Kwezinye iimeko, njalo dissociation akwenzi ngqiqo?

Chemicals i ingqokelela athom ukuba oludityaniswe kwenye nenye mthetho othile, okanye ngaphezulu kanye, nganye kuzo yinkqubo equka nuclei kunye electron. Ukuba le sistim elakhiwe ngekhaya elinye uhlobo athom, ngoko oko kubizwa ngokuba single-core, ukuba iindidi ezahlukeneyo athom, lo neodnoyadernoy. Ezi nkqubo kagesi cala. Ngenxa yeempembelelo lwangaphandle (ubushushu, ukukhanya, imitha okanye iimolekyuli polar ezinganyibiliki kunye dipole nokwehlukana) ibola imichiza. Kubeke kunye anions apho phantsi yintshukumo molecule isinyibilikisi polar (amanzi) iimolekyuli ukubola iziyobisi (electrolyte) akukho kuphinda kagesi cala. Nayiphi na inkqubo kuyaphela kuvuselele. Xa electrolytes ezibuthathaka umzekelo ubonisa ukuba reactions dissociation ingathityazwa. Kuba electrolytes enamandla, le ngxelo ayifaneleki, kuba phantse zonke ezo molekyuli kwahlula zibe ion. Utyekelo kwenkqubo ukuze Equilibrium echazwe dissociation electrolytic Khao ↔ K • x + y + • uA kwaye ibonisa dissociation rhoqo KD = [K +] x • [A] v / [Khao].

Ukususela equation ngasentla: ezi molekyuli undissociated ngakumbi, lo ezincane dissociation rhoqo, kwaye vice versa. Nangona kunjalo, oku akusebenzi electrolytes strong baye bafunyaniswa ukuba ukwandisa, kodwa kunciphisa olwandayo ingqalelo KD. Oku kungenxa bunciphe inani iimolekyuli eyaphukileyo nokwandisa phakathi amasuntswana oppositely icala, amandla nomdla efanayo ngenxa ekuphungulweni umgama phakathi kwabo ngenxa yokunyuka uyazikhomba isicombululo. Ngoko ke, nako electrolytes enamandla kwahlula zibe ion kulinganiswa imiqondiso ezifana okwakubonakala iqondo dissociation, kwaye i-CD ayiyithathi isicelo, njengoko ayenzi mqondo. Nesisombululo a electrolyte obuthathaka akanayo ingqondo isicelo, kwaye iqondo dissociation, ngokuba ekunciphiseni uxinzelelo Umlinganiselo iimolekyuli inqanyulwe kwinani elipheleleyo nokubola zomthetho landiswe, kodwa oko akuthethi luluphawu isiphumo electrolyte. ubuchule babo kwahlula zibe ion ibonisa dissociation rhoqo, ekubeni kuxhomekeke kuphela lobushushu isisombululo kunye nohlobo isinyibilikisi, oko kukuthi, KD oqhubekayo ukuba into ethile Khao.

amanzi Plain (ngaphandle kwimithombo yendalo, okanye enye aqukuqela ukusuka kwimpompo) ongahlambulukanga. amanzi kakuhle Pure iqulethe ion hydronium [H3O + 1] yaye unako hayidroksayidi [KOWU-1]. Bona akhiwa iimolekyuli ezimbini yamanzi: H2O + H2O ↔ H3O + 1 + KOWU-1. Oku azifane zenzeke, ngokuba amanzi ngokubonakalayo kwahlula zibe ion, njengokuba electrolyte buthathaka. Xa sizinze, uyazikhomba ion hayidroksayidi kunye ion hydronium zezi: [H3O + 1] = [KOWU-1]. Le nkqubo ingathityazwa. Water ngokubanzi ikhona njenge umxube molekyuli, unako hayidroksayidi kunye ion hydronium kugcwele iimolekyuli zamanzi kunye ion ezikhoyo kuphela, azafunyanelwa ndawo. Constant dissociation amanzi kubonakaliswa lenxaki: KD = [H3O + 1] • [KOWU-1] / [H2O] • [H2O ].

dissociation acid isisombululo kuthetha yokubola protons H +, kunye moiety asidi. Dissociation polybasic acid ingeniso ngamanyathelo eziliqela (apho lwanamathela omnye kuphela hydrogen zesiqinisekiso), isigaba ngasinye esibonakala ixabiso layo njalo KD. In inyathelo hydrogen ion lokuqala iyapheliswa lula ngaphezu kwizigaba ezilandelayo, rhoqo ukuze ukusuka kwibanga ukuya liyancipha yeqonga. Le dissociation rhoqo KD sisalathisi acid amandla acid: asidi enamandla abe KD ixabiso eliphezulu vice versa. Emva kokuba izinga ukubola inkqubo lizama kunye nezinga iimolekyuli bayalingana. Kuba asidi strong ingasetyenziswa (kunye nemikhosi intsebenziswano ion-ion kuphela izisombululo of electrolytes onamandla) Imithetho le lwesilinganiso imichiza ukubala KD kwi-25 ° C. Kuba zehydrochloric acid (HCl) KD = 10000000, hydrobromic (HBr) KD = 1000000000, hydriodic (HJ) KD = 100000000000, sulphuric acid (H2SO4) KD =-1000, ne-nitric acid (HNO3) KD = 43,6, acetate (CH3COOH) KD = 0,00002, tsianovodorodnoy (HCN) KD = 0,0000000008. Ukwazi iimpawu asidi kwaye azinakufaniswa neenqobo KD elinikiweyo, oko Kungaphikiswa ukuba dissociation rhoqo, kungona eyomeleleyo asidi.