Iimpawu eziqhelekileyo zincwadi zeRashiya zangekhulu le-18 (ngokufutshane)

Inkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba yanyusa inani elikhulu labalobi beRussia abanabalente abanobunono kunye nabanyongezi. Imisebenzi yabo yaphuka ngokukhawuleza kwimihlaba yehlabathi kwaye ihlala kwindawo efanelekileyo kuyo. Impembelelo yabo yathonywe ngumsebenzi wabalobi abaninzi emhlabeni jikelele. Iimpawu eziqhelekileyo zeencwadi zaseRashiya zangekhulu elinesithoba zenziwa yecandelo elithile kwicala lokugxekwa. Ngokungathandabuzekiyo, iziganeko zokukhula ngokukhawuleza kwenkcubeko zenzeka kwiimeko zezopolitiko nezentlalo.

Imbali

Izindlela eziphambili zobugcisa kunye noncwadi zenziwa phantsi kweempembelelo zembali. Ukuba inkulungwane yeshumi le-18 lempilo yoluntu eRashiya yayilinganiswa, ikhulu leminyaka elandelayo yayiquka ezininzi iimpembelelo ezibalulekileyo ezingathinteli kuphela ukuphuhliswa koluntu kunye nezopolitiko, kodwa kunye nokwakhiwa kwemimiselo emitsha kunye neendlela ezithatha ezona ncwadi.

Iimbali ezimangalisayo zembali zeli xesha zaziyimfazwe neTurkey, ukuhlasela kweMpi Napoleonic, ukubulawa kwabachasi, ukupheliswa kweesfowuni kunye nezinye iziganeko. Zonke zibonakaliswa kwezobugcisa kunye nenkcubeko. Impawu eziqhelekileyo zeencwadi zaseRashiya zekhulu le-19 azikwazi ukwenza ngaphandle kokukhankanya ukudala imigaqo emitsha yokubhala. Ingqiqo yobugcisa bokuthetha yayinguPushkin. Ngobuchule bakhe, le nku lungwane iqala.

Ulwimi lweencwadi

Ubungcali obuphambili bombongi waseRashiya onobulumko kwakudala ukuveliswa kweefom zezilwanyana ezintsha, izixhobo zobungcali kunye nezifundo ezikhethiweyo zangaphambili. Ukufezekisa le Pushkin yaphumelela ngenxa yokuphuhliswa ngokupheleleyo kunye nemfundo ephezulu. Emva kokuzibeka iinjongo zokufezekisa zonke iinqanaba lemfundo. Waza wamfumana iminyaka engamashumi amathathu anesixhenxe. Amaqhawe asePushkin ayengabonakali kwaye atsha ngokutsha. Umfanekiso kaTatyana Larina udibanisa ubuhle, ingqondo kunye neempawu zomphefumlo waseRussia. Uhlobo lobuncwadi kwiincwadi zethu aluzange lube naluphi na uhlobo olufanayo.

Ukuphendula umbuzo: "Yintoni ebonakalayo yincwadi yeRashiya yekhulu le-19?", Umntu onolwazi olusisiseko ngolwazi lwe-philoloji uya kukhumbuza amagama anjengePushkin, Chekhov, Dostoevsky. Kodwa nguye umbhali we "Eugene Onegin" owenza iinguqulelo kwiincwadi zesiRashiya.

Romanticism

Le ngcamango ivela kummandla wesentshona wee-medieval epic. Kodwa ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu leshumi elinesithoba kwakufumene i-shades entsha. Ukususela eJamani, ukuthanda ubudlelwane kwanokungena kumsebenzi wabalobi baseRussia. In prose esi sikhokelo sibonakaliswa ngumnqweno wezinto eziyimfihlelo kunye neengcamango zabantu. Kwiingqungquthela, kukho umxholo wesifiso sokuguqula ubomi ube ngcono kwaye uzukise amaqhawe abantu. Inkqubo yokuphikisa yamaC decembrists kunye nesiphelo sabo esibuhlungu saba ngumhlaba okhulayo wobugcisa bokubhala.

Impawu eziqhelekileyo zeencwadi zakwaRashiya zangekhulu leshumi elinesibhozo zibonakaliswa yimvakalelo yothando phakathi kwamazwi, avame ukudibana kwimibongo yePushkin kunye nezinye iibongozi ze-pleiad.

Ngokubhekiselele kwiprose, iifom ezintsha zebali ziye zavela apha, phakathi kwazo indawo ebalulekileyo ihlala yimihlobo emnandi. Imizekelo ebomvu yeprosetic romance iyimisebenzi yokuqala yaseNikolai Gogol.

Sentimentalism

Ngokuphuhliswa kwesi sikhokelo, iincwadi zaseRashiya zangekhulu le-19 ziqala. Isiqhelo esiqhelekileyo sokunyamekela ukuvakalelwa kukuba sisimo sengqondo kunye nokugxininiswa kwindlela yokufunda yomfundi. Kwiincwadi zakwaRashiya, iimvakalelo zangena ekupheleni kwexesha le-18 leminyaka. UCaramzin waba ngumsunguli wenkolelo yaseRashiya kulolu hlobo. Ngekhulu le-XIX, wayenabalandeli abaninzi.

Prose

Kwakukho ngeli xesha ukuba umsebenzi wezobugcisa kunye nosuku lwangoku. Olu hlobo lungafumaneka emva kokuqala kumsebenzi kaGogol. Ukuqala umsebenzi wakhe ngeenkcazo zelizwe elincinci, lo mbhali wabuyela kuzo zonke izihloko zentlalo yaseRashiya. Kunzima ukucinga namhlanje, kungakhathaliseki ukuba yiyiphi incwadi yokunyamezela yincwadi yeRashiya yekhulu le-19. Isalathiso esiqhelekileyo seprose yakhe kulo hlobo luyancishiswa kungekuphela nje kwimbono ebalulekileyo yobuwula kunye ne-parasitism yabanikazi bezindlu. Umlobi-satirist "wahamba" phantse kuzo zonke iindawo zoluntu.

Umzobo wobugcisa obunobungqina obunemifanekiso yinto ethi "INkosi yamaHolovlevs", eyanikezelwa kumxholo wehlabathi elingokomoya elihluphekileyo labanini bezindlu. Emva koko, umsebenzi kaSaltykov-Shchedrin, njengeencwadi zabanye abalobi beemvakalelo, waba yindawo yokuqala yokuzalwa kobuhlanga.

Inkolelo eyiyo

Kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane, iprose ebonakalayo iphuhlisiwe. Iinjongo zobuRoma zazingabonakali. Kukho imfuneko yokubonisa ihlabathi njengokuba kunjalo. Iprosto yeDostoevsky yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yolu hlobo njengencwadi yeRashiya yekhulu le-19. Ubume obuqhelekileyo uluhlu lwezinto ezibalulekileyo zeli xesha kunye nezinto ezifunekayo ukuze kwenzeke izinto ezithile. Ngokuphathelele u-Dostoevsky uqobo lweprose, ingabonakaliswa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: amabali kunye namanqaku alo mlobi aphendulela kwiimvakalelo eziye zadlula kule minyaka emphakathini. Emele emisebenzini yakhe iiprototypes zabantu awaziyo, wazama ukuqwalasela nokuyicombulula imiba ephambili ebantwini apho ajika khona.

Ngama-yokuqala eminyaka, uMikhail Kutuzov, ngoko uMdemokrasi wamaRoma, wazukiswa ezweni. Oku kuboniswa ngokucacileyo ngolu hlobo lweencwadi zaseRashiya zangekhulu le-19 leminyaka. Uphawu oluqhelekileyo lokuphela kwenkulungwane lufikelela kumagama ambalwa. Oku kuhlaziywa kwamanani. Kwakungesiyo isithuba sabantu bonke ababeza ngaphambili, kodwa abameli balo ngabanye. Ngako oko ukubonakala kwiprose yomfanekiso "womntu ongenanto".

Inkondlo yabantu

Kwiminyaka xa inqaku lenkoqobo lithatha izikhundla eziphambili, inkondlo yaphela emlandweni. Inkcazo jikelele malunga nokuphuhliswa kweencwadi zaseRashiya zenkulungwane ye-19 ivumela ukuba silandele uhambo olude ukusuka kwiindlovu eziphuphayo kwincwadana yangempela. Kulo moya udala umsebenzi wakhe oqaqambileyo weNekrasov. Kodwa umsebenzi wakhe awunakwenzeka ukuba unikwe enye yezinto ezihamba phambili zexesha. Umbhali wadibanisa kwisibongo sakhe iindidi ezininzi: ihlabathi, iqhawe, iinguqulelo.

Ukuphela kweNkulungwane

Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 iChekhov yaba ngumbhali wabalobi abafundwa kakhulu. Nangona bekunjalo ukuba ekuqaleni kwendlela yokudala, abagxeki bamangalela umbhali wokubanda malunga nemiba yoluntu yangoku, imisebenzi yakhe yayifumene ukungaqatshelwa koluntu. Ukuqhubeka nokuhlakulela umfanekiso "wendoda encinane" eyadalwa nguPushkin, uChekhov wafunda umphefumlo waseRashiya. Iingcamango ezahlukahlukeneyo zefilosofi nezopolitiko, eziye zaphuhliswa ngasekupheleni kweXIXX, zazingenakuchaphazela ubomi babantu ngabanye.

Ekupheleni kweencwadi zangeXIX yeXestile, iimvakalelo zenguqu zatshintsha. Phakathi kwabalobi, umsebenzi wabo wawusekuqaleni kwekhulu, uMaxim Gorky waba ngumntu obalaseleyo.

Inqaku eliqhelekileyo lweencwadi zaseRussia zenkcazelo ye- 19 yekhulu leminyaka kufuneka liqwalaselwe ngakumbi. Omnye ummeli omkhulu wale xesha wadala umhlaba wakhe wezobugcisa, amaqhawe akhe aphupha ngokungenakwenzeka, elwa nobudlelwane bezenhlalo okanye ahlangabezane neentlekele zabo ezincinci. Kwaye umsebenzi owona mkhulu wabalobi bawo kwakukubonakalisa izinto ezibonakalayo zenkulungwane, ezityebileyo kwimicimbi yentlalo nezopolitiko.