Igesi Ideal. Inxaki likarhulumente okanye igesi efanelekileyo. Izoprotsessy.

Inxaki gas ifanelekileyo imo yegesi efanelekileyo, iqondo layo kunye noxinzelelo, umthamo ... uluhlu yemida kunye neenkcazelo, apho asebenza kwicandelo ofanelekileyo physics, kunokwenzeka ukuba iqhubeke ixesha elide ngokwaneleyo. Namhlanje siza kuthetha nje ngalo mbandela.

Yintoni ehlanganiswa physics eziphilayo?

Eyona nto ingundoqo, egqalwa kweli candelo irhasi egqibeleleyo. Inxaki likarhulumente ye yegesi efanelekileyo lwafunyanwa kusekelwe phezu kweemeko eziqhelekileyo esingqongileyo, yaye siza sithethe kancinane emva koko. Ngoku makhe eze kule "ngxaki" evela kude.

Masithi ke kukho ubunzima obuthile yerhasi. imeko lwakhe kuchazwa parameters ezintathu nature thermodynamic. Kakade ke, uxinzelelo, umthamo kunye nobushushu. System equation karhulumente kulo unxibelelwano mzekelo phakathi kwe parameters ifomula zabo. Kubonakala oko: F (p, V, T) = 0.

Apha kuba okokuqala bebe cwaka ukuya ukuvela into efana yegesi efanelekileyo. Bambiza negesi, apho intsebenziswano phakathi molecule enziwe okungenamsebenzi. Ngokubanzi yobume eso asikho. Noko ke, nayiphi na igesi rarefied noko n'wina. Ukusuka ogqibeleleyo omncinane ezahlukeneyo initrogen, ioksijini kunye nomoya, ukuba kwiimeko eziqhelekileyo. Ukuze ubhale inxaki likarhulumente okanye igesi efanelekileyo, singakwazi ukusebenzisa umthetho igesi zidityanisiwe. Thina ukufumana: PV / T = nengngqi.

Inombolo Ingcamango ezinxulumene 1: Umthetho Avogadro kaThixo

Loo nto isixelela ukuba xa sithatha inani elifanayo abamenzelayo of ngokupheleleyo nayiphi na igesi ngequbuliso uwafake kweemeko ezifanayo, kuquka iqondo lobushushu kunye noxinzelelo, irhasi iya kubonakala lomqulu. Ingakumbi, le experiment lwenziwa phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo. Oku kuthetha ukuba lobushushu 273,15 Kelvin, uxinzelelo - umoya mnye (760 mm HG okanye 101.325 Pascals). Ngezi parameters volume gas athatyathiweyo ulingana iilitha 22.4. Ngoko ke, singatsho ukuba enye adla nawuphi ratio igesi wokwamanani parameters kuya kuba njalo. Kungenxa yoko le nto kwagqitywa ukunika eli nani nesikhundla yileta R kwaye bayibiza njalo igesi yendalo iphela. Ngenxa yoko, yona ilingana 8.31. Imilinganiso J / Mol * K.

igesi Ideal. Inxaki likarhulumente okanye igesi efanelekileyo kwaye zokuzisebenzisa

Makhe uzame kwakhona. Ukulungiselela le njongo, esibhala ngayo kule fomu: PV = RT. Ngaphezu koko benze ukusebenza ayinzima, phinda macala ngo inani ngokwesigqibo esicalanye zisaqala. Thina ukufumana pVu = uRT. siyithathela ingqalelo into yokuba imveliso mqulu izinyo kwi isixa iziyobisi nje umthamo. Kodwa ngexesha elifanayo inani abamenzelayo kuya kubakho ubunzima zabucala kunye nobunzima izinyo. Nantso yintoni i'quadratic Mendeleev-Clapeyron. Inika umbono ngokucacileyo uhlobo nkqubo yenza oko yegesi efanelekileyo. Inxaki kazwelonke yegesi efanelekileyo uba: PV = mRT / M.

Ukufumana ifomula uxinzelelo

Makhe ndizichithe nokuqhathwa ngaphezulu elithi ifunyenwe. Ukwenza oku kwicala lasekunene Mendeleev-Clapeyron phinda kwaye silahlule yi inani Avogadro. Ngoku khangela ngenyameko imveliso mali kweziyobisi i Avogadro rhoqo. Le nto ngaphezu kwenani lilonke molecule e yigesi. Kodwa kwangaxeshanye, umlinganiselo njalo igesi jikelele inani Avogadro iya kulingana kwi Boltzmann njalo. Ngenxa yoko, yengcinezelo formula ingabhekiswa kwathiwa kuyo: p = NkT / V okanye p = nkT. Apha notation n yi xi ngamasuntswana.

Iinkqubo igesi enhle

Xa physics eziphilayo , kukho into ezifana izoprotsessy. Oku iinkqubo thermodynamic ezenzeka kwinkqubo kwi a rhoqo iparameters. Ubunzima izinto kufuneka sihlale rhoqo. Makhe sijonge kubo ngokukhethekileyo. Ngoko ke, lo mthetho igesi efanelekileyo.

Pressure lihlala

Nguwo lowo umyalelo Gay-Lussac. Kubonakala ngathi le nto: V / T = nengngqi. Oku kunokwenziwa kwakhona ngendlela eyahlukileyo: V = Vo (1 + at). Apha, 'a' ngu 1 / 273.15 kwaye K ^ -1 ubizwa ngokuba "umthamo ukwanda ingumlingani." Nathi lingatshintsha njengoko amaqondo obushushu kwi Celsius kunye Kelvin. Kwimeko yokugqibela sinokucela V ifomula = Voat.

Volume lihlala

Nguwo lowo umyalelo wesibini ka-Gay-Lussac, ngokufuthi ngakumbi obizwa ngokuba umthetho Charles. Kubonakala ngathi le nto: p / T = nengngqi. Kukho omnye kuqulunqo: p = po (1 + at). Ukuguqula zingenziwa ngokungqinelana umzekelo yangaphambili. Njengoko sibonile, imithetho igesi ifanelekileyo ngamanye amaxesha efana kakhulu omnye komnye.

Izinga lihlala

Ukuba iqondo lobushushu igesi ofanelekileyo kuhlala rhoqo, ngoko singafumana umthetho kaBoyle. PV = nengngqi: unako oko kubhalwe phantsi.

A ingqiqo enxulumene № 2: ingcinezelo buso

Makhe sithi isitya kunye neegesi. Kuya kuba umxube. Le nkqubo sikwimo of lwesilinganiso thermal, kunye neegesi musani zisenokuxabana nezinye. Apha, N ibonisa inani elipheleleyo iimolekyuli. N1, N2 njalo njalo, ngokulandelelana, inani molecule e ngalinye leekhomponenti okhoyo mxube. Thatha ifomula xi p = nkT = NkT / V. It iya kuvulwa ukuba kwimeko ethile. Kuba umxube olungumgubo-Icandelo ezimbini uba: p = (N1 + N2) KT / V. Kodwa ke kwenzeka ukuba uxinzelelo zizonke ziya kuba isiphumo yeengcinezelo kwenxenye umxube nganye. Oku kuthetha ukuba kuya kuba luhlobo P1 + P2, njalo-njalo. Oku kuya kuba uxinzelelo buso.

Wenza ntoni na?

Ifomula zoqhagamshelwano ngenxa ibonisa ukuba uxinzelelo nkqubo eziceke-ceke ngakwicala iqela ngalinye iimolekyuli. Ngoko ke, ngokuzenzekelayo, akuxhomekekanga kwabanye. Oku kuthatha kuqulunqo umthetho wayeseDalton, kamva ogama emva kwakhe: umxube apho iigesi azikho iikhemikhali zisenokuxabana nezinye, uxinzelelo iyonke ilingana isixa ingcinezelo buso.