolo, apho umntu uzama phambili umdali.
• Monument. Le lesikhumbuzo, nto leyo lunikezelwa iziganeko zembali okanye amanani.
• Mfanekiso - kubekho nentsika yelitye enikezelwe kuye ngamnye.
• Tshe - ipleyiti nkqo, leyo ibizwa umbhalo eqingqiweyo okanye ukuzoba.
• Obelisk - intsika, eliquka ubuso 4 tapered phezulu.
• Umfanekiso omkhulu kunye nokuhombisa. Iqhuba imisebenzi emibini. Okokuqala, oko negcina isiganeko okanye umntu. Okwesibini, yenzelwa ukwenzela ukuba ilingane bume ngokuvisisana nayo, oko kokokuhombisa.
• Loloyiso imihlathi, nezingqameko okanye amasango. Ezi zithinteli ukuba yenziwa imbeko oyise nabani na ukuba ukuphelisa ingcinezelo njalo njalo.

Kusenokwenzeka ukuba eli xesha langoku iya kuba abakroli abanetalente uya kuzisa iintlobo ezongezelelweyo kwindawo yokuhlela jikelele. Ngoko ke uluhlu olupheleleyo kunokuba kuphela ngomzuzu asinakho, ukukhanyela yokugaya lalo.

izibonelo

Kwilizwe ngalinye, kunokuba bhe sculpture omkhulu. Imizekelo kunokukhokelela ngonaphakade. Oku kungenxa yokuba wonke urhulumente uye imbali yayo, amathuba ayo ibalulekileyo bazizikhulu zazo. Kwaye Kwathi ulwazi kwizizukulwana ezizayo, ezikhumbuzo zakhiwe kunye iiobelisk, imifanekiso kunye ezikhumbuzo, amatye kunye izikhumbuzo.

Njengoko umzekelo Russian, cinga ilitye lesikhumbuzo kuPetros 1, ibekwe eSt Petersburg. nomkroli Great Falcone wasebenza kuyo phantse-15 iminyaka.

Kufuneka kwakhona sinikele ingqalelo kumhlathi Alexandria. Sinikezelwa uloyiso phezu uNapoleon, kodwa Alexander I yayeka ekwakhiweni kwayo. Noko ke, inzala komlawuli waziva ekunene nangoku ziyaluthundeza lo mzuzu ezibalulekileyo embalini Russian.

Ukususela imifanekiso amazwe omkhulukazi uyakwazi ukubona umfanekiso oqingqiweyo ka-Marcus Aurelius, eRome. ukulondolozwa kwalo de namhlanje kufuneka kuqwalaselwe impumelelo enkulu. Xa zonke eqingqiweyo uMarko zanyibilika, lo na elaa litye lithe oqingqiweyo wafumana umntu eyahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo. Namhlanje, ngoko ke, kunokwenzeka ukuba sijonge emva kokubuyiselwa kukhangeleka ngathi omtsha.

I Bronze umgadi

Ukuze enze ilitye lesikhumbuzo kuPetros 1, Falcone wamenywa ukuba eRashiya ngokomyalelo uKumkanikazi uCatherine II. Nomkroli ngelo xesha sele emdala ngokwaneleyo (50) umsebenzi omkhulu-isikali, nabo bungenjengezolo kuye eFransi. Yena, ezalisekisa ezifakelwe isityalo esiqhelekileyo, sekunjalo baphupha yeprojekthi enkulu. Xa kwafika isimemo, akazange nokuba kufuneka ucinge. Weza eRashiya ngokukhawuleza wayenako.

Falcone benza umsebenzi iminyaka eli-12. Kodwa ngokuzimeleyo ngokupheleleyo ukuphumeza sculpture akayi okanye yokuzithenga wayengafuni. INtloko lesikhumbuzo wathabatha umfundi wakhe, beza kunye naye. Inyoka phantsi kweenyawo zehashe wenza nomkroli Russian.

Ekubeni lo msebenzi wawumkhulu kakhulu, inkosi ayizange ivumelane ukulahlwa. A babhenela basemzini ke akwenzeki imali. Kodwa ke aba Haylovu, owavumayo ukufundisa Falcone, unceda naye ukhetho eesampuli zobukhulu.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba nomkroli kwakukho imali encinci, kodwa ngoncedo yeBronzi sabakhweli wakwazi phambili nje kuphela koMlawuli Russian, kodwa ngokwabo. Namhlanje, wonke umntu uqhelane kunye imikrolo, oku kuwonke-wonke eSt Petersburg.

Statue of Marcus Aurelius

Kukho imifanekiso, nto leyo eye iinkulungwane ezininzi. Ezinye zazo baziwa kuphela ebhaliweyo okanye amanxuwa. Kodwa enye iphila unanamhla. Oku umfanekiso oqingqiweyo ka-Marcus Aurelius eRoma.

Ngokubanzi, kwakukho eqingqiweyo ezininzi ezifanayo. Nangona kunjalo, kumaXesha Aphakathi bona bonke kunyibilike phantsi ezahlukeneyo iimveliso luncedo ukusuka ngobhedu. umfanekiso zeMidlalo yokuQabela of Marcus Aurelius ezigcinwe kuphela ngenxa yemposiso. Inyaniso yokuba mazingabhidaniswa kunye nomfanekiso loMlawuli uConstantine Omkhulu.

Xa Renaissance lesikhumbuzo waba isampula njengommeli. abakroli abaninzi, kuquka italente kunye ubungqondi Donatello, guququ kuye, wathembela kuye.

ikholam Alexander

Ikholam Alexander wabonakala kule projekthi ngoko nangoko emva kokoyiswa uNapoleon. Noko ke, umlawuli akazange ukuxhasa ingcamango, ngokuba wayephatha, nokubulela Umbhalo imbeko ka-Alexander I, khange ivumelane kuye. Umsebenzi obelisk wayeka.

Kamva, xa uKarl Rossi benza kuyilo Lwabasebenzi Jikelele, yena wayethimb sokuyilwa phantsi Alexander Column. Ngoko ke, ngo-1829 Nicholas andinayo enye indlela ngaphandle ukwamkela le projekthi. Ngelishwa, uphuhliso yakhe inikele hayi Rossi kunye Montferrand.

Alexander Column eyayenziwe lenyengane elibomvu. phezulu kwayo ezihonjiswe nengelosi. Umele kumhlathi liphezulu woloyiso ehlabathini. Ke inkalo yayo lokwahlula kukuba phantsi kwawo akukho isiseko okanye imfumba unyanzeliso. Eziwudibanisayo Bulelani kuphela ukuba kubalwe ngokuchanekileyo.

Ukwakhiwa kwe-Admiralty

Ukwakhiwa kwe-Admiralty eSt Petersburg lwaqhutywa ngokwe zemizobo Peter I. Ukwakhiwa kwaqala ngo-1704. Emva kweminyaka 7 embindini wesakhiwo kwemi, inqaba, spire ukuba banxibe isikhephe elincinane.

Ukwakhiwa kwe-Admiralty eSt Petersburg yenye izakhiwo eziphambili umzi. Oku kungenxa yokuba ezitratweni ezinkulu ezintathu yendlela yokwenza nayo. olungaphambili Main phezu ubude leemitha 407. Kufuphi nalapho kukho uhombiso oqingqiweyo, equka eqingqiweyo eziliqela nemihlathi.

isiphelo

Ngenye indlela, indawo ebalulekileyo ubugcisa yokwenza Umfanekiso omkhulu. Amafoto ezahlukeneyo eqingqiweyo loloyiso, imifanekiso okanye ezikhumbuzo ayivathise amaphepha iincwadi ezininzi zembali. Ezinye imifanekiso zibe ngokuqokelela abucala, kodwa ngokuhamba kwexesha ibonisa kwimiboniso. Noko ke, ubukhulu becala zonke ezikhumbuzo ebekwe kwi ezitratweni esixekweni, yaye wonke ubani enako ukufunda kwabo simahla.