Laseburhulumenteni IsiNgesi Tomas Kromvel: biography

Tomas Kromvel - laseburhulumenteni Tudor, inkwenkwezi yobukhulu lokuqala kule nkqubo yaseBritani basekhaya kunye angaphandle kwinkulungwane yeshumi. kwamashumi abaliqela ngqo wobukumkani of England watyhala isiqithi elinye lamazwe banempembelelo aseYurophu. Ngokungafaniyo umcebisi wakhe nomhlobo, Cardinal Wolsey, yena akwafunyanwa royalist okanye umbingeleli. Tomas Kromvel waba igqwetha, kwaye zonke izithembiso zabo wabonisa ziingcathu futhi enengqondo.

Esakhula

Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba 1485 kwelinye kakhulu ethandabuzekayo iindawo London ozelwe Tomas Kromvel. Ngobomi lo mzobo luqala Putney, apho kwinkulungwane elinesihlanu emva kwexesha, ngokuya zonke umhlwa kwikomkhulu yaseBritani. Uyise waba yamazimba kunye yabahambi, ayesahluka nephuku yaye yokugula wobulali, yaye zazidlala ubuqhophololo amancinci. Akumangalisi ke, Tomas Kromvel lwakhawuleza lwemka intsapho waza waqalisa ukuphila ubomi ngokupheleleyo adventures kunye eNgilani kwilizwekazi. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba ixesha elithile waba condottiere French eItali, wazibonakalisa kumaphulo asemkhosini. Kodwa ubomi Ijoni wayengekho ethandwa nguye. Hamba ukusuka umkhosi Cromwell waqesha umsebenzi elula endlwini kwiibhanki Frescobaldi. Ngenxa wit zendalo kunye nolwazi iilwimi, waba imbilini ye le bhanki. Ngokuthe ngcembe, Cromwell ngokuthi kakhulu kangaka wo yingisela - umzekelo, ubudlelwane yonke yibhanki kunye nolawulo Vatican wadlula ngezandla zakhe. Emva kwethuba Cromwell usesikhundleni efanayo e Antwerp, uze emva koko - endleni, nto leyo ngaloo mihla ababekolo isithsaba yaseBritani. Sisonke a capital start-up, Cromwell wagqiba kwelokuba abuyele eNgilani. Iqala i ngenkulungwane ye-16, kwaye nayo - isigaba esilandelayo yobomi bakhe.

Ubomi England

Emva kokuwela IsiNgesi Channel, Cromwell kuhlala eLondon. Ekuqaleni yena isuntswana ethengisa uboya kunye kwizihlunu ezahlukeneyo. Akuba eze kwisigqibo sokuba ubomi zomrhwebi abangayithandiyo yakhe, Tomas Kromvel Wabufunda waza waba igqwetha. intelligence Natural obuciko wenza ngokukhawuleza kuye omnye wakubathetheli-amagqwetha kakhulu nempumelelo eLondon.

Ngeminyaka-20 yee bakaThixo benkulungwane ye-16, yena idibane Cardinal Thomas Wolsey - omnye kwabo bantu ababesakuba ukwenza ezopolitiko ebukumkanini. T. Cromwell wathabatha kuNobhala Cardinal. Baba ziyafana kakhulu, wakhangela, O namabhongo. Njengoko ixesha eliboniswe, Ukufana nolangazelelo abalinganiswa badlala indima ekhethekileyo - bobabini aba ezinamabhongo smart, bobabini bafuna ukuba phantsi ezize sama ephakathi kwaye kangangexesha elide baba abacebisi omalunga aziphethe uHenry VIII.

umshado

Ngokutsho ayephila, Cromwell ayesahluka frivolity aphule iintliziyo ezininzi ababhinqileyo. Kodwa ngokusemthethweni ukuba wayetshatile kanye kuphela. Xa waba bhanki, watshata Elizabeth Uaykis, awathi nabantwana abathathu. Ntombi Anna noGrace wabhubha eselula, kunye nonyana wakhe waba yakomkhulu. Wayezixhasa Tomas Kromvel kunye nomtshana wakhe uRichard. Emva koko, uya kuba mkhulu-uyisemkhulu odumileyo Oliver Cromwell. Ngenxa yoko, Tomas Kromvel kunye Oliver Kromvel - ukwenza izalamane kunye namagosa karhulumente, ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo, awuyitshintshanga imbali ilizwe lokuzalwa kwakhe.

Ukuqala zoHlaziyo

Kubalulekile ukuqonda imeko apho Cromwell waqalisa inkonzo yakhe karhulumente. ENgilani uHenry VIII yaba lilizwe abantu abaselula, uninzi lwabo noba mabini. inkcubeko IsiNgesi noluntu ixesha bazaliswa ngumoya yolutsha. Hunting, lemidlalo, balwe nemfazwe ezukileyo - ezi zifundo eziphambili Tudor ulutsha. Kwaye Henry ngoxa ndandiselula. Abenqwenela ukujoyina ulutsha yegolide, eshiya umfazi wakhe olungenanceba, Catherine, lowo ozinikele rhoqo. Kwangaxeshanye, ukumkani ndadibana (okanye abahlobo bakhe) kunye Anne Boleyn oselula, leyo esahlula ezithandwa kunye nokukhethwa kumkani. Le ubomi gay efunekayo utyalo ezinkulu zemali.

ikhaba UbuProtestanti

Ngelo xesha, kwelinye Germany umbingeleli oselula elikude Luther King waqalisa elwela yakhe kwakuphethe. Asinako ukuba nembonakalo yonqulo umshumayeli elikude nempembelelo tsotsololo kukumkani, ekuthiwa eyaziwa ileta apho isohlwayo ngamandla lo mkhuba entsha. Kodwa uHenry VIII kungekudala ndaqonda icala enomtsalane le qhekeko entsha, waza wabona kuzo ithuba ukusombulula iingxaki zabo ezingxamisekileyo:

• ndaphule umtshato kunye Katerinoy Aragonskoy;
• kunika ukuhamba imali ephuma epokothweni ababingeleli yamaKatolika obuxhasa ebutyebini bokumkani;
• ukucima impembelelo kwakuphethe esebukumkanini bakhe.

Ukwala uPopu Clement ukuchitha umtshato kunye ukumkanikazi uHenry VIII unyanzelwe ukuba uthabathe amanyathelo, iziphumo leyo yaba IsiNgesi uHlaziyo. King waphula komtshato kunye ukumkanikazi, watshata inkosikazi yakhe Anne Boleyn soyiswe. Ngoko ubungcwele, akwenzeki kwakuphethe ebukumkanini IsiNgesi leyo kakhulu ezingenakuzanyazanyiswa. Ukusabela phantsi eyakhankanywa kwiVatican, uHenry wathi yena intloko Church of England. Wayalela secularization ngamafa emishini, abahlala kwiindawo ezinkulu siqithi iye yapapashwa. Kakade ke, kwakukho abaxhasi ezininzi Catholic Church abawazanga loo mtshato kaKumkani andabikho iintloko zabo ngenxa yeenkolelo zabo. Andizange kudlula kule ngxaki, noTomas Wolsey. Yena Ndixuthwe sayo yeNkosi Chancellor yaye kamva babulawa.

Kodwa intshukumo noHlaziyo kuxhaphaka ukuzuza amandla alo. Abaxhasi yamaKatolika aye afuna ukubuyisela impembelelo yayo kuluntu IsiNgesi. Kodwa UHlaziyo kwenzeka, yaye IsiNgesi ubuProtestanti ngcembe basasazeke ubukumkani.

ukwanda meteoric

umnqweno Cromwell ngenxa amandla ezizodwa, kwaye ixesha ehambelana mzuzu xa uHenry wayefuna umlungiseleli othembekileyo kunye nempembelelo. Cromwell ukungena kwinkonzo yoluntu busuka emva 1530, ukususela Apha, umsebenzi wakhe yenza a ukunyuka meteoric.

Banesifo yenkulungwane yeshumi yayilixesha iinguqu ezinkulu utshintsho ngokunxulumene ukutshatyalaliswa ngendlela endala IsiNgesi yobomi. Cromwell weza amandla lweli Anne Boleyn. Wolsey ayikwazanga atshintshe isigqibo sakhe yaye zange ayamkele into yokuba umfazi omtsha uHenry VIII, uKumkanikazi of England. Ngoko ke, wasuswa kwisikhundla kwaye kwafakwa uTimoti yakhe. Nomination Cromwell wayengomnye impumelelo enkulu kakhulu nkqubo abasebenzi isithsaba IsiNgesi.

impumelelo Cromwell

Phakathi iiprojekthi ezininzi elibalulekileyo oziphethe baba:

• Sokuchitha maxe- kunye nokusekwa kwe-Royal ebhudla yonke imicimbi yehlabathi yaye yobufundisi. Cromwell batshutshiswa ababingeleli zamaKatolika kunye nabaxhasi zobuKatolika, ububhangisile yoonongendi, kunye iimonki banishing umhlaba ukutshintshwa olulandela Crown. Ngenxa yobuqhokolo bakhe esingenalusini Cromwell kwamenza gama Hammer esakhiweni.
• Development kunye nokukhuthaza imithetho emitsha lizwe, ukuguqulwa komhlaba kunye secularization, lula irhafu zabo zengqesho.
• Ukwandiswa royal ngamandla nempembelelo kwi North eNgilani, Wales Ireland. Ezi zenzo bamqumbisa iinkosi ezinkulu feudal yaye yakhokelela noqhankqalazo ezaye zicinezelwa kabuhlungu.
• Ukusetyenziswa umatshini wokushicilela ukwenzela ukupapashwa imimiselo iincwadi wempangelo kunye zonqulo. Elo wonga eka iincwadi Thomas Cromwell Bible in IsiNgesi. Esi siganeko senzeka ngowe-1539.

zayo izinto

Njengoko kwinkundla onobuqili nokubala, Cromwell ngexesha uqaphele ngomahluko incinane yokuziphatha kakumkani yaye ngokufuthi kwenzeka iinkolelo zakhe kwicala elahlukileyo. Ngokomzekelo, malunga mxhasi walo kakhulu abazinikeleyo uAnny Boleyn, yena kuqala wabonakala. Kodwa njengokuba okupholisa iimvakalelo kumkani Cromwell watshintsha isimo kwayo Anna. Ekugqibeleni wajoyina isininzi, eyaqinisekisa ubunyani lokungcatsha Anna, yaye yaba mxhasi wangumququzeleli nesohlwayo Boleyn kunye umtshato omtsha kumkani.

Awards kunye nezikhundla

UKumkani uncome nokuzinikela Cromwell. Ayifane nawuphi na wezopolitiko likwazile kuhlala lingaphezu kwamanzi yaye ulandela ikhondo nokutshintsha kunye kaloliwe kumkani. Ngokuba ukusungulwa Henry Cromwell isichotho iishawa amabhaso karhulumente kunye iziphakamiso. Nazi zadibana yenkonzo yakhe yasebukhosini:

• 1531 - Ilungu leBhunga yangasese.
• 1533 - Tshansela Exchequer of England.
• 1534 - unobhala kaKumkani kwaye usihlalo weNkundla Yezibheno.
• 1536 - Nkosi yangasese Tywina.

• 1537 - Knight of the Garter kunye umphathi University of Wales.
• 1539 - Chamberlain.

Ekupheleni ubomi bakhe Cromwell wanikwa kwisihloko count. Noko ke, ukuba basebenzise umxholo omtsha i Earl of Essex wakwazi ngeeveki nje ezimbalwa. Yokungabi ukutshintsha kwakhona iinkolelo zabo, Tomas Kromvel waye orhanelwa lokungcatsha yasebukhosini. Ebudeni intlanganiso yeBhunga yangasese, wabanjwa waza wabulawa emva kwetyala emfutshane kwiNqaba eneminyaka engama-65.