Ingcamango ye-hydrolysis. Iinkalo zobuninzi beenkqubo: i-hydrolysis rhoqo kunye ne-degree ye hydrolysis

Ngaphantsi kwe- hydrolysis ye-salts , iinkqubo zokuphendula phakathi kwamamolekyuli wamanzi kunye neamolekyu zetyuwa ezichithwe kuyo zichazwe. Ngenxa yesiphumo solu phendulo, amaqhinga angama-malodisociated akha. Inkqubo inokuthi ingabikho nje ngokuthatha inxaxheba kweetyu, kodwa nakubakho bunye izinto ezichithwe - i-carbohydrate, iiprotheni, amafutha okanye i-esters. Amanani amabini asetyenziswa ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwinani lokuphendula: iqondo lehydrolysis (β) kunye netyuwa ye-hydrolysis rhoqo (K [g]).

Ngenxa yempendulo, njengommiselo, utshintsho kwi-asidi yesisombululo sokuqala luyabonwa. Esikhundleni sokusungulwa kwendalo (amanzi), uhlobo oluhlukileyo lwe-solvent lusetyenziswa. Nangona kunjalo, kule meko, impendulo phakathi kwe-solvent kunye netyuwa kuthiwa i-solvolysis.

Kubalulekile ukwazi ukuba kuphela iisarti ezivela kwizixhobo ezinobuthakathaka kunye nama-acid zibandakanya kwi-hydrolysis. Amasiza atholakala kwiisiseko ezinamandla kunye nama-acids, ukusabela kwama-hydrolytic awachaphazelekayo.

Ukunika uphawu lwesigqibezelo senkqubo, inkcazelo ekhethekileyo isetyenzisiweyo-iqondo le-hydrolysis (β). Iqondo lehydrolysis lenza umlinganiselo wolu xinaniso lwee-molecule ezithobela i-hydrolysis (C [hydr]) kwintlanzi yokuqala (yokuqala) ityuwa esele ichitshiwe (C [ref]). Isibalo seMathematika, oku kungabonakaliswa ngokulingana okulandelayo: β = C [hydr] / C [ref.].

Iqondo lokuphendula ngokuthe ngqo lixhomekeke kwizinto ezintathu:

- uhlobo lwe-ion, apho ityuwa yenziwe khona;

- ingxube yeetyuwa;

- ukushisa kwesisombululo.

Iqondo le-hydrolysis linomhlaba wokwanda njengoko ukuhlala kuphazamiseka kwesiseko esibuthakathaka okanye i-asidi iyancipha, kunye nokuncipha kwinqanaba lokutyalwa kweetyuwa kunye nokunyuka kwamaqondo okushisa.

Impendulo ingenzeka kumlinganiselo obalulekileyo kuphela kwisisombululo esincinci. Ngoko ke, ukuba ubungakanani beC [H20] bunenani elingaqhelekanga, ngoko kuya kuba nako ukubala i-derivative K [r] (okanye i-hydrolysis constant). Ngokuxhomekeke kwiipropati ezinxulumene ne-asidi kunye nesiseko apho i-salts yenziwe khona, i-hydrolysis inokuvela kwesinye sezicwangciso ezintathu, ngoko ke i-hydrolysis ityhula rhoqo ibalwa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo.

I-Hydrolysis yamasiza, eziyi-derivatives ye- asidi enamandla kunye nesiseko esibuthakathaka (enye igama leprojekthi yi-hydrolysis yi-cation)

Ukuhlala rhoqo kwe-hydrolysis kunqunywe ngolu hlobo lwefomula: K [r] = K [W] / K [isiseko], apho iK [W] ingumphumo we-ion umkhiqizo wamanzi (C [H] + C [OH (-)]).

Kubonakala kwimbonakalo yokuba rhoqo i-hydrolysis yokuba xa amandla esiseko ehla, ukwanda kwexabiso le-hydrolysis rhoqo, kwaye ngenxa yoko, iqondo le-hydrolysis liyabonwa. Ngaloo ndlela, iqondo le-hydrolysis linomhlaba wokwanda kunye nokunciphisa amandla esiseko kunye neqondo lokuxinwa kweetyu kwisisombululo. Ukwanda kweqondo lokushisa lokuphendula kusenza kube nokwanda kwisoloko ye-hydrolysis kunye nokwanda kwinqanaba le-hydrolysis.

I-Hydrolysis yamasiza, ephuma kwi-base eqinile kunye ne-asidi ebuthakathaka (elinye igama lenkqubo yi-hydrolysis yi-anion)

I-hydrolysis rhoqo ibalwa ngefomula elandelayo: K [r] = K [W] / K [asidi], apho i [asidi] iyisoloko ishiywe kwi-asidi ebuthakathaka.

I-Hydrolysis yamasiza, ephuma kwi-asethi ebuthakathaka kunye ne-asidi ebuthakathaka (ebizwa ngokuba yi-hydrolysis nge-cation kunye ne-anion)

Kule meko, i-hydrolysis rhoqo iya kugqitywa yixabiso lexesha lokungaxhatshali kwesiseko esingenamandla kunye ne-asidi ebuthakathaka. Kubalwa ngolu hlobo olulandelayo: K [r] = K [W] / K [asidi] * [isiseko].

Ukubaluleka kwenkqubo ye-hydrolysis

Impendulo eyenzekayo kwinkqubo ye-hydrolysis iyasetyenziswa kakhulu kwiinkqubo zenkqubo yokuhlaziya. Ngokomzekelo, le mpendulo isetyenziselwa ukuhlambulula amanzi ekungcoleni kokungcola kwechungechunge lwama-colloidal kunye namaqhekeza. Ngenxa yale njongo, izithako ezikhethekileyo zensimbi kunye ne-aluminium hydroxides, ezifunyenwe yi-hydrolysis ye-iron sulfates, i-chloride yesinyithi kunye ne- aluminium sulfates, zisetyenziselwa.

I-Hydrolysis yinxalenye ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo yokugaya izinto eziphilayo emhlabeni. Uninzi lwamandla afanelekileyo ukuba kubekho umzimba ugcinwa njenge-adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Ukukhululwa kwamandla kubangelwa inkqubo ye-hydrolysis equka i-ATP.