UKumkani French uFrancis II noMariya Stuart

I esizayo uFrancis II wazalwa usapho Henry II (1519-1559) kunye Ekateriny Medichi (1519-1589). Kwathi ngomnyaka isibini lomtshato sithsaba elinanye, ngoJanuwari 19, 1544. Lo mntwana igama emva uyisemkhulu wakhe, uFrancis I. Ngenxa yokuba Catherine akazange aye akwazi kuzala indlalifa, kususiwe kukumkani, lowo ndandihlala Diane ayithandayo de Poitiers.

kwasebuntwaneni

Francis II wakhulela Saint-Germain Palace. Yaba sokuhlala of dolophu izindawo kwi kweenxweme Seine. Lo mntwana wabhaptizwa ngoFebruwari 10, 1544 ngo Fontainebleau. King-umkhulu kwi efanayo knighted kuye. Godparents waba Pope Paul III ne-anti kaMagarita Navarrskaya.

Ngowe-1546, usana waba irhuluneli Languedoc, yaye kamva ngonyaka wafumana itayitile Dauphin, emva kokufa mkhulu noyise, uHenry II waba ngukumkani. Umntwana mentors ezininzi, kuquka sisazinzulu wesiGrike ukusuka eNaples. Le indlalifa wafunda umdaniso abancinane ucingo (kwaba luphawu lokuziphatha kakuhle ngelo xesha).

umbutho umshado

Obalulekileyo umbuzo kothethathethwano kunye nokuqhubekeka labalawuli. Henry II wagqiba ukuba unyana wakhe uya kufumana umfazi wakhe uMary Stuart - Queen of Scotland. Yena wazalwa ngo December 8, 1542 yaye ukususela kwimihla yokuqala wafumana sakhe, ngenxa yokuba ngoko kokufa kukayise, uYakobi V. Enyanisweni, kuba bulawula isizalwane abakhulu Dzheyms Gamilton (Earl of Arran).

Nangona lo mbuzo yonqulo akadlali. France kunye Scotland baba amazwe yamaKatolika. England iphumelele ecaweni yabo yamaProtestanti. Ngoko ke, abasemagunyeni emazweni kathathu okuninzi ngokukhawuleza lapho ephetha ubuhlobo. Xa Scotland ekugqibeleni waphumelela iqela 'French ", nabanumzana bagqiba ukunika kukumkanikazi okuncinane Dauphin eParis. Umqalisi le manyano yaba Cardinal Devid Biton, owamndululayo Hamilton.

Ngelo xesha ilizwe ngesiquphe ihlaselwe amabutho British. babatshababalisa namaKatolika, yaye zonakala ilizwe umlimi. Abaqhankqalazi kuyona besothusa ngamnye aziingangamsha, Scottish, abangazange bafune ukwenza umnyinyiva kummelwane wayo esemazantsi. Ekugqibeleni regents UMaria wajika uncedo ku France. Apho ngenxa isithembiso zomtshato nabaphumi. Ngo-Agasti 1548 Maria, ngubani nje wajika kwiminyaka emihlanu ubudala, wahlala phezu esikhepheni waya endodeni elizayo.

Wedding kaMaria Stuart

Girl, phakathi kwezinye izinto, nayo yaba umzukulwana ka-Claude de ngesebe - peer waseFransi omnye aziingangamsha anempembelelo kweli lizwe. Wathabatha banakekele wakhe kunye noncedo kwinkundla de ekufeni kwakhe, ukudlula ihloniphekile olinene ngo-1550. Umtshakazi nde ngokungaqhelekanga ngenxa yobudala bakhe, ngoxa uFrançois II, phezu koko, luphawulwa yokukhula. Ngaphandle koku, le elizayo uHenry II e-mthetho oyithandileyo wathi ngokwaneliseka, ukuba abantwana bafumane kusetyenziswa omnye komnye ngokuhamba kwexesha.

Le umshado indawo Aprili 24, 1558. Umtshato entsha kwakuthetha ukuba kwixesha elizayo inzala sibini liya kuba nako ukudibanisa iitrone of Scotland kunye France phantsi intonga enye. Ngaphezu koko, uMariya enkulu-umzukulwana kaKumkani uHenry VII. Oku kuya kunika abantwana bakhe isizathu esivakalayo kufunwe kwitrone eLondon. De kokufa kwakhe, Francis II wahlala ukumkani siphelekwa of Scotland. Le isihloko akazange ukunika amandla lenene, kodwa lifumene ubume umlawuli iqabane. Kodwa sibini zange abantwana umtshato babo elifutshane. Oku kwaba ngenxa yobudala nasemgqekwini Dauphin kunye nezifo kunokwenzeka.

yokulandelelana sobukhosi

Akuyona konyaka emva kokuba betshatile (10 Julayi 1559) Francis II of Valois waba ngukumkani ngenxa ukufa mbilini kayise. Henry II sibhiyozele kumtshato enye yeentombi zakhe nangokusesikweni amalungiselelo joust. King walwa omnye weendwendwe - uGabriel de Montgomery. Count umkhonto waqhekeza phezu iqokobhe uHenry elaqhekeka yakhe wayeyirhuluneli emehlweni. Isilonda kwaba esibulalayo njengakwintsusa komtshiso oko. King wafa, nangona yokuba uncedo walungiselela oogqirha kakhulu eYurophu, kuquka Andreas Vezaly (umseki lokufundisa komzimba namhlanje). Kukholelwa ukuba ukufa uHenry kwaxelwayo Nostradamus, owathi, ngokuzenzekelayo, wayesaphila ngelo xesha.

September 21, 1559 Francis II of Valois ebekwe kwi saseReims. Isithethe ngokubekwa isithsaba andiphathise Cardinal Charles de ebe. Le isithsaba ibinzima ukuba inkundla kwakufuneka ndondle kuye. UCharles wayengomnye regents belingana kunye oomalume kaMariya hlobo ebe. Kwakhona nempembelelo enkulu unina womntwana enikiweyo, n Medichi. Lo mlawuli oselula wachitha lonke ixesha lakhe lolaleliso zokuzonwabisa: ukuzingela, imibutho kwiitumente ndahambela kuhlekwe ezingxandeni zawo.

wayemdolw lokuhlolisisa kwimicimbi karhulumente ngakumbi luphembelela ubutshaba phakathi iziduko ezahlukeneyo enkundleni, balangazelelwayo abonakalisa amandla ngokwenene. Giza, nto leyo eneneni waba umthetho lizwe zijongene neengxaki yangaphakathi ukuya elwandle, nganye enyanzeliswa phezu kwezinye.

Iingxaki ne-Ofisi kaNondyebo

Eyokuqala yaba ngumba zemali. Francis II kunye noMariya Stuart wasuka etroneni emva iimfazwe ezininzi eninzi kunye Habsburgs, waqalisa Valois edlulileyo. Urhulumente waboleka imali evela kwiibhanki, nto leyo ekhokelele ityala million 48 franc, lo gama ebutyebini bokumkani ngenxa kunyaka abafumene ingeniso million 12 kuphela.

Ngenxa yoku, Giza waqalisa ukufundela umgaqo lokonga imali, obengowabaya izizathu unpopularity lwabo kuluntu. Ukongezelela, abazalwana ukubekela bucala iintlawulo zomkhosi. Umkhosi wancipha ngokubanzi, namajoni abaninzi baphulukana nemisebenzi yabo, kwaye ke kufakwa nabaphangi okanye inxaxheba izimpi zenkolo, inzuzo longquzulwano zonke ngeenxa zonke. Ndandingonwabanga yaye eyadini, baphulukene kubunewunewu zabo.

angaphandle

Xa nkqubo angaphandle, Francis II kunye nabacebisi bakhe wazama ukuqhubeka iinzame ukukhuthaza nokugcina uxolo eyalandela ekupheleni Italian Wars. Yaba uthotho ungquzulwano, yade kwi lokuphumla ukususela 1494 ukuya 1559. Henry II ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe wenza Kato Kambreziysky ihlabathi. Isivumelwano ibe amaphepha amabini.

Isivumelwano yokuqala zisayinwa Queen of England Elizabeth I. Ngokutsho kwakhe, ngokuba France ndakutywina wayithimba Calais engaselwandle, kodwa kutshintshiselwano, iParis kwafuneka ukuba ahlawule 500,000 ngezithsaba. Noko ke, Giza, ujongene nobunzima kwetyala kweli lizwe, wagqiba ukunika imali inqaba. Ixesha lubonise ukuba 500 000 ECU baye bahlala kuphela ephepheni, lo gama endleni yaba nempahla eFransi. Akukho mntu uphikiswa, kuquka Francis II. Biography lo kumkani uselula ithetha lukhulu malunga ngoko akazange ungathanda ukuthabatha inyathelo ezandleni zabo.

iminyinyiva indawo

Isivumelwano yesibini, esatyikitywa Cateau-Cambrésis, manixolelaniswe France ne Spain. Waba buhlungu kakhulu ngakumbi. France iphelelwe iindawo ezinkulu. Ukumkanikazi wanika Habsburgs Thionville, Marienburg, Luxembourg, kwakunye kwezinye iindawo kwi Charolais and Artois. INkosana savoy (Spain ally) efunyenwe eParis, savoy, Piedmont. Republic of Genoa waya Corsica.

Francis waba nyanzelekile ukuba ukuthobela amagatya contract, yenziwe nguyise wakhe, ngenxa yoko Spain ekugqibeleni wathabatha indawo ekhokelela kwi-World Old, ngoxa France ekuhlala ingxabano lwangaphakathi, ayikwazanga benze nantonina ukuyinqanda le nto.

Enye ingongoma umdla Isivumelwano ukuba Emmanuel Philibert (inkosana savoy) watshata Dabawo Francis, uMargaret. Lo umtshato sele kwafezwa ebudeni bolawulo kumkani uselula. Enye wedding kwenzeka phakathi uPhilip Spain, engudade Francis - Elizabeth.

Kwakhona ebudeni bolawulo Francis waqhubeka thethwano ixesha elide kunye isithsaba iSpanish kwi kuhlelwa kwe nabafo kumacala omabini emdeni. Abanye babo ezintolongweni eminyaka.

Ngelo xesha eSkotlani qhankqalazo waqala yeenkosi amaProtestanti nxamnye French regents. yaba yeyimbi esemthethweni, ngoko bonke abaphathi izindawo ungxamile, wahambela kwelinye.

impi yenkolo

Brothers Giza abangamaKatolika nenkani. Baye uqalise wave entsha zocindezelo nxamnye abaqhankqalazi, owayehlala eFransi. Le ndlela yokulinganisa ukuba ukumkani uFrançois II, wanika go-phambili inkululeko oomalume amanyathelo yomfazi wayo. Huguenot bamsukela de ekubulaweni kwenqwaba. iindawo zazo yeendibano kunye nonxulumano zatshatyalaliswa, ngokungathi enqabeni isibetho.

AmaKatolika eliphikisa izenzo beqela yamaProtestanti, nayo leyo iinkokheli zabo kwinkundla yakomkhulu. Baba izihlobo ezikude yomphathi Antuana De Bourbon (King of Navarre, intaba elincinane) kunye Lyudovika Konde. Kananjalo ngokuba "Igazi Prince" (okt ukuba amalungu Capetian ubukhosi, eziquka walawula Valois).

isakhiwo sebali Ambauzsky

NgoMatshi 1560, i-Huguenot ekhawulelana izenzo amaKatolika abaqalise Ambauzsky iyelenqe. Yaba iinzame bambambe Francis ibanjwa ndize amnyanzele ukuba kude ngokwakhe esuka kubazalwana ebe. Noko ke, ngaphambi izicwangciso kwazeka kuwo kwinkundla yakomkhulu waza wazimela Ambauze - A isixeko kwi-Loire, kwaye intliziyo France. Noko ke, abo babemenzele iyelenqe bagqiba ekubeni uthathe ithuba. kokusilela kwabo, abahlaseli abaye babulawa eluvalelweni.

Oku kwakhokelela gagasi loshushiso amaProtestanti. Ababulawa phantse ngaphandle kwetyala. Antuan De Bourbon kunye Lyudovik Konde babanjwa wabekwa iyelenqe. Ukuba basindiswa kuphela ngenxa yokuba wema unina kakumkani n Medichi. Yena, ezifana basebukhosini abaninzi emva kwakhe, yaba ngcathu kwimibandela yonqulo, ezama ukufikelela kwizibhambathiso phakathi amaKatolika kunye Huguenot. Kwaba ngoDisemba 1560.

Policy noxolelwaniso

Emva iinkanuko loo nkqubo yonqulo baba Athambile, leyo ozinzisiweyo Francis 2. Ulawulo lwakhe yabalasela kukuba onke amabanjwa akhululwa lunqulo. Ukususela ngexesha Henry II yaba yoncedo lokuqala. NgoMeyi 1560 yena wamemezela, lowo esatyikitywa Francis II. INkosana UBrittany (omnye izihloko zakhe ezininzi) okokuqala wathetha inkululeko yesazela.

Ngo-Epreli, uNina of France wabhengeza Chancellor Michel de l'Hôpital. Waye ke umkhonzi odumileyo yoluntu, imbongi ziwayo iimfundiso. Umbhali imibongo epapashwe Latin, waxelisa apho Horace yamandulo. Uyise bakhonza phambi Charles de Bourbon. Ukumelana UMichelle waqalisa ukufundela umgaqo-nkqubo nokunyamezelana. Kuba ingxoxo phakathi bavume alwayo ziye zamenywa i States Jikelele (okokuqala kwiminyaka 67). Kungekudala emva wawiswa na umthetho, eyenziwa de L'Hôpital. Wabubhangisa isigwebo sokufa ngenxa yolwaphulo-mthetho nxamnye unqulo. Ke ezinye izinto ze-nkqubo wasalela ebhodini, ubuso ogama Francis II. Abantwana phezu kwetrone waqalisa ukuba iphumelele ezinye ukutshintsha coquette iiglavu nganye unomtsalane.

Francis, ziyahlelwa ukufa uMariya

Francis II - King of France - ayikwazanga ukugcina umkhondo ezi ziganeko. Indlebe ukuba ngequbuliso bakha fistula okwabangela ukubola ebulalayo. Disemba 5, 1560 mlawuli oneminyaka eli-16 ubudala isangene ngokuphuphuma Orleans. Enyukele etroneni ilandelayo unyana ka-Henry II - Charles X.

umfazi Francis Mary Stuart kaThixo babuyela kumazwe abo ikhaya, apho yi ngexesha amaProtestanti luzikhulisile. eliphikisayo abo babefuna naphule ukumkanikazi mfana neCawa yamaRoma. Le ntombazana likwazile ngamaqhinga phakathi kwamaqela amabini ukuya ungquzulwano de umnakekeli kwetrone ngo-1567, ngoko babalekela eNgilani. Apho ilaliswe i-Elizabeth Tudor. Plaid uye waqaphela xa imbalelwano Ozidelayo kunye arhente yamaKatolika umntu iququzelele imizamo iKumkanikazi of England. Ngenxa yoko, uMariya wabulawa ngo-1587 eneminyaka engama-44.