Imvelaphi mbono zikaDarwin. Imfundiso imvelaphi yezinto eziphilayo

Yi Kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane XIX ukuvuthwa yonke imiqathango ngenxa ukuvela kwethiyori zikaDarwin. Kwakufuneka umphengululi eliqaqambileyo ngqindilili ababeya kuba nako ukuqulunqa umbono omtsha malunga imvelaphi yezinto eziphilayo. Ngokubanzi, le meko zingahlulwa zibe ngamaqela amabini - i yenzululwazi kunye nezentlalo noqoqosho.

ukugxekwa ngendalo

UCharles Darwin ezingu esisiseko le ngcamango yokuzivelela kwezinto kwincwadi yakhe "The Origin of Species," epapashwe ngo-1859. Apho kuqala wasebenzisa igama elithi "ukhetho wemvelo". iingcamango zikaDarwin waba revolution yokwenene kwisayensi nokuphila yoluntu. Uluntu wempangelo into ngobundlobongela kokuxabana, umntu bayavuma, inxenye yathandabuza. Church of le ngcamango yokuzivelela ke kwangoko phantsi.

Oku akumangalisi, kuba abantu kangangeenkulungwane abaninzi babekholelwa ukuba ihlabathi liphela kwaye kudume izidalwa zalo zadalwa nguThixo. MaKristu ibali echazwe eBhayibhileni. Ithiyori malunga inxaxheba ezinye Absolute ekuyilweni ubomi ngolwimi nenzululwazi laye igama chithi. Le mvo khange imibuzo kangangeenkulungwane ezininzi. Kwaye kuphela ngendalo ngenkulungwane XVIII njengoko nethiyori kuqala ukugxekwa zobulumko kunye iinkcuba. Kwafika ke imiqathango yokuqala ingcamango zikaDarwin.

malunga nohlobo Ukwahluka iingcamango

Xa sobulumko ngenkulungwane XVIII Immanuel Kant , weyiseka ukuba umhlaba liye akusoloko ekho, kwaye kukho ixesha elithile. "Universal Natural History kunye Theory of the Emazulwini," umbono wakhe athe wabonakala ngokwenkcukacha ncwadi. Yaba enye kuhlaselo kuqala yeCawa kwaye izimvo zalo chithi.

Ngowe-1830, umseki komhlaba mihla - semvelo Charlz Layel - ukuxhasa ingcamango yokuba utshintsho phezu komhlaba ekuhambeni kwexesha, kuxhomekeke ukuhla lwemozulu, umsebenzi mlilo kunye neminye imiba. Lyell kuqala safaka wacebisa ukuba ihlabathi ephilayo yayingasoloko efanayo. ingcamango yakhe iqinisekiswa luphando ngezidalwa zamandulo semvelo French Zhorzha Kyuve. Ezi zinto zifuneka kuqala mbono zikaDarwin yakhokelela uphando entsha.

Imfundiso ubunye bume engqongileyo

Isiqingatha sokuqala senkulungwane XIX yabalasela ezifunyaniswe, ebonakalalisa ukuba indalo mnye. Umzekelo, IsiSwedish Himik Yens Berzelius wabonisa ukuba izityalo kunye nezilwanyana iqanjwa izinto ezifanayo njengoko umzimba ezingaphiliyo. usomachiza German Fridrih Veler kunye ngugqirha efanayo ixesha ezifunyanwa kuqala wafumana kuqala acid oxalic uze urea. Ezi abaphandi lubonise ukuba iikhompawundi organic ukuze kuhlanganiswa ukusuka ezingaphiliyo. Kuba imbonakalo yazo zange udinga amandla odlisa ubomi kaThixo, njengoko kwakunjalo kwindalo.

Yi baseYurophu ngenkulungwane XIX eyangena kwiimbombo osekuphekeni planethi. Emahlathini emvula yeAfrika kunye Umbala polar Melika wathumela zobuntlola zophando. Izazinzulu babuyela ekhaya, ekwabelwana bakubonileyo. EYurophu, eyakhiwe ngokucacileyo baqonde indlela eyahlukeneyo kunye nezintsonkothileyo ihlabathi. Ezi imiqathango ngokuba ukuvela kwethiyori ezincinane zikaDarwin ziye ukuba Isazinzulu waseBritani ukuba iqulunqe ichibi elikhulu ulwazi malunga iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezilwanyana nezityalo ezivela kulo lonke ihlabathi.

ukuvulwa yokwakheka

Ngowe-1807, isazi waseJamani Alexander von Humboldt yaba ngunozala ingcamango ukuba ukwabiwa lwendawo eziphilayo kuxhomekeke kwiimeko zentlalo yabo. abalandeli bakhe baye baqhubeka ukufunda ubudlelwane phakathi izilwanyana kunye nokusingqongileyo.

Kukho predictors olutsha lwenzululwazi theory zikaDarwin. iinkalo ezintsha kwavela, kuquka morphology lokuthelekisa. Anatomy, ukufunda isakhiwo lwangaphakathi kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo bafikelela kwisigqibo sokuba abafana ngazo. Zezityalo ngexesha elifanayo wenza impumelelo embryology.

Uphuhliso yokuzalela yezolimo

Ukongeza kuphando, kukho kwakhona ke imiqathango ezentlalo nezoqoqosho ukuvela kwethiyori zikaDarwin. Isazinzulu British phambi kokuba kupapashwe kwincwadi yakhe edumileyo "The Origin of Species" Ndifunde lukhulu lweenkomo yezolimo. Zivela kwi kubulela ngenkulungwane XIX kuphuhliso lwezoqoqosho yoBukhosi British.

ukuzuza layo lobusetlani bobukoloniyali ukwanda. Oku ukuba abalimi ukuba basebenzise iindlela ezahlukeneyo inkcubeko yefama. ngumba Socio-economic ithiyori zikaDarwin kukuba abanini ingakumbi izama yeefama ziye ngokuzenzela ukuphucula izityalo ukufumana izityalo ngaphezulu. Oku kwenziwa ngokusebenzisa yokhetho. iinkcubeko Ukutshintsha ukuba bhetyebhetye yayo kwiimeko ezintsha kuqoqosho kwenza Darwin ingcamango ukuba inkqubo efanayo ingenzeka indalo.

Impembelelo kwiimfundiso rhwebo

Ngomhla Isazinzulu IsiNgesi waba nempembelelo enkulu izimvo ka Adam Smith le ngezoqoqosho. Wadala ingcamango kuqoqosho emarikeni. It wagxininisa ukubaluleka kukhuphiswano phakathi abenzi ezahlukeneyo. Ngenxa yokuba iinkampani ukhuphiswano kufuneka siphucule rhoqo umgangatho weemveliso banikela ukuthenga kubo.

On umgaqo ofanayo ukwakha kwithiyori zikaDarwin Imvelaphi womntu kunye nazo zonke ezinye iintlobo. Lo mthetho uye zivunywa. Darwin waphawula ukuba indalo asinde kuphela ezo ntlobo ukuba apha naphaya ukulungiselela iimeko zitshintsha. Kwimeko-bume, kwaba, njengoko kuqoqosho emarikeni. Ndiya kusithenga kule mbono kaDarwin (imvelaphi yabantu).

theory Demographic Malthusian

yokuqala ukuvela isikhundla yaziwa kakuhle ingcamango zikaDarwin, kunye kubulelwe zophando demographer IsiNgesi Thomas Malthus. Le inzululwazi kwiincwadi zakhe ukuxhasa ingcamango yokuba inani labantu ikhula ngokukhawuleza kakhulu xa kuthelekiswa nokwanda kwimveliso yokutya. Malthus wayecinga ukuba le ntswela ekugqibeleni kuya kukhokelela balambe ukuhla kwenani labantu kunye.

imvelaphi theory kweentlobo ithwala lo mgaqo lonke uhlobo ngokubanzi. imithombo Limited kungekudala enokukhokelela umlo phakathi kwezinto eziphilayo - Charles Darwin waqukumbela, ezisekelwe kwiimbono ecetywayo yi Thomas Malthus. Izazinzulu zikholelwa ukuba uhlobo zabo ukuba kubekho ulungelelwano phakathi iintlobo, ukuze bonke babe okwaneleyo ukutya, indawo, njalo-njalo. D.

kugcinwa ezincinane zikaDarwin

Okokugqibela, i-prerequisite wokugqibela inkangeleko kwethiyori zikaDarwin yaba uhambo wakhe ehlabathini lonke ababe- "Beagle". Voyage phantse kwiminyaka emihlanu (1831-1836). Le umphandi wathabatha inxaxheba kwiphulo, injongo yayo ukufunda ugu Umzantsi Melika. Ngaloo Darwin aba nethuba lokuba babone ngamehlo abo uhlobo iindawo ezininzi kungummangaliso kwaye ekude kakhulu kwiplanethi yethu.

I eliNgesi uqoqe inani elininzi izibakala wamvumela ukuba ukuqinisekisa ukuchaneka ingcamango yokuba izinto zazivelela. Okokuqala, wafumana ukufana phakathi armadillos kunye sloths yoMzantsi Melika kunye iifosili bubuhle, apho wafumanisa izazinzulu ngexesha zokumisa kwi ukuhlasela. Okwesibini, Darwin ngabanye ukuthi, kunye utshintsho kwiindawo ngokwezelizwe utshintshe kunye nezilwanyana. Ezinye zezinto waphila kunxweme South American, akusekho ezibanjiswe efudumeleyo, kufutshane-ikhweyitha.

On the zeGalapagos Archipelago, Darwin wafumanisa omnye umzekelo. Kwi ngasinye kwezi ziqithi kweli qela waba uhlobo ubuncinane enye elihle izilwanyana (nezikhova, namacilikishe njalo njalo. D.). Eyathi kwenza sisazinzulu yaseBritani ukuba bacinga ukuba uphuhliso kwindawo nganye bodwa uyaqhubeka. Zonke izigqibo Darwin ezishwankathelweyo ngokukhupha babe nombono omtsha kwincwadi yakhe "The Origin of Species" (1859). iingcinga zakhe yendaleko yeyimbi lesayensi.