Iinguqu zeGenes. Multiple Allelism

I-allelicism ezininzi zenza i-phenotypic heterogeneity kubantu. Kuye, enye, isiseko seentlukwano ze-gene pool. I-allelicism ezininzi zibangelwa ukuguqulwa kwezinto eziguqula ukulandelelana kwiisiseko ze-nitrogen ze-molecule ye-DNA kwisayithi ehambelana nomzimba othile. Ezi zinguqu zinokulimaza, zisebenzise okanye zingathathi hlangothi. Utshintsho olubi luvusa i-pathologies yelifa, apho i-allelism edibeneyo inxulumene nayo. Ngokomzekelo, utshintsho oluthile luyaziwa ukuba utshintshe isakhiwo kwelinye lamaketanga eprotheni ye-hemoglobin ngokuguqula ikhowudi ye-glutamic ye-valin (i-amino acid) kwi-gene kwi-site yesiphelo. Ngenxa yolu tshintsho, i-pathology heritage, iyafana ne-sickle cell anemia. I-Overdominization yenziwa ngenxa yokuba kwi-heterozygous state kukho ukubonakaliswa okunamandla kweeseli eziphambili kunezo-homozygous. Le ngxaki ibandakanyeka nefuthe le-heterosis kwaye inxulumene nempawu ezifana nokulinda ubomi, ubunzima kunye nezinye. Kwindoda, njengamanye ama-eukaryot, ukuxhaswa kwezinto ezininzi kubonakaliswe ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Kukho nenani elikhulu labalingiswa baseMendelian, abazimisele ngokusebenzisana ezahlukeneyo. Iiglethi ze-allelic zintlobo ezahlukeneyo ezivela kwi-gene efanayo, ezifumaneka kuma-chromosomes homologous, kwiindawo ezifanayo.

Xa uqikelele ilifa usebenzisa imithetho yaseMendelian, kunokwenzeka ukubala ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba kubonakale kubantwana bokuba nale nto okanye loo mzekelo. Ukuhlalutya ukutshintshwa kweempawu kwizizukulwana kwisizukulwana, indlela efanelekileyo kakhulu yokwenza indlela yokuzalwa ngokwemilo, ejolise ekwakhiweni kwe-pedigrees.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ukubonakaliswa kwe-phenotypic yesigidi esisodwa kuchaphazeleka ngamanye amagciwane. Njengemizekelo yokusebenzisana kwemfuza, ukuhlala rhoqo kwifa le- Rh-factor system kungenzeka : i-Rh negative kunye ne-Rh kunye. Kwinkqubo yokufunda ngo-1939 i- serum yegazi yesigulane esazala umntwana ofileyo kwaye igalelwe igazi yindoda ehambelana neqela le-ABO kwimbali yesifo, izifo zamathambo zifunyenwe. Babebizwa ngokuba ngama-Rh-antibodies, kwaye iqela legazi legulane lalinguRhi-negative. Iqela legazi le -Rhesus-positive linqunywe ubukho beqela elihlukeneyo lama-antigens kummandla we-erythrocytes, ekhowudiweyo ngamajelo ezakhiwo. Bona, baphathe ulwazi malunga ne-polypeptides ye membrane.

Ziba negalelo ekunciphiseni okukhulu ekusebenzeni kwaye zikhokelela ekufeni kwegciwane elibulalayo. Bahlulwe ngamaqela amabini. Iyokuqala ibandakanya izakhi zofuzo eziphambili. Baqumbisa ukufa komzimba kuphela kwimeko ye-homozygous. Iqela lesibini liqulethe iigeni eziphezulu. Iimpembelelo zawo zinokwenzeka nakwiindawo ze-heterozygous.

Ukubonakaliswa kweengqimba ezibulalayo kunokuqatshelwa kwizigaba ezahlukeneyo zophuhliso lomntu ngamnye. Lezi zigaba zokuqala (ukufa kwe-embryonic), kunye nezigaba ezinjengexesha elide (ukufa komntwana, ukukhupha isisu, ukuzalwa kwezilwanyana ezingenakwenzeka). Ukongeza kwizinto ezibulalayo, izakhi zegesi ezibulalayo ziyaziwa. Abavusi ukufa ngokukhawuleza komzimba, kodwa kunciphise kakhulu ukusebenza kwayo.

Iimbumba ezibulalayo ezikhoyo zikhoyo kwinani elincinci kakhulu xa kuthelekiswa nokugqithisa. Ixabiso leMerle lingeqela eliphambili. Abaphathi beengqungquthela eziphezulu, ukuba zifunwa, zingasuswa kalula kwizabelo, kuba zineziqhamo ezibonakalayo. Ingxenye yeengqungquthela ezibulalayo ziphazamisa ukungalunganga okukhulu, enye inxalenye-ukuphulwa kweenkqubo zenyama.