Imbali yeSmolensk. Iinkcukacha ezithandayo malunga noSomolensk

Imbali yeSmolensk ibangele ukuba banomdla kuphela kubahlali kunye neendwendwe zalo mzi. Kuphawulwe iziganeko ezininzi zokubaluleka kwelizwe. Idolophu enkulu yedemoni yaseRashiya, isixeko esiqhoshayo, isixeko esiqhawe, sisasazeka kwiintaba ezi-7 ... Xa bethetha ngoSmolensk, bathetha ngembali yaseRashiya, kuba kwakukho apha ukuba iinqwelo kunye nemigudu ye-Fatherland yethu yayivame ukuwela.

Ngaphambi kokuba siqale ibali malunga nomlando weso sixeko, makhe sithethe ngamagama ambalwa malunga nalapho uSolomon ekhoyo khona. Itholakala ngasenyakatho-ntshonalanga yeMoscow, iikhilomitha ezingama-378 ukusuka kuyo, kwiindawo eziphezulu zeDnieper. Kwintsimi yalo apho kukho abantu abangama-330 lamawaka. Imephu kwimimandla yaseSmolensk ibhalwe ngokubomvu.

Iinkcukacha ezinomdla wesixeko saseSmolensk

USmolensk ungomnye wezixeko zasendulo zaseRashiya. Uneminyaka efanayo neNovogorod kunye neKiev, emdala kuneMoscow. Imbali kaSmolensk yaqala ngo-863, xa lo mzi wakhiwe endleleni "evela kuma-Varangi ukuya kumaGrike." Kuzikhumbuza itempile lasendulo, ummandla wokhuselo lomhlaba, okanye inqaba yinqaba. Ezi zikhumbuzo kunye nezakhiwo ziye zafakazela ukuvela nokuphuhliswa kweSmolensk, kwaye kunye nayo yonke iRashiya. Ummandla waseSmolensk ohlala eGagarin, Azimov, Glinka, Przhevalsky, Tvardovsky kunye nabanye abantu abaziwa ngaphandle kwelizwe lethu.

Iziko leSmolensk lihle kakhulu namhlanje. Esi sixeko sakwazi ukudibanisa umoya wexesha elidlulileyo kunye nomoya oshukumisayo wexesha lethu. Uhlala namhlanje ngobomi obutsha obutyebi. Kukho ii-nightclub ezifashisayo, iiyunivesithi ezininzi kunye neema-cinema. Kwiiiteyu zokungcebeleka, izindlu zekhofi ezicocekileyo kunye nemivalo yomsindo, kwizikwere, i-sun-drenched, kwiipaki eziluhlaza kunye namacangca omnyama, umntu unokuva isigqi somzi, ukutshiza nokuphefumula.

Ukuthetha ngommandla waseSmolensk kunye neSmolensk, akunakwenzeka ukuba ungakhankanyi uhlobo lwendawo yokugcina impahla kunye neepaki, ubuhle bendawo yokubukwa kwamachibi kunye namahlathi aluhlaza. Abathandi bemvelo baya kuba nako ukuphefumula umoya wehlathi, batyelele iingqungquthela ezingaqhelekanga zendalo, ezinokufumaneka kwi-Smolensk Lakes - ipaki kazwelonke.

Ukutshintsha kwexesha, esi sixeko sasikwazi ukugcina ikharityhulam yephondo, izithethe zamandulo kunye nenkcubeko ekhethekileyo. Umoya ochazwa nguSmolensk unikezwa ngolu hlobo lobomi bobutsha, i-key-hit, kunye namasiko asendulo.

Ukuvela kweSmolensk, iphepha lokuqala lomlando

Lo mzi uvela kummandla ophezulu weDnieper njengesiko sakwaSlavic Krivichi isizwe. Imbali kaSmolensk iqala ngokukhankanywa kokuqala kwimbali ye-Ustiug, ebuyela emva ngo-863. Kwimbali malunga nendlela i-squads u-Askold no-Dir baqhuba ngayo umkhankaso wokulwa neTsar-grad, kuthiwa umzi waseSmolensk ngelo xesha "kwakuyisixeko esikhulu nabantu abaninzi." Ngo-882, isikhulu u-Oleg sithatha isiqhelo, esichazwe kwingxelo yokuqala yaseNovgorgor. Imbali yeSmolensk ibonakaliswe yinyaniso yokuba ekupheleni kwekhulu le-IX yaba yinxalenye ye-Kievan Rus, kodwa yalawulwa ixesha elide emva koko. Kwimanqaku kaConstantine Porphyrogenitus (umbusi waseByzantine), eqala ukususela kwiminyaka yeshumi leminyaka, esi sixeko sibizwa ngokuba kunye neKiev, inqaba.

Smolensk ngekhulu le-11 le-12

Emva kokufa kukaYaroslav oLumkileyo ngo-1054, okwethutyana oonyana bakhe abancinane babusa eSmolensk: kuqala uVyacheslav, kwaye emva kwakhe - u-Igor.

Isixeko esinomdla kuthi ekupheleni kwekhulu le-XI siba ngumzi othile waseVladimir Monomakh, owamukeleyo ngaphezu kwePereyaslavl South, "inzala" yakhe yakudala. Inkokheli yeSmolensk iphumelele ukuzimela kwezopolitiko phantsi koRostislav Mstislavovich, umzukulu waseMonomakh. URostislav ngo-1134 wayejikeleze iinqaba zokhuselo zaseSmolensk. Ngelo xesha le sixeko yayisele ikhulu kakhulu. Kwaqala ukuba nolwakhiwo olunzulu lwamatye, oluqhubeka noonyana bakaRostislav Mstislavovich - Romana, kunye nekhefu elincinane phakathi kwesikhulu ukususela ngo-1160 ukuya ku-1180, kunye noDavid (ukusuka ngo-1180 ukuya ku-1197). E-Smolensk ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-XII kukho isikolo sokuzimela esizimeleyo.

Kwiindawo ezilungileyo zokunceda, kunye neDnieper, kwakukho iidolophu ezinkulu kunye nezindwendwe, iinkosana kunye neecawa, kunye necawa zama-episcopal. Oku kwakha i-panorama ephawulekayo yakwaSmolensk, eyenza ingqiqo engabonakaliyo kubantu abathengisayo abavela kwamanye amazwe.

Ubomi obunengqiqo kwesi sixeko

Ukubhala kunye nenkcubeko ngelo xesha kwafikelela kumgangatho ophezulu. Kwaye kwadalwa ii-workshops zamathempeli, apho iincwadi zabhalwa kwakhona, kunye nezikolo ezifundiswa kwiilwimi zesiLatini nesiGrike. Ukukhanya okunjalo okukhulu kwavela kumhlaba waseSmolensk, njengoClement Smolyatich, umbhali kunye nefilosofi, wakhetha i-Kiev metropolitan ngo-1147, kunye ne-Monk Avraamy yaseSmolensk, "izipho zokwalusa" kunye "nokufundiswa" okuye kwaphawulwa ngabantu abahlukahlukeneyo.

Ukuphuhliswa kwezakhono kunye nezorhwebo, ukuhlasela kweBatu

Izandla kunye nezorhwebo eziphuhlisiwe. Ngo-1229, bagqiba isivumelwano neG Gotland, eRiga kunye nezixeko zaseNyakatho zaseJamani. Esi sivumelwano siyaziwa njengeSmolensk Trade Truth. Emva kokulwa neqela leBatu ngo-1239, abaSmolenskites babalekela intshabalalo yaseTatar-Mongol, nangona ngoku koko bafuneka bahlawule umrhumo we-Golden Horde. I-Nomads ngo-1339 yazama kwakhona ukuba ibambe esi sixeko esivukelekileyo, nangona kunjalo, emva kokubona iinqaba ezinamandla kwisayithi apho iSololsk ikhona khona, ibuyiselwe.

Smolensk njengenxalenye yesiqendu saseLithuania

Ukususela ngekhulu le-14 le sixeko sele iphantsi kwengcinezelo evela eLithuania. I-Vytautas, inkosana yaseLithuania, ngo-1404 ngokukhohlisa yathatha iSmolensk emva kokungqingwa kweenyanga ezimbini. Ngo-1410 u-Smolensk, esele eyingxenye yenqununu yaseLithuania, uthathe inxaxheba kwi-Battle of Grunwald. Umsindo ophezulu weTeuton wawucingwa ngu-Smolensk abathathu, ababengaphakathi kwimbutho yabantu baseSlavic. Bema besiya kufa, besenza isigqibo, ngokwenene, isiphumo salolu dabi.

Ukukhululwa kweSmolensk, ukuphuhliswa kwesi sixeko kwi-16 leminyaka

Ngaphantsi kwePrince Vasily III ngo-1514 uSmolensk wakhululwa. Yaba yinxalenye yombuso waseMoscow. Ngaphantsi kwe-Ivan eyothusayo phakathi kwekhulu le-16 inqaba entsha ye-oki yabekwa phezu kwayo kwinqanaba lomhlaba. I-Posad ye-Dnieper yanda kakhulu, iindawo zokuhlala ezimbini ziza kubonakala kwibhanki lasekhohlo - iChurilovskaya kunye neRachevskaya. Umfokazi uJohn Cobenzel, oye watyelela isixeko ngo-1575, wafanisa ubukhulu bakhe neRoma. Amaqela asePolish-Lithuanian, elahlekelwe yinqaba, eyabaluleke kakhulu kubo, bazama ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukuzama ukunqoba umzi. Isigqibo sokomeleza i-postpost yemida yasentshonalanga yelizwe yenziwa ekupheleni kwekhulu le-XVI. E-Smolensk ngowe-1596-1602 kwakha udonga olunamandla.

Ukuhlasela kweePolesi

Esi sixeko sijamelene ngo-1609-1611 ukusikrosa kwinyanga engamashumi amabini apho ilawulwa ngumkhosi kaSigismund III, ukumkani wasePolish. Kwincwadi enye engenamagama efuna ukulwa nabangeneleli, kwathiwa ukuba kukho ubuncinane "imizi" eneRussia, ngoko bekungekho mthethweni kwiintshaba zokungena kwilizwe laseRussia. U-Smolensk ongenakubuhlungu wawa ngo-Juni 1611. Emva kweminyaka engama-43 kuphela, ngexesha lolawulo luka-Alexei Mikhailovich, wakhululwa ePoles waza wangena ekugqibeleni kwiRashiya.

Imfazwe yaseMntla kwimbali yeso sixeko

U-Smolensk waphinde wazifumana endleleni yebaqoqo ngexesha leMfazwe yaseMntla. Ngokuphindaphindiweyo uPetros ndaza apha, xa kwenzeka ukuhlasela kwabakwaSweden ukuqinisa isixeko. Le tsar ngo-Oktobha 1708 kwindlu yeedolophu yayibingelelwa ngokukhululekile ngamajoni aseRussia awabetha kufuphi nedolophana yaseLesnoy, izidumbu zaseSweden phantsi kolawulo lukaGeneral Lewenhaupt ekuncedeni uCharles XII.

Isimo esitsha

Isixeko esinomdla kuthi ngo-1708 sifumana isimo esitsha-isimo seseko sephondo. Isambatho esidala seengalo zikaSmolensk, esichaza i-cannon nentaka yeparadesi, ehleli kuyo, iyaqinisekiswa ngo-1780. Ngezantsi kwebhebhoni yesilivere namhlanje ibhaliwe isiqubulo esithi: "Ukuzukiswa yiNqaba." Ingubo yanamhlanje yeengalo zikaSmolensk iboniswe ngezantsi. E-Smolensk ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-XVIII kwakukho abemi abayi-11,579.

Ukuhlangana kwakhona kwembali yamabutho amabini kufuphi neSmolensk

Kwimbali yeSmolensk, iphepha leqhawe labhalwa ngo-1812. Imikhosi yase-1 neyesi-2 yaseRashiya, isuka kwimida esentshonalanga emva kokuhlasela kweNapoleon, ebumbene phantsi kweSmolensk. AmaFrentshi apha adibana nokuxhatshazwa ngokukrakra kwinxalenye yamaRashiya: Amasosha aseRashiya ayenesibindi eboniswa kwiindonga kunye neengxenyana zobutshaba beentshaba. Ukujoyina imikhosi ye-Bagration kunye noBarlay de Tolly ngaseSmolensk kwaphazamisa izicwangciso zeNapoleon zokuzibhubhisa. Oku kukhululelwe umphumo we-Battle of Borodino (umphathi-oyintloko-Kutuzov).

Inkqubela yeSmolensk: iinkcukacha

Amajoni aseFransi ayefuna zonke iindleko ngomhla wokuzalwa komlawuli wabo (uAgasti 4) ukungena kwesi sixeko. Kwaye ngo-Agasti 4-5, imfazwe yenzeke kufuphi neSmolensk. Amakhulu amabrenri kunye namaqhekeza, amawaka amabhola afafaza isixeko. AmaFrentshi asondele athathe amaGates aseMlochovsky. Nangona kunjalo, uncedo lwafika ngexesha kwaye, ngokukhawuleza ngaphandle kodonga, amaRashiya axoshwa kwi-serf moat yamaFrentshi. Kwakhona nakwezinye izindawo amaqhawe kaSmolensk agxotha ukuhlaselwa. Ukuthatha inxaxheba kwimbutho kuthatyathwe ngabantu abaninzi basezidolophini, bathabathe inxeba esixekweni baze baxhase amajoni. Ngaphandle kokwesaba iicuclei, abafazi bazisa iibhakethi zamanzi kumajoni akhathele. Kwixesha elide, ukukhusela uSmolensk kwaqhubeka. AmaFrentshi aphinda aphinda atshabalalise esixekweni, kodwa ahlale engaphumeleli. Emva koko uMlawuli uNapoleon wayala ukuyikhanyisa ngeebhomu, kwaye isixeko sasivutha umlilo.

Ngomso ka-Agasti 6, amaFrentshi angena ngaphandle koyiko, kwi-Smolensk engashiyiweyo. UNapoleon wagibela eSangweni laseNiclas. Imikhosi yombusi ngemihla engama-4 iya eMoscow. Nangona kunjalo, imikhosi yaseRussia sele isidibanise kwaye ibuyele ndawonye. Ibutho laseRashiya kwintsimi yaseBorodino, ephefumlelwe ngokubonakala kwesango lesango likaMama likaThixo kwimigangatho yabo (yayigqatshelwe kwinkampu ngaphambi kokuba imfazwe), yabonakalisa ukuhlaselwa kwamaFrentshi. UBonaparte waqonda ngoko amandla eRashiya.

Ukubuya kweNapoleon

UNapoleon wabaleka ezimbini iinyanga emva kokubanjwa kukaSmolensk kunye nomkhosi wakhe olambileyo. Wangena ngeenyawo eSmolensk ngo-Oktobha 28 ukuya kwisango laseDnipropetrovsk ngaphandle kweso sihlandlo, ehamba kwindlela ebandayo. Isixeko sasisenanto. Ulambile kwaye ubanda apha kwaye wadibana nemikhosi yomkhosi wakhe. Napoleon, othukuthele ngale nto, wayala ukuba aqhube iindonga zeso sixeko, ambulale, aze amshiye ukuze aqhube phambili. 9 Iindonga zeSmolensk zithe zafika emoyeni. Kwabanye, abazingeli baseRashiya, abafika ngexesha, bakwazi ukukhupha ii-wicks.

Smolensk ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-XX

USmolensk ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-XX kwakungumzi wephondo weenkuni. Kuphela iingu-283 kwii-2,698 izakhiwo zenziwe ngamatye. Kule dolophu, ngokwekubalo lwaba-1881, kwakukho abantu abangama-33.9waka. 40 iitempile kunye neendwendwe eziqhutyelwa eSmolensk. Ngobusuku ka-Oktobha 31, 1917, iimbali zangaphambi kokuguqulwa kwesi sixeko zagqitywa. Ikhasi elitsha laqala - iSoviet Smolensk. Kwaye ke loo Bolsheviks yendawo yazisa ukuba kusekwe amandla aseSoviet kule sixeko. Kwakukho intshabalalo, kwaye emva kokubuyiselwa koqoqosho, ukunyanzeliswa kukaStalin, okuyiminyaka yobudala be-fascist.

Imfazwe Enkulu yePatriotic kwimbali yeso sixeko

USmolensk ngoJuni 1941 wayesendleleni eya ekuhlaselweni okukhulu kwemikhosi yaseJamani. Iimfazwe ezinamandla zale sixeko zadlulayo iiveki ezimbini. Ukuzikhusela kwexesha elide likaSmolensk kukhokelela ekubeni isicwangciso sokubanjiswa kwamabinza esiyinkunzi satshatyalaliswa. Apha umkhosi waseJamani okokuqala ngqa ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi yesiBini laphoqelelwa ukuba liqhubeke.

Ngowe-1943, ngoSeptemba 25, kwakukho imfazwe kufuphi neSmolensk, ngenxa yoko esi sixeko sikhululiwe. Imfazwe yabangela ukuhlupheka okungenakubonakala kweli lizwe. Umkhosi uSomolensk wabulawa kakhulu. Phantse ukuya phantsi, intshaba yayitshabalalisa isixeko. Abahlawuli babo abali-157 basekuhlaleni abahlala apha kwiminyaka yokuqala yangaphambili yemfazwe, abantu abayi-13 000 kuphela balinde.

"Isixeko esibalulekileyo"

U-Smolensk, ekugqibeleni zonke iimvavanyo ezinzima eziye zawa kwiqashiso, uye walondoloza ukubonakala kwayo. Iindonga zenkqantosi kunye netempileni zamandulo, i-obelisks ezithobekileyo kunye nezikhumbuzo eziphakamileyo zifana neendawo zokumisela kwixesha elizayo, ezixhomekeke ngokusondeleyo kunye nesiphelo selizwe lethu. Smolensk, emva kokusinda emlilweni womlilo, ukuhlasela kwetshaba, ukutshatyalaliswa, ukufumana uzuko lomgcini womda waseRussia, waba ngumqondiso wokuthanda izwe laseRashiya nokuqina. Akuyona into yokuba isixeko esiyintloko sabizwa.

Imbali yolondolozo lwembali yaseSmolensk

Namhlanje ungaqhelana nembali yeso sixeko kunye neemyuziyamu zayo. Le yiMbali yeMbali, iSmolensk - Shield yaseRussia (echazwe ngezantsi), iSithili saseSmolensk kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi yesiBili 1941-1945. Ngamnye kubo unomdla ngendlela yawo. Iimyuziyam zembali ziza kukuxelela malunga nexesha elidlulileyo le sixeko ukususela kumaxesha okuqala ngaphambili ukuya kwekhulu lama-20. "I-Smolensk - ikhuselo laseRashiya" ifumaneka kwiThunder Tower, eyingxenye yodonga lwenqaba yaseSmolensk.

Emva kokutyelela le ndawo, unokubona ngamehlo akho ayingqayizivele yangaphakathi kwinqaba, ukunyuka kwinqanaba layo elincinci elincinci, ukuphuma ngaphakathi kwintente yeenkuni, kwaye ufunde ngeemfazwe ezenzeke apha ngekhulu le-16 ne-17 kunye nokwakhiwa kwodonga lwenqaba.

"Ummandla waseSmolensk kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi yesiBini" - i-museum esekwe kwisakhiwo esasiyiSikolo seKholeji yabantu, esakhiwe ngo-1912. Ukwakhiwa kwesi sakhiwo kwachithwa ukuba kuhambisane nomnyaka we-100 wokunqoba uNapoleon. Ngo-Meyi 8, 2015 i-museum yavulwa emva kokuvuselelwa kwakhona.

Emva kokutyelela le minyuziyamu yaseSmolensk, uya kuchaphazela imbali yesixeko, kufunda ezininzi izinto ezintsha nezinto ezinomdla ngazo.