Iminyaka Fixed: indlela zazo amafama

Intshayelelo ixesha lonyaka umda Kukholelwa ukuba kubanjwa neRashiya 1597 ngokwemiyalelo Tsar Fedor Ivanovich. Nangona kunjalo, lo msitho lwandulelwe imbali elide. ERashiya, kangangexesha elithile ngaphambi kokuba lo mthetho ukhankanywe ngasentla, inkqubo ubudlelwane ezinxulumene ekuthiwa-Yuriev imini. Rhoqo ngonyaka ngoNovemba 26 lwaye lwabhiyozelwa ngomhla ka Saint George (George), nto leyo ekugcineni umsebenzi yezolimo.

Kakade ngelo xesha nabalimi abayisebenzayo kwiziza zabo. Yaye abo basebenza ukuba abaqeshisi kunye neendawo kufuneka izibophelelo ezithile zazenziwe "iingxelo poryadnymi." Ukuba yonke imiqathango yesivumelwano sele zenziwe kokwindla, umqeshwa unakho, kwisithuba seeveki ezimbini ngaphambi nasemva koSuku eSt George wayezimisele ukuya kwenye "kumqeshi." Uphando lwakutshanje yembali ibonisa ukuba kudala ngaphambi kokuba kukho ekuthiwa-iminyaka ezisisigxina, amafama ithuba elincinane ukutshintsha wemikhosi. Oku kwenziwa yinto yokuba iimeko izivumelwano phakathi abanini kunye nabalimi baba prohibitively enzima kubasebenzi zolimo.

Sebenza kunye neerekhodi ubudala wabonisa ukuba kudala ngaphambi kokuba kwamkelwa ummiselo-zikhankanywe ngasentla, abalimi zange basebenzise ilungelo labo ukuguqulwa. Ngoko ke, ngo-1580 kwenye emimandleni Moscow Russia kumafama 60 ukutshintsha mhlaba angasebenzisa ezimbini kuphela. Kodwa kukho inani elaneleyo labantu owayebaleke kwinkosi yakhe kukhangela ubomi obungcono.

Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-16 inani yabo kangangokuba oko yamkela umthetho lithintele ilungelo abalimi to Day St George kunye nokuqalisa iminyaka enga kwezinye kwimimandla Russia. Ngaphezu koko, kuphethwa iminyaka ezisisigxina. Eli yaba lixesha apho mhlaba bafuna abalimi elabaleka kwezinye abanini okanye imbuyekezo kwabo wazishiya ngokuthanda. Ekuqaleni, lo gama i-5. Ngowe-1607 kwathiwa lanyuka ukuya kwiminyaka eli-15.

Noko ke, ebudeni beMfazwe Abalimi ', xa abantu ukusuka kubukhoboka nendlala ngobuninzi ezibalekele ezantsi, amaqela kwakhiwa bexhobile, wamelana urhulumente, iminyaka ezingenakufuduswa ayehlonelwe ngenxa yokuba ilizwe ayekwimeko yemfazwe yamakhaya. Urhulumente ukuba enze umnyinyiva nokunciphisa ixesha bar umva ukuya kwiminyaka-5.

Ngo-40 yeminyaka kwinkulungwane esisigxina 17 uhlehlisiwe waya kutsho kwiminyaka-9, yaye ngowe-1642 kwafunyaniswa ukuba abalimi eyadala zingabuyiswa kwisithuba seminyaka eli-10 kwaye angafuna kumnini ezahlukeneyo kangangeminyaka eli-15. Ngowe-1649 ubukhosi Romanov wazama ekucoceni inkqubo yelizwe osemthethweni, nto leyo esibonakala randomness kunye ezininzi imithetho ezihlabanayo. Isiphumo sale msebenzi yaba ikhowudi Conciliar, ukurhoxisa, kuquka, iminyaka ezisisigxina. Ngenxa e Russia kwakukho serfdom. Kumaxesha akutshanje, ukongeza ekungakwazini ukubaleka baphume ndawo, abalimi ukuba ithengiswe umkhosi, wathunyelwa eSiberia okanye ukusebenza nzima.

Russia ayikho urhulumente kuphela ocande kubukhoboka. Phantse onke amazwe aseYurophu zinenkqubo efanayo ekhaya, yaye ngeenxa wokucinywa kwayo ngexesha elifanayo (kwilizwe lethu - ngo-1861). Western Europe sele udlule ngale ndlela kancinane ngaphambili, Eastern - kancinane emva koko. Kwaye ebukumkanini Bhutan ngamakhoboka yayikhona kuze 1956. Nangona ezinye mbali cinga ukurhoxiswa zokundwendwela yabasebenzi kweefama ingqokelela yezinto uhlobo yiSoviet of kubukhoboka.