Inkqubo yezifo lohlobo: inkcazelo, imiqondiso, imizekelo

Yonke into eyenzekayo emzimbeni womntu ngokuxhomekeke kwimithetho ethile. Benza stereotypically kungakhathaliseki meko, ngoko umzimba izama ukuzikhusela ngokwabo ukusuka 'usongo "ngokohlobo amayeza okanye kogonyo, maxa wambi buhlungu naye. Kutheni le nto isenzeka? Yaye njani neempembelelo le nkqubo ukuba oko inzuzo yazo? Ingaba kukho ingqiqo inkqubo eqhelekileyo lwezidumbu, iintlobo, edibanisa lo mhlaba? Kule miba kangangamakhulu eminyaka, oogqirha kunye izazinzulu ukucacisa. Bazama ukuba zazise le mithetho abasabela ngayo umzimba, ukuhlalutya umsebenzi wakhe.

definition

inkqubo kamabonwakude yezifo - ukuxubana basabele ezilandelelanayo ibakho umzimba ukuphendula iimeko zangaphandle okanye zangaphakathi ukuphazamisa eliqhelekileyo lweenkqubo ezibalulekileyo. Nayiphi na inkqubo yezifo uneempawu ezifana bhetyebhetye, stereotypy, umyalezo poly, autochthonous, equifinality kunye namandla zophuhliso abahlukene.

Ulwazi iimpawu ivumela kulwabiwo boqobo iinkqubo zophendlo lwezifo yobuninzi bobuncwane bonke abasabela ibakho emzimbeni ngomzuzu ngamnye.

Iimpawu eziphambili zale nkqubo zophendlo lwezifo

Kuba iinkqubo ezithile zophendlo lwezifo luphawulwa ubukho iimpawu ezithile ezintandathu.

1. Engaguquki. Ukufumaneka iimpawu ezithile zale nkqubo, nokuba izinto zayo zalapha.
2. Nsimbi. inkqubo isifo angafuna wakhiwe ezikhoyo izifo ezahlukeneyo.
3. Polyetiology. arhente Etiologic esi sifo unendima starter kuphela kwaye ayikho abasisigxina.
4. Autochthonous. impahla kwinkqubo yokuphuhlisa ngokwabo, naxa factor causative akukho azisasebenzi.
5. Equifinality. iindlela ezahlukileyo nokuphumeza inkqubo zophendlo lwezifo ezikhokelela kuphuhliso efanayo kunye nokusonjululwa.
6. okuhambisa Developmental. Le ekuphuculeni indlela yommiselo kunye nenkqubo yezifo.

Ukwazi ezi mpawu, kunokwenzeka ukuba naziphi na iinkqubo ezithile zophendlo lwezifo. Imizekelo iziganeko ezinjalo: nangokurhala, ifiva, hypoxia, ntshikilelo, ukothuka. Ukongezelela, oko ekunokuthiwa ezi nkqubo, ithumba thrombosis, yoma, kunye nabanye abaninzi.

nezilonda

Ukudumba - inkqubo isampula zophendlo lwezifo ukuba liba utshintsho igazi, ukwanda permeability nemithambo kunye nezo zixhaphakile iiseli zomzimba ezingqongileyo muscular. Ijolise ekupheliseni stimulus yayintsholongwane eyosulela kunye nokufunyanwa ancedisana amalungu umsebenzi.

Ukudumba iquka amacandelo ezintlanu ezibalulekileyo: ubushushu, iintlungu, ehleliyo ekufukukeni apho: bomvu, nokuphazamiseka. Ezi fitsha ziqhelekile inkqubo zophendlo lwezifo zingasetyenziswa ukwenzela iziphumo zokuxilonga kunye nesifo umahluko amaziko. indlela yokukrala kuqhelekileyo zonke izinto eziphilayo, kuquka lenyama, kungakhathaliseki ukuba imiba asibambe neempawu noshowo umzimba.

Nasiphi na ukudumba kufuneka adlule kwizigaba ezintathu, nto leyo inokuba ngaphezulu okanye ucaca ngaphantsi. Isigaba sokuqala - silungiswe. It inxulunyaniswa umonakalo ancedisana iiseli. Emva kwayo, exudation iqala xa ukusuka semithambo kummandla umonakalo eqalisa flow fluid. Kwaye ke isigaba sokugqibela - ukwanda. Le iseli proliferation kunye inyama ngokutsha esebenzayo (okutsha).

fever

iinkqubo gumbini yezifo ziquka lobushushu iphakanyiswe kwaye anoxia. Ungaqala kunye lemikhuhlane. Lubonakala yi fever ezingisayo ngenxa yotshintsho kwinkqubo thermoregulatory. Evolutionarily le yokusabela luqokelelane ukukhusela umzimba ezasulelayo ukuba wafa phantsi amanyathelo ubushushu.

Isibini kwiinkulungwane ezadlulayo, zonke izifo kwinkqubo yophuhliso leyo iphakamisa ubushushu, ebizwa ngokuba "Fever." Eli binzana ekhoyo namhlanje egameni amanye amaziko yesifo, kodwa kuyo yonke indawo.

Umongo kule meko kuxhomekeke kwinto yokuba umzimba emva kokuba ahlaselwa pathogen uvelisa into ethile - ikeyiki. Ezi khemikhali kuchaphazela iziko thermoregulatory nokususa rhoqo lobushushu setpoint iphezulu kunesiqhelo. Kodwa thermoregulatory iindlela bagcine umsebenzi wabo. Lo mahluko fever esisiseko evela komzimba, ngexesha apho kukho ukusilela zembuyekezo iindlela thermoregulation.

hypoxia

Hypoxia - inkqubo eqhelekileyo zophendlo lwezifo ukuba kwenzeka ngenxa yokunqongophala kwe-oksijini emoyeni okanye ngenxa ukutyeshelwa yokunikwa kwabo Amalungu nezihlunu.

ahluke:

- hypoxia hypoxic (oksijini xi yokuhla emoyeni voice);
- zemiphunga okanye zemiphunga (kakuhle zothutho mpilo gematoalveolyarny umqobo);
- hematic ngenye Blutwurst (umthamo we igazi mpilo);
- yegazi (ukuncipha rate kwegazi);
- lilaphu (ukuncipha esiqwini oksijini mbono);
- omninzi (imifinya iiseli zomzimba ezisebenza igcwele);
- ingxubevange;
- indoda-ezenziwe (kuphuhliswa ukuba umzimba ixesha elide kwindawo ngumsi phezulu).

Eyona uvakalelo yokunqongophala kwe-oksijini zezona izihlunu luvo, izihlunu kwentliziyo, isibindi kunye neeseli zezintso. Kuba Ukulungiswa hypoxia usebenzisa iziyobisi ukwandisa ukuziswa oxygen iithishu okanye ukunciphisa imfuneko umzimba ukuze legesi.

ukwala kokuthile nempilo yomntu

Ingcamango yokuba iinkqubo ezithile zophendlo lwezifo akakwazi ukwenza imshiye komzimba. Le ntsabelo hypersensitive le amajoni omzimba inkangeleko ezisegazini zomzimba. Kukho iindidi ezine hypersensitivity:

1. Anaphylactic. Ngexesha umfowunelwa wokuqala umzimba usenziwa kunye iantigens kakhulu IgE, iqhotyoshelwe andizele iiseli kwaye atyhutyhela egazini. umfowunelwa phindo kunye iantigens, iiseli lwemasti utshabalale, igazi kunye izicwili ukuwa mediators ukudumba leyo baxabane zenkqubo yezemfundo.
2. Cytotoxic. Isilwa ibekwe kwi iseli inwebu, iiklasi immunoglobulin wayithimba M G. Emva koko, iiseli iginya phagocytosis, okanye uphantsi kweempembelelo iiprothini ngumphelelisi okanye neeseli ezingababulali yendalo.
3. Immunocomplex. Izilwa ezidibene unomphelo awakwazi kwaye zincamathele kwiindonga imithambo yegazi. iiseli nemithambo endothelial iginya enqanda kukhululwa.
4. Ilibazisekile uhlobo hypersensitivity (DTH). Isilwa-buhlungu esisegazini engena umzimba, lisebenzisana kunye macrophage kunye iiseli T ngokuvuselela nezifo.

uxinzelelo

Uxinzelelo - ingqiqo ngokuhlangeneyo kuquka iindlela ezingezo-ngqo kwingcamango omzimba efakwe phantsi kwempembelelo yeemeko ezahlukeneyo lwangaphandle nangaphakathi. Bekela bucala uxinzelelo ezakhayo - eustress kunye navumelanayo - lokubandezeleka. Xa Uhlobo exposure ukwahlula neuropsychic, ubushushu, ukukhanya, njalo njalo Golodova. Uxinezeleko.

uxinzelelo period ukwabizwa ngokuba le syndrome lithathelwe ngokubanzi (Osa). Komzimba Hans Salle wafumanisa ukuba, ukongeza imbuyiselo ngenxa kurhulumente yoxinezeleko, kwaye kukho abathile umonakalo zomziba: ukuncitshiswa esinobubovu thymus, ukwandisa neuron adrenal, izilonda ze iphecana zesisu.

Umphengululi efanayo ichonge zigaba ezintathu CCA:

- alarm (badibane zolondolozo zomzimba);
- namandla;
- luya.

kweminyaka emihlanu emva kopapasho ingcamango yakhe, ngowe-1938, yena ecetywayo ithiyori Salie lithathelwe elide.

thrombosis

iinkqubo gumbini yezifo ezinxulumene ukuphazamiseka nokuhamba kwegazi - i hypoxia kunye thrombosis. Wokugqibela ukuyilwa egazi ngaphakathi imithambo yegazi ebomini bomntu. Emva yokulimala lwemithambo, umthambo, inqanawa capillary okanye nawuphi na omnye umzi nesiza komsipha ye zegazi, ezinamathele kunye kwaye zenza lihlwili fibrin zaseprayimari. Uyawavala unesiphako uvingce ukulahleka igazi ebhedini nemithambo ukusuka.

Le nkqubo okuhle. Nangona kunjalo, phantsi kweemeko ezithile (nelahleko enkulu igazi, ukusilela iindlela adaptation, lipids igazi ophakamileyo), egazi zegazi lokubumba ngaphandle umonakalo egazini. Egazi lijikeleze egazini kwaye ucingo iinqanawa ezincinane (okanye ezinkulu), ebangela ischemia nogwali necrosis.

Kukho izinto ezintathu ezikhuthaza thrombosis, m. N. triad Virchow esithi:

- hypercoagulation okanye thrombophilia (a imeko okubangelwa ziziphene zemvelo okanye eyandayo okukwazi);
- umonakalo mucosal iiseli nemithambo (trauma, utyando, ulosuleleko);
- ephula kwegazi nesiza yokwenzakala (stasis igazi ngenxa yokuba nesifo sentliziyo).

ithumba

Oogqirha nga zizakujongwa njengo ithumba isampulu inkqubo yezifo. Ingcaciso yale mbono oku: lo esikule olwakheka ngenxa yeenguqu izixhobo yemfuza esiseleni. Ezi nguqu zikhokelele nokuphazanyiswa lokukhula kwabo nokuzahlula.

Zonke yamathumba bohlulwa babe ngamaqela amabini: ebubonisayo nesibuhlungu. Kukho iinkalo ezintlanu ziqhelekilyo zonke nangezilonda:

- atypia (zomzimba okanye iseli);
- isakhiwo organoid;
- Inkqubela;
- ukuzimela;
- ukukhula unlimited.

Kuba zikhula ebubonisayo kade. Bona ezizo metastases kwaye akanalo nempembelelo engentle kummandla we-nenyama xa iyonke. Kodwa ke intlanganisela yeemeko bangenathamsanqa abakwazi ithumba.

yoma

iinkqubo gumbini yezifo ziquka yoma kunye angakwazi. Yoma - ukuhla ubungakanani Amalungu nezihlunu ngenxa yokutya. Ngexesha yoma waphawula ukuhla Ebubanzini imicu izihlunu, ukuncitshiswa actin kunye myosin, izinto zeplastiki. Xa myocardium kuvela kwiindawo necrosis, kunye nesisu lining - libe sisilonda. Yoma senzeka ngexesha umntu xa ediniwe yi kokugula ixesha elide okanye anyanzeliswe ukuba ahambisane alale engqongqo, efana emva eyaphukileyo okanye wahlaselwa yintliziyo.

Imiphumo yoma lula ukulungisa, ukuba ngexesha ukubuyisela umsebenzi motor. Ngoko ke, wagqiba ekubeni ukukhulisa utyando yomguli kwixesha postoperative kwiyunithi labagula kakhulu - ukuzibandakanya physiotherapy nokuphefumla umthambo.

Ngokwamanani non-zonyango, isetyenziswa eli lizwi, xa sifuna ukugxininisa ukulahleka nayiphi ukuqonda okanye ubuchule.

muscular

Muscular - inkqubo eqhelekileyo lwezidumbu, isifo metabolic ebalasele kwinqanaba izihlunu, nto leyo ekhokelela utshintsho zabo kwisakhiwo. Xa intliziyo yale nkqubo kukwaphula iiseli ngamandla. IiNdlela yezihlunu trophic kunye namaziko zahlulwe intracellular kunye extracellular.

iindlela Intracellular ziquka:

- ukuhambisa iimveliso pathways ngalo igazi kunye nkovu;
- mesenchyme intercellular;
- umthetho neuroendocrine.

Ukophulwa link nganye nganye, okanye yonke kunye na uhlobo kukungondleki. Cell ukuba i protein, nenqatha, ekudleni nezimbiwa muscular, ngokunjalo ezondeleyo.

yamafutha

Ukophulwa lipid lokugaya nayo kwiinkqubo boqobo zophendlo lwezifo. Le pathophysiology yale meko enxulumene nethe kwamafutha kunye nokufumba yabo emithanjeni. Lipids ephantsi kakhulu ephantsi-mninzi buzane iiseli endothelial yenza umonakalo atheromatous. Kwinqanaba elilandelayo endaweni yazo ikhula kwizicwili ukuba imbibiruetsya ion calcium. emithanjeni kuba ekhubazekile, limxinwa kwaye kucocwe ngokupheleleyo. Oku kukhokelela ischemia nogwali kwekhono.