Indlela gravimetric ngohlahlelo: ingqiqo, iintlobo kunye neempawu

Zeziphi iimpawu lolwahlulo le ndlela iphawulwa uhlalutyo gravimetric? Makhe sihlolisise indalo yayo neentlobo.

Okukodwa

indlela Gravimetric isekelwe phezu uhlahlelo umthetho yolondolozo ubunzima izinto kunye nokwakheka rhoqo. Kule meko, oku kusekelwe umlinganiselo echanileyo ubunzima icandelo ofunekayo, nto leyo ifunyenwe njenge ezimbaxa kunye ikhemikali ukubunjwa owaziwayo. indlela Uhlalutyo Gravimetric yahlulwe ngamaqela ezintathu eziphambili: neyanamhlanje, utsalo, imvula.

Indlela yodwa

Oku kusekelwe phezu nezokukhupha le analyte wafuna component kwemichiza kwizikolo zikarhulumente simahla yaye yayo koko ngqo ezikhathaza. Umzekelo, indlela gravimetric ukuba kuhlalutyo oluninzi ivumela ukumisela isiqulatho ubunzima ash kwi amafutha esiqinileyo. Kuba izibalo ubunzima ngokuyinyibilikisa, isampuli combusted lwezibaso kuyo, uthuthu yahlaliswa ubunzima. Ngenxa ubunzima eseleyo, usebenzisa ifomula ubunzima iqhezu wenkqu index oluninzi ibalwa mxube.

neyanamhlanje

Le ndlela Uhlalutyo - isiqulatho gravimetric, njengoko ebalwa ibandakanya nokususwa ngokupheleleyo candelo njengoko yikhompawundi sukube kunye ezilandelayo alwaba intsalela eqinileyo. Le ndlela singakwazi ukubona isiqulatho sokufuma izinto ezahlukeneyo, ukubala isiqulatho nobuninzi olunombala wamanzi crystallization. Ukuze wenze ubalo enjalo, ekuqaleni ukufumanisa ubunzima izinto isampuli ingqalelo ekhethiweyo. Ngoko ngokuphelele lulo licandelo ichaziwe. Umahluko phakathi ubunzima phambi wokwaphusa okanye calcination kwaye emva kokuba ubunzima ikhemikali moiety ubonwe. Ngokutsho formula iqhezu abaninzi ukuba izibalo zamanani wenziwe.

isimemezelo Technique

Yintoni na le ndlela analysis? indlela yokulahlwa kwe Gravimetric isekelwe phezu kwezulu ubungakanani ion efunekayo nje into ngokonga enyibilikayo kunye ikhemikali kuqamba ethile. Le kwenze yahlaliswa ecociweyo, wahlamba, womile kwaye ke calcined. Emva ukususa ngokupheleleyo lamanzi ubunzima. Ukwazi ubunzima kwenze, Ungabala isiqulatho oluninzi kwisampulu neemolekyuli okanye ion kweli candelo efunekayo.

IiMfuneko imvula kuhlalutyo gravimetric

Kanti - yeka indlela uhlalutyo gravimetric? imisebenzi esisiseko kwi indlela enxulumene yokulahlwa kwe inkqubo kwezulu. Ukuchana afunyenwe kuhlalutyo isiphumo ixhomekeke ngqo kwi umchiza ukwakhiwa iziyobisi, ukusulungeka isakhiwo kwenze. Ukongeza, ezi izibalo enxulumene yokuziphatha ikeyiki ngexesha omiswe kunye calcining. Lidla utshintsho bamachiza ubume elitshisiweyo onesiphumo ngexesha calcining yayo. Edla ifomu ebizwa ukwakhiwa eekhemikhali kwenze onesiphumo.

iindlela ezisisiseko zibandakanya uhlalutyo gravimetric ukufumana iziphumo ezichanekileyo. Kungenxa yoko le womxhuzulane kunye nokumila ezike ezazibekwe kufuneka ihlangabezane neemfuno ezithile.

1. Kufuneka babe ukunyibilika ubuncinane, kwaye kuhle - kuba ezingenakunyibilika imichiza compound.
2. Kufuneka zibe crystals ezinkulu. Kulo mzekelo Akukho iingxaki kwinkqubo ukuhluza, kuba musa ucingo pores. Xa ziikristale ezinkulu kumphezulu encinane, nanzo adsorbed ngesantya ubuncinane yesisombululo ekhoyo, kulula ukuhlamba. imvula Amorphous of hayidroksayidi yentsimbi (3) I- ukungcola adsorbed ngaphandle iingxaki, kunzima kuhlamba kwezo zinto, lokucoca le compound kade.
3. Ngokupheleleyo kwaye kukho ixesha elifutshane Kwathi ngohlobo womxhuzulane.

Iimfuno ukuba uhlobo omxhuzulane

Makhe sihlolisise indlela gravimetric uhlalutyo. Kakuhle eli indlela - ukuba ukuchaneka ebalulekileyo. ifomu Gravimetric kufuneka kuchazwa kwifomula imichiza kusetyenziswa ukubala okuqulethwe amacandelo athile isampuli. Le kwenze calcined ngexesha okupholisa nezinobunzima iinkqubo kufuneka awunako ukufunxa umphunga wamanzi evela emoyeni, nokuba kakulu oxidized. Ukuba udaka uneempawu zomzimba efanayo, oko ekuqaleni yaguqulwa yaba uhlobo oluzinzileyo, ukusebenzisa imichiza ezizodwa. Umzekelo, ukuba babale iqhezu ubunzima ngecalcium carbonate kwi zokwakha, nokubumba calcium gravimetric oxide ekwaziyo iplanethi icarbon dioxide namanzi, aguqulwa calcium sulfate. Ukuze oku kwenze calcined iphathwa kunye sulphuric acid, obagcinela ulawulo lobushushu (500 ° C).

Izinto zophando

Yintoni ekufuneka ukuba uyenze indlela enjalo analysis? ngobuwena Gravimetric kubandakanya ukusetyenziswa iimpahla lwekhemikhali ezizodwa zobukhulu ezinkulu. Apha kusetyenziswa iindebe ezingcakacileyo wayifu- ezinobukhulu obahlukileyo, ifanele, iintonga iglasi, iglasi iyure, crucibles imveliso yephondo, iibhokisi zeglasi. Gravimetric kunye neendlela titrimetric uhlalutyo zibandakanya ukusetyenziswa kwizikhongozeli ezicocekileyo kuphela ukuthintela naziphi na iimpazamo izibalo. amabala ezomileyo okanye amachaphaza zibonisa ubukho phezu iglasi kumphezulu macandelo Amafutha. Umbilo kuya ngqo lo maleko, nto leyo transfer nzima ngokupheleleyo ukuba lokucoca ulwelo. Indlela indlela gravimetric ibandakanya iisepha zokuhlamba ngenyameko. Ukuze ekucoceni crucibles porcelain esetyenziswa shushu yaze yangxenga ifuthe lomanyano zehydrochloric acid, ngoko umxube isisombululo chromic. Uyacetyiswa ukuba ukuqala umsebenzi wavusa ibhotile ecocekileyo.

Isixhobo sokuphanda

Yintoni eyenza indlela gravimetric uhlalutyo? Kakuhle eli ndlela - ukuzimisela ubungakanani udweliso lweenkqubo eziphathekayo. Izixhobo kuya kufuneka ukulungiselela uphando olunjalo, efana noko kusetyenziswa ekuhlaziyeni qualitative. Kuba iindawo eziluncedo ezifunekayo maqula amanzi, oonxantathu imveliso yephondo, nasezimbizeni, nezifinyiso ngokuyinyibilikisa, lingavakali yamaziko, izibane zegesi. Kuba calcination e izibane zegesi porcelain crucibles oonxantathu asetyenziswa, ezenziwe iityhubhu porcelain ezityalwe zeendawana yesinyithi. Khetha unxantathu yale ubungakanani ukuya kuphuma ngokuyinyibilikisa ubude lesithathu. Crucibles kuqaliswa kwelo ziko usebenzisa forceps elide ukuba iziphelo tyaba, wobomi egosogoso. Akufuneki sokuvalwa lendle. Phambi kokuba isicelo weziphelo forceps nyulu, calcined kwi nesikopi igesi okanye eziko. Desiccators esetyenziselwa zokupholisa izinto calcined okanye ndinobushushu lobushushu egumbini. It is a isitya yeglasi elingqingqwa wayifu- leyo ivaliwe emhlabeni-inshorensi. Inxalenye esezantsi desiccator izaliswe into hygroscopic:

• amaqhekeza calcium oxide;
• phosphorus oxide (5);
• sulphuric acid kanzulu.

Sulphuric acid zidla ukufuma. Ukusebenza kunye desiccator, kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba iindawo emhlabeni-yaba umaleko ngegrisi.

Imithetho ukukhiwa experiment

yokwahlukanisa zathathelwa ingqalelo iindlela uhlalutyo gravimetric kubandakanya ukusebenza izinto. Central ukumngqinga kwesampuli enjalo, equlethe isixa amancinci izinto analyte ukuba iipropati yemichiza emzimbeni ethile nebhetshi engundoqo. Ukuchaneka zokusampula kuchaphazela ngokuchaneka ukufakelwa kwemichiza kunye neempawu zomzimba kunye imichiza nokwakhiwa efundwayo zihlalutywe. Ikhetha i-avareji isampuli ngononophelo olukhulu, kungenjalo amathuba aphezulu iimpazamo, iziphumo zovavanyo engachananga. Kufuneka kukhunjulwe ukuba izigaqa ezinkulu ubume zekhemikhali kwahluka eziphathekayo ukusuka eluthulini. Ngoko ke kukho ezintathu:

• isampuli samabanga - ezifunekayo kwisigaba sokuqala nokuhlola;
• yokundwendwela okanye zaselebhu isampula - afunyenwe ngokunciphisa ubunzima lokuqala isampuli apho kufuneka ukuba uhlalutyo lwekhemikhali kunye physico-mechanical;
• inethiwekhi - ithathwa kwisampula elebhu ukuba uhlalutyo lwekhemikhali.

Kukho icandelo njengoko umthombo othenjiweyo. Gravimetric indlela Uhlalutyo yenye indlela ekumiseleni ubume ubungakanani mba. Ukuze kuthintelwe utshintsho ukufuma okanye ukwakhiwa lwemichiza nto, izinto uhlalutyo gravimetric igcinwe kwibhotile ebunzima, ibihleli ivaliwe ezineziciko. Inxalenye isampuli ezifunekayo uhlalutyo ngqo yaye inxalenye uhleli reserve.

Ukulungiswa isampuli ye yophando

Ukuphakamisa ingqalelo eliphantsi mass analyte isampulu isampuli yohlalutyo leyo esikalini uhlalutyo lwekhemikhali. Indima ebalulekileyo Ukwandisa ixabiso edlalwa isampula. Okuya uba mkhulu umsantsa umlinganiselo sample test ithathwa ukuba uhlalutyo gravimetric, oluchanileyo ngakumbi isiphumo ifunyenwe. Kodwa nzima inkqubo ukuhluza leyo kwenze, calcining oko, ukuhlanjwa. Ngenxa yezi zizathu, welula kakhulu ixesha zohlalutyo. In amatye isampula encinane ukuchaneka ofakelwe yehla kakhulu. Ukuze enze iibhetshi alwaba eziqinileyo, sebenzisa ngeglasi umlindo. Eguquguqukayo, into hygroscopic ukuba esikalini ibhotile siyinxenye elivaliweyo.

iimeko isimemezelo

Kuba yokucacisa eziphathekayo kwakuza kuba ntetho nice weza. Uhlalutyo Gravimetric indlela kwesi sigaba sibandakanya ukutshintshwa ubungakanani icandelo ayinqwenelayo imichiza ethile. Ukwazi ubunzima kwenze, kunokwenzeka ukuba ukubala ipesenti eli candelo ukuba uzimisele. Le ukuphelela imvula uxhomekeke ngqo ukuchaneka zohlalutyo. Phakathi izizathu ngenxa ukuba ayizizo zonke candelo abaliweyo uya agule, kukhankanywa inokuba kwezulu ayiphelelanga. Cishe akunakwenzeka ukuba ukuphumeza imvula ngokupheleleyo, kungancitshiswa kuphela ilahleko ubuncinane kunokwenzeka. Kuba ekuhlalutyeni precipitator ekhethiweyo - phantse kwenze ezingenakunyibilika. Yena ithathwa in excess, ukwenzela ukuthintela ezi khemikhali zeekhemikhali. Kukho imiqathango ethile ekufuneka ukuba kuhlangatyezwane ukufumana kwenze crystalline:

• imvula evela izisombululo yaze yangxenga ifuthe lomanyano kwezisombululo ababuthathaka eyenziwa precipitator;
• izisombululo shushu sibekwe precipitators ezishushu.

Kuba nokuhlola, okhethiweyo ezikumgangatho ophezulu reagent ion ukuba uzimisele. Kunzima ukukhetha precipitant ethile uzimisele ukuba ion nganye. Kulo mba ezo ngamasuntswana ukuze athintele isimemezelo ngokupheleleyo okanye susa kwabo sisombululo isampuli ye ukwenza uhlalutyo oluninzi, iteyiphu yephepha yenziwa.

Nzima ukufumana precipitators ezithile kuzo zonke ion ichaziwe. Ngoko kuyimfuneko ukuba ukusebenzisa iteyiphu yephepha okanye ion kutshonise isimemezelo, okanye abahlule isicombululo phambi kwezulu. Ukwazi malunga iimpawu yikristale kwezulu, kunokwenzeka ukuba usebenzise iimeko sikhetha ukuyilwa crystals ezinkulu.

1. Ngaba sivete ukusuka exutywe izisombululo ezishushu precipitant, ezibanjiswe a xi encinane. Xa itshiswe, ukunyibilika ziikristale elincinane landa, ngoko ukwandisa xi le precipitant kunye ion in isisombululo. Ngenxa yale meko, ziikristale ezinkulu kwakheka ayiphumelelanga ukunyibilikisa xa itshiswe.
2. Wawathululela precipitator ukuchonga izinto kunye neqondo eliphantsi. Isetyenziswa ukuba axube intonga iglasi, leyo akazukuyibamba udonga esezantsi kunye umlomo. Nge echukumisayo, ukukhula yikristale iyavuseleleka njengoko inombolo ukuncipha sites kwakheka.
3. Cake ukuma iiyure eziliqela. Le ehlele amorphous ezifakwe phantsi kweemeko ezizodwa, ekubeni ezithandwa kwinkqubo adsorption ukungcola ezahlukeneyo, sabonakala kwezisombululo colloidal.

Iingxaki Uhlalutyo gravimetric

Ukuchaneka izibalo zamanani izinga yodaka. Xa umlinganiselo walo ukungcoliseka accuracy yehliswe kakhulu, kuyanda impazamo. Isizathu sokuba ukungcola co-imvula, oko kukuthi imvula kwezinto kwamanye amazwe. Kukho iindidi ezimbini co-kwezulu:

• adsorption komhlaba;
• Occlusion.

Ukukhangela ukuphelela yokumpompoza kwezulu ion kongeza amathontsi ambalwa reagent ukuya isisombululo luqokelelane ngentla ezike. Xa wokuqhuba ngokupheleleyo isisombululo nokufumba ion iya kuhlala ecacileyo.

isiphelo

Uhlalutyo esemgangathweni kubandakanya ukuzimisela ubungakanani ion kwiQela mbandela. The main Iinjongo ingqalelo uhlalutyo esemgangathweni kukufunyanwa isampuli ekhethiweyo kunye nokuchongwa components ethile, okanye bangane imichiza, into ethile okanye iqela esebenza. indlela fraction ngohlahlelo ukuba isifundo kwimixube ezilula, xa uphendla inani elincinane amacandelo. Uhlalutyo gravimetric ezinjalo kufuna iisampulu ezazinemidla kunye nemali bengabalulekanga esizenzayo qualitative. Ukuchaza ngokupheleleyo uvavanyo kweziyobisi kumacandelwana ezingaphiliyo, umxube sokuqala ekuqaleni yahlulwe ngamnye "iqela olusebenzisa inethiwekhi", ngoko ngoncedo reactions ezithile open ion ngalinye ezinqwenelekayo. Uhlalutyo ngendlela qualitative ivumela ukwandisa ukuthembeka kwedatha analytical. Ngaphambi kokuqalisa uhlahlelo oluninzi, kubalulekile Met ingcamango umgangatho isampulu test, ukukhetha indlela kangangoko.