Amaxesha anzima kumhlaba waseRashiya: inkulungwane ye-13-ixesha lokuhlasela

Kwiminyaka eyahlukileyo kwiinkulungwane ezidlulileyo amaxhoba angamazwe aye azama ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukunqoba iRashiya, kwaye imele inganyanzelwanga, kwaye nanamhla. Amaxesha anzima kwilizwe laseRussia lavela kwimbali ngaphezu kweyodwa. Kodwa okunje, njengenkulungwane ye-13, kwakungekho xesha elinzima, elisongela ubukho bobuRhulumente, nangaphambi nangemva kwayo. Ukuhlaselwa kwasilwa ukusuka entshona kunye nakwasezantsi ngamaqela amaninzi. Amaxesha amanzima afike kumhlaba waseRussia.

ERashiya ngekhulu le-13

Wacinga ntoni? Ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-13, uConstantinople njengendawo yezinto zokomoya wayesele elahlekelwe yimpembelelo yayo. Kwaye amanye amazwe (umzekelo, iBulgaria, iSerbia) aqonda amandla kunye nobukhulu beKatolika. Itrone yehlabathi lama-Orthodox yiRashiya, ibe yiKiev. Kodwa intsimi yayingenasihambelanayo. Ngaphambi kokuhlasela kweBatu kunye namaqela akhe, ihlabathi laseRashiya laliyingqungquthela embalwa, ikhuphisana ngamacandelo okuthintela phakathi kwabo. Iingxabano zangaphakathi zahlutha iindwendwe zeenkosana, azizange zenze igalelo kumbutho wombutho onamandla onokukwazi ukumelana nokuchasene nabahlaseli. Oku kuseka isigaba kumaxesha anzima kumhlaba waseRussia.

Ukuhlasela kweBatu

Ngo-1227 uGenghis Khan, umlindi omkhulu waseMpumalanga, wafa. Kwakukho ukwabiwa ngokuqhelekileyo kwamandla phakathi kwezihlobo. Omnye wabazukulu bakhe, uBatu, wayenomntu obalaseleyo kunye neetalente zeentlangano. Waqokelela umkhosi omkhulu (malunga namawaka ayi-140 abantu), eququzelelwe ngamatyala kunye namagosa. Ekwindla ka-1237, kwaqala ukuhlasela. Umkhosi waseRussia wawuninzi kakhulu (ukuya kumawaka ayi-100 000 abantu) waza wahlakazeka. Ngoko ke, kwaye lahleka ekulweni olubuhlungu lwe-Kalka. Kubonakala ngathi eli li thuba lokuhlanganisa kunye nokudibanisa notshaba. Kodwa i-elite elilawulayo yeenkosana zaqhubeka iimfazwe ze-intestine, kwaye ngo-Novgorod, ngasenyakatho, izibambano zabantu zaqhuma ngamandla. Ngenxa yoko-intshabalalo eyongezelelweyo yeenqununu. Okokuqala uRyazan, ngoko-Vladimir-Suzdal. Kolomna, eMoscow ... URazoriv Vladimir, uBaty waya e-Novgorod, kodwa emfutshane, waya ngasezantsi waza waya kwii-Polovtsian steppes - ukuzalisa amandla. Ngo-1240 amaqela aseBatu atshabalalisa iChernigov, eKiev, engena eYurophu, amadoda aseMongol-Tatar afika kuma-Adriatic. Kodwa kamva bayeka imfazwe kule mimandla. Kwaye emva kwexesha elixakekileyo lifikile kumhlaba waseRussia. Ijoka ye-bicentennial yasungulwa iminyaka engamashumi amabini emva kokuhlasela kwaye yayichaza ukuhlawula intela kuwo onke amazwe athatywe ngabalawuli baseTatar. Ngokwababhali-mlando, kwaphela kuphela ngo-1480.

Isongelo ukusuka entshona

Amaxesha anzima kumhlaba waseRussia ayengavumelekanga kwiingxaki ezisempuma naseningizimu ngekhulu le-13. Ukuba kukho ukuhlaselwa kwabahlaseli babetyala ngokukodwa kwimiba yeehambo, ngoko kwicala lasentshonalanga kwakukho ukuhlaselwa rhoqo kwezempi. I-Russia iyichasa yonke imikhosi kumaSweden, eLithuanians, amaJamani. Ngo-1239 ukumkani waseSweden uthumela umkhosi omkhulu ngokumelene neNovogorod. Kodwa ngomnyaka ofanayo amaSweden aqhutyelwa eceleni kwaye aphonswa (uSmolensk wathatyathwa). Kwamasosha aseRussia aseNesva nawo aphumelele. I-Novgorod inkosana yaseAlexandro ekhanda lalo qela litshise ibutho laseSweden elixhobile kakuhle. Ngenxa yaloo ntoyisa wabizwa ngokuba nguNevsky (ngelo xesha iqhawe lalingama-20 kuphela ubudala!). Ngo-1242, amaJamani axoshwa kwi-Pskov. Kwaye uAlexandro ngaloo nyaka wathintela ukubethelwa kabuhlungu kwimikhosi yokulwa kwiLake Chudskoye (iMfazwe ye-Ice). AmaKarights abulala kakhulu kangangokuthi i- Livonian Order enye iminyaka eyi-10 yayingabungozi ekuhlaseleni amazwe aseRashiya. Nangona ezininzi iimfazwe zaseNogorodians ziphumelele, kodwa ezi zinto zazinzima, amaxesha amanzima kumhlaba waseRussia.

Ihlabathi elijikelezile (4 iklasi)

Ukucaphula, umntu unokuthi, ukudala ukuba yonke inkulungwane ye-13 kwimbali kaRussi kwakunzima ukulawula iinkosana eziphezulu, kunye nabantu abaqhelekileyo bafa baphala igazi ngenxa yexesha elide kunye nemisebenzi emininzi yempi. Ijoka laseMongoli lathintela ngokuqinisekileyo ukuphuhliswa kwezinto zaseRashiya kunye nokuzinyameka kwezixeko ezinyanzelekile ukuba zihlawule umvuzo. Kwaye iimfazwe kunye neenkwenkwezi-zonqulo ngenxa yokubaluleka kwazo ziyazukiswa kwiifilimu nakwiincwadi. Le ngcaciso ingasetyenziselwa isifundo ngesihloko: "Amaxesha anzima kumhlaba waseRashiya (ibanga lesi-4)".